How to get rid of radiation medical waste

1. Regents Biology 2015/2016
[ How to get rid of radiation
medical waste]
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
Supervised by :- Dr. Doaa Talha
T.A . Amna Saied
Eng. Karim Saied
Allied Medical Science
Medical equipment technology
DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION OF MEDICAL PRODUCTS

2.  Introduction
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
Most of the tertiary care hospitals use radioisotopes for diagnostic
and therapeutic applications.
 Safe disposal of the radioactive waste is a vital component of the
overall management of the hospital waste.
 An important objective in radioactive waste management is
to ensure that the radiation exposure to an individual
(Public, Radiation worker, Patient) and the environment does not
exceed the prescribed safe limits.

3.  What are the risks associated with medical waste?
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 The risks associated with medical waste also include
sharps-inflicted injuries, radiation burns, pollution and poisoning
through the release of pharmaceutical products, in particular,
cytotoxic and antibiotics drugs.
 (WHO) reports that around 85 percent of total medical waste
generated worldwide is non-hazardous.
The remaining 15 percent is considered hazardous
which can be toxic, radioactive or infectious

4.  Basic Concepts in Radioactive Waste Management
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 A unit is necessary for measurement of any physical quantity.
 The International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurement (ICRU) reviews and updates, from time to time
 The concepts related to quantities and their units in radiation
physics that are important for
radioactive waste management

5.  Relative biological effectiveness (Effective dose)
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 Exposure to different types of radiations (Gamma rays, X-rays,
Alpha rays, Beta rays, Neutrons etc) differ in the extent of causing
biological damage due to differences in their tissue damaging
(ionization) properties.
 A unit exposure of gamma rays or X-rays
will be less biologically damaging than unit exposure of alpha rays.
Based on the biological damage caused, the following units are
used.

6.  Half-life of a Radioisotope
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 This is defined as the time interval for a particular radioactive
material to reduce (decay) its radioactivity by half
 For example
 Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) 6 hours.
 Iodine-131 (I-131) 8 days.
 Flourine-18 (F-18) 110 minutes.
 Cobalt-60 (Co-60) 5.271 years.

7.  Radiation measuring and monitoring devices
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 Well counter
 Dose calibrator
 Gun monitor
 Film badge
 Pocket Dosimeter
 TLD badge
 Geiger Muller (GM) Counter
 Ionization based sensitive system for detecting minutest
levels of radiation contamination

8.  Classification of Radioactive Waste
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 According to level of activity
High level waste
Medium level waste
Low level waste
According to the form
Solid waste
Liquid waste
Gaseous Waste
According to half- life
Long half-life waste (Half-life more than a month)
Short half-life waste (Half-life less than a month)

9.  Radioactive Waste Management in a Hospital
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 The management of radioactive waste involves two stages
 collection
 disposal

10.  Steps for collection
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
The radioactive waste should be identified and segregated within
the area of work.
Foot operated waste collection bins with disposable polythene
lining should be used for collecting solid radioactive waste and
polythene carboys for liquid waste.
 Collecting radioactive waste in glassware should be avoided.
 Each package is monitored and labeled for the activity level before
deciding upon the mode of disposal.

11.  Steps for disposal of waste
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 Dilute and Disperse
 Delay and Decay
 Concentrate & Contain (Rarely used)
 Incineration (Rarely used)

12. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 Dilute and Disperse
 Low activity solid article may be disposed off as ordinary
hospital waste provided the activity of the article does not
exceed 1.35 microcuries (50 KBq)
 The overall package concentration does not exceed 135
microcuries / m3 (5MBq / m3).
 Such articles include vials, syringes, cotton swabs, tissue
papers etc. Similarly, liquid radioactive waste with activity less
than micro curie level can be disposed off into the sanitary
sewerage system with adequate flushing with water following
the disposal

13. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018

14. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 Delay and Decay (‫العزل‬)
 Medium activity radioactive waste and those with half-lives of
less than a month may be stored.
 The storage room should be properly ventilated with an
exhaust system conducted through a duct line to a roof top
exit.
 The storage space should have lead shielding of appropriate
thickness (10 HVL) to prevent radiation leakage.

15. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018

16. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 Concentrate and Contain (‫الدفن‬)
 This technique of radioactive waste disposal is sometimes used
for radioactive materials with very high activity levels and for
those with long half-lives (longer than a month).
 Radioactive waste is collected in suitably designed and labeled
containers and then buried in exclusive burial sites approved by
the competent authority.
 Egypt is the most used countries in the Middle East
( ‫الثالث‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫)دول‬

17. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
Incineration (‫الحرق‬)
Insoluble liquid waste such as that from the liquid scintillation
systems may be disposed off by incineration.
 Inceneration reduces the bulk of waste and the activity is
concentrated in a smaller volume of ash for further disposal.
Since incinerators used for radioactive waste disposal release
part of the radioactivity into the atmosphere they should
operate under controlled conditions and in segregated places
 Ashes collected have to be disposed off as solid radioactive
waste separately.

18. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018

19. Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018

20. Conclusion
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
 Modern day hospitals are increasingly using radioisotopes for
diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
 PET scanning using a variety of radioactive positron emitters is
emerging as a vital diagnostic tool in cardiology and oncology.
 All of this will lead to an increase in the amount of radioactive
hospital waste.
 This waste will have to be disposed off in accordance to the
guidelines provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) and regulated by national agencies like Atomic Energy
Regulatory Board (AERB)

21.  Reference
Mohamed M.Elsaied
2017/2018
1. Tabish SA. Hospital Infection Control: Conceptual Framework. Academa Publishers;
2005. Ecohealth: Management of Biomedical Waste; pp. 139–145.
2. ICRP Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection. Brit J Radiol. 1995
3. Murthy BKS. BARC; Mumbai: 2000. Operational limits. Training workshop on
Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine and RSO Certification Examination; pp. 6.1–6.6.
4. Govida Rajan KN. BARC; Mumbai: 2002. Basic Safety Standards.Accredition
Programme for Nuclear Medicine Technologists in Radiation Safety; pp. 8.1–8.9.
5. Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel 1989. NCRP Report
No 105.
6. The Radiation protection Rules (RPR) 1971, under Section 30 of The Atomic Energy
Act, 1962