2. MOTIVATION
The processes that account for an individual’s
intensity, direction, and persistence
of effort toward attaining a goal.
3. EARLY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
1. HIERARCHY OF NEEDS: Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of five needs—
physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as
each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.
4. EARLY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
2. TWO-FACTOR THEORY: A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job
satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also
called motivation-hygiene theory.
5. EARLY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
3. MCCLELLAND’S THEORY OF NEEDS: A theory that states achievement,
power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain
motivation.
6. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
1. SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY: A theory of motivation that is
concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the
harmful effects of extrinsic motivation.
7. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
2. GOAL-SETTING THEORY: A theory that says that specific and difficult
goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.
Goal-setting and ethics is a
complex relationship that
needs to be foreseen while
setting goals
9. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
4. REINFORCEMENT THEORY: A theory that says that behavior is a
function of its consequences.
• Behaviorism & Social Learning are two functions of this theory.
Reinforcement theorists see
behavior as environmentally
caused
10. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
5. EQUITY THEORY: A theory that says that individuals compare their job
inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any
inequities.
11. CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF
MOTIVATION
6. EXPECTANCY THEORY: A theory that says that the strength of a tendency
to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an Expectation that the
act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that
outcome to the individual.
