erred

1. Phonetics and Phonology
LSLA 225
Siham Asaad
2019-2020

2. PHONEMES &ALLOPHONES

3. PHONEMES ALLOPHONES
Definition the smallest segment
of sound that can
distinguish two words
➔ideal object
different realisations of
the same phoneme
➔physical manifestations
Features • abstract
• limited ()44
•Difference between
phonemes is
functional difference.
• real and concrete
• unlimited
•Difference between
allophones is phonetic
difference.
Example ‘cat’ ‘ &bat’
‘cat’ ‘ &cot’
‘speak’ ‘ &pick’
‘note’ ‘ &teeth’

4. trANScriPtiON
✦ Broad transcription
✦ Narrow transcription

5. BROAD
TRANSCRIPTION
NARROW
TRANSCRIPTION
A transcription that
uses a simple set of
symbols.
A transcription that shows
more phonetic details by
using more specific symbols,
or by representing some
allophonic differences.
Also called phonemic
transcription
Also called phonetic
transcription
Consists of phonemic
symbols between two
slanting lines
peak /pi:k/
twin /twin/
Consists of phonemic symbols
and diacritics between two
square brackets
peak [phi:k]
twin [twoin]

6. 20ALLOPHONic ruLES

7. ruLE 1
eg. ‘pipped’: [phipot]
‘testy’: [thsti]
-voiced
+stop
/p,t,k/
+aspirated
when syllable-initial

8. ruLE 2
eg. ‘try to improve’
but ‘bad girl’
+voiced
+obstruent
partially
voiced
when syllable-final
except when followed by
a voiced sound
Obstruents =plosives + fricatives
/b, d, g, v, ð, ,7z/

9. ruLE 3
eg. bib, did
+consonantal longer
when at end of phrase

10. ruLE 4
eg. twin [twoin]
cue [kjou]
+approximant
/w, r, j/
-voiced
after
+[aspirated, +plosive]

11. ruLE 5
eg. spew [spoju]:
stew [stoju]:
-voiced
+plosive
/p, t, k/
-aspirated
after /s/ at the beginning
of a syllable

12. ruLE 6
eg. cap /kæp/ but cab /kæb/
back /bæk/ but bag /bæg/
+vowel shorter
before voiceless sounds
in the same syllable

13. ruLE 7
-voiced longer
at end of syllable
eg. cap /kæp/ but cab /kæb/
back /bæk/ but bag /bæg/

14. ruLE 8
+plosive
/p,b,t,
d,k,g/
unexploded
before [+plosive]
eg. apt [æpot]
act [ækot]
but ape /eIp/

15. ruLE 9
-voiced
+plosive
/p,t,k/
after vowel and
at end of syllable
eg. tip [ti p]
pit [pi t]
kick [ki k]
+glottal
plosive
-voiced
+plosive

16. ruLE 10
-voiced
+alveolar
+plosive
/t/
+glottal
plosive
before nasal
in same word
eg. beaten [bi n]
but beaten [bi:tn]

17. ruLE 11
+nasal
/m,n/ ,
+syllabic
at end of word
and after obstruents
eg. garden /ga:dn/
chasm /kæzm/
but film /fIlm/

18. ruLE 12
+lateral
/l/
+syllabic
at end of word
and after another consonant
eg. paddle /pædl/
channel /tľnl/
but file /faIl/

19. ruLE 13
-voiced
+alveolar
+plosive
/t/
-voiced
+tap
between stressed vowel
and unstressed syllable
eg. fatty /færi/ (AE) but /fæti/ (BE)
data /deI r(/(AE) but /deI t(/ (BE)

20. ruLE 14
+alveolar
/d,t,z,s,
n,l/
+dental
before dental (ð, θ)
eg. sixth [sIksθ]
wealth [welθ]
but well /wel/

21. ruLE 15
+velar
/g,k/ ,
more front
before more front vowel
eg. cat /kæt/
kept /kept/
give /gIv/
Front vowel: /I, i:, e, æ/

22. ruLE 16
+lateral
/l/
velarised
after vowel and before another
consonant or end of word
eg. file /faIl/ but life /laIf/
talc /tælk/ but lack /læk/

23. ruLE 17
+vowel longer
in open syllable
eg. see /si:/ but seed /si:d/

24. ruLE 18
+vowel longer
in stressed syllable
eg. cite /saIt/ but citation /saI'teIƒ
(n/

25. ruLE 19
+vowel +nasal
before nasal /m,n/ ,
eg. ban/bæn/ but bag /bæg/

26. ruLE 20
+front
+vowel
retracted
before
syllable-final /l/
eg. heel /hi:l/ but heed /hi:d/
pail /peIl/but paid /peId/

27. OUt LiNE
✦ Definition
✦ Classification
✦ Description
✦ Phonemes and Allophones
✦ Transcription
✦ Allophonic rules

28. Ex Er c iSE
✦ insect
✦ sudden
✦ mother
✦ market
✦
gestur
e
✦ effect
✦ fishing
✦ danger