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1
‫مقدمه‬
‫ی‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫سد‬‫یک‬‫از‬ ‫است‬ ‫ت‬‫ر‬‫عبا‬‫سمت‬‫به‬ ‫و‬‫پالن‬ ‫در‬‫که‬ ،‫بنایی‬ ‫مصالح‬‫از‬ ‫شده‬‫ساخته‬ ‫گاها‬ ‫و‬،‫بتنی‬ ‫عموما‬ ‫ه‬‫ز‬‫سا‬‫باالدست‬
‫باشد‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫و‬‫انحنا‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫دا‬ ،‫رودخانه‬.
‫بر‬ ‫غلبه‬‫نیروی‬ ‫اساس‬‫آب‬ ‫فشار‬‫این‬ ‫در‬‫های‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫دیوا‬‫به‬‫نیرو‬‫این‬ ‫انتقال‬ ،‫سدها‬‫ه‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫س‬ ‫ی‬ ‫هندس‬ ‫شکل‬ ‫حقیقت‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬‫است‬ ‫د‬.
2
‫بندی‬‫ده‬‫ر‬
(‫ضخامت‬)
based on the ratio of the base thickness
Thin, for b/h less than 0.2
Medium-thick, for b/h between 0.2 and 0.3
Thick, for b/h ratio over 0.3
3
‫بندی‬‫ده‬‫ر‬
(‫شکل‬)
‫ی‬‫مرکز‬‫تک‬ ‫ی‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫های‬ ‫سد‬(constant center)
‫های‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬U‫شکل‬
‫عمودی‬ ‫صورت‬‫به‬ ‫سد‬ ‫دست‬ ‫باال‬ ‫شدن‬ ‫ساخته‬
‫بلند‬‫نسبتا‬ ‫های‬‫سد‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫مناسب‬
4
‫بندی‬‫ده‬‫ر‬
(‫شکل‬)
‫ی‬‫مرکز‬‫چند‬ ‫ی‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫های‬ ‫سد‬(Variable Center)
‫های‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬V‫شکل‬
‫محدود‬‫نسبت‬B/H=5
‫ی‬‫مرکز‬‫اویه‬‫ز‬ ‫بهترین‬133°34′
‫پایین‬ ‫های‬‫قسمت‬ ‫در‬‫قوس‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫عملکرد‬
5
‫بندی‬‫ده‬‫ر‬
(‫شکل‬)
‫ی‬‫مرکز‬‫چند‬ ‫ی‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫های‬ ‫سد‬–‫ی‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫چند‬(Variable Center –Variable Angle)
‫باال‬ ‫سد‬‫نوع‬ ‫دو‬ ‫از‬‫ترکیبی‬
‫پوسته‬‫نظریه‬‫اساس‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
6
‫نکته‬
7
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
‫مستقل‬‫حلقه‬‫روش‬
‫امتحان‬ ‫بار‬‫روش‬
‫پوسته‬‫تئوری‬
‫االستیسیته‬‫تئوری‬
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫های‬‫روش‬:
Dead load
Hydrostatic load
Earthquake load
Thermal effect
Loads :
generated by the reservoir and the tailwater
Other miscellaneous loads that affect a dam include: ice and silt loads,
and uplift pressure.
8
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
H1 Hydrostatic load
H2 Silt load
H3 Reservoir behavior
H4 Ice load
H5 Tailwater load
H6 Seismic force
H7 Seiche effect
V1 Weight
V2 Vertical water loading
V3 Uplift force
V4 Seismic load
9
Seiche effect
Is a standing wave.
Have been observed on lakes, reservoirs, swimming pools, bays,
harbors and seas.
Seiches are often imperceptible.
Caused by resonances in a body of water.
T=2l/(√gh)
10
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
‫هیدرولیکی‬‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫هر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ضخامت‬‫تعیین‬
‫سد‬‫پایه‬ ‫عملکرد‬
‫آپلیفت‬‫نیروی‬‫تاثیر‬
‫دمایی‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫تغیی‬‫از‬ ‫حاصل‬‫تنش‬
‫سد‬ ‫تاج‬ ‫نزدیکی‬ ‫در‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫عملکرد‬
‫فرض‬:‫قوس‬ ‫عملکرد‬‫توسط‬‫هیدرواستاتیک‬ ‫فشار‬‫سد‬ ‫ی‬
‫میشود‬ ‫مهار‬.
11
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
Independent Ring Method
12
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
13
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
14
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
15
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
16
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
17
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
Finite element method
modeling 18
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
Finite element method
Analysis for various load cases 19
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
Seismic safety assessment
20
‫احی‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
Seismic safety and thermal assessment
21
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬‫احل‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫اف‬‫ر‬‫انح‬‫ایجاد‬ 1
‫پی‬ ‫ی‬‫حفار‬ 2
‫گروت‬ ‫تزریق‬ ‫و‬ ‫تحکیم‬ 3
‫ی‬‫ریز‬‫بتن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫عملیات‬ 4
‫چه‬‫ر‬‫یکپا‬‫اتصاالت‬ 5
‫ی‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬ 6
‫صنعت‬ ‫آب‬ ‫ذخیره‬
‫هیدروالکتریسیته‬ ‫سیالب‬ ‫ل‬‫کنتر‬
‫سد‬ ‫ساخت‬ ‫از‬ ‫هدف‬
‫ها‬
‫میب‬‫آن‬ ‫از‬ ‫استفاده‬‫قابلیت‬ ‫و‬ ‫عمر‬ ، ‫دوام‬ ‫سد‬‫یک‬ ‫اصلی‬‫مشخصه‬‫اشد‬.
‫میباشند‬ ‫منظوره‬‫چند‬ ‫جهان‬ ‫های‬ ‫سد‬ ‫سوم‬‫یک‬ ‫از‬‫بیش‬.
22
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬
diversion
‫آب‬‫اف‬‫ر‬‫انح‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫های‬ ‫اه‬‫ر‬
‫لوله‬‫خط‬ ‫یا‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫مج‬
‫موقت‬ ‫های‬‫سد‬
‫چینی‬‫بلوک‬
‫ترکیبی‬
23
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬
Foundation excavation
‫باشد‬ ‫می‬ ‫ساخت‬‫احل‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫ترین‬‫مانبر‬‫ز‬‫از‬ ‫یکی‬‫مرحله‬‫این‬.‫و‬ ‫خاکها‬ ‫دگی‬‫ز‬‫هوا‬ ‫علت‬ ‫همین‬‫به‬‫ا‬‫ر‬ ‫سنگها‬
‫میکند‬‫تهدید‬.
‫باشد‬ ‫ی‬‫حفار‬ ‫عملیات‬ ‫در‬‫انفجار‬‫به‬ ‫نیاز‬‫شاید‬‫مرحله‬‫این‬ ‫در‬.
24
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬
Consolidating
‫میباشد‬ ‫مهم‬‫بسیار‬‫امر‬‫یک‬‫تحکیم‬ ‫و‬ ‫دوغاب‬‫تزریق‬.‫اکه‬‫ر‬‫چ‬‫سد‬
‫شود‬ ‫می‬‫درگیر‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫دیوا‬ ‫و‬ ‫صخره‬ ‫با‬.
‫ب‬ ‫یاد‬‫ز‬ ‫های‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫در‬‫الخصوص‬ ‫علل‬ ‫فضایی‬‫هیچگونه‬‫نباید‬‫ای‬‫ر‬
‫عم‬ ‫در‬‫آب‬ ‫یاد‬‫ز‬‫بسیار‬ ‫فشار‬‫اکه‬‫ر‬‫چ‬‫باشد‬‫داشته‬ ‫وجود‬‫آب‬ ‫خروج‬‫ق‬
‫شد‬ ‫خواهد‬ ‫سد‬‫شکست‬ ‫باعث‬.
‫شروع‬ ‫شده‬ ‫ی‬‫حفار‬ ‫های‬ ‫مکان‬‫از‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫دیوا‬‫تحکیم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ی‬‫یز‬‫ر‬ ‫دوغاب‬
‫میکند‬‫پیدا‬‫ادامه‬ ‫مالیم‬‫فشار‬ ‫با‬ ‫و‬ ‫شده‬.
‫ی‬‫ساز‬‫چه‬‫ر‬‫یکپا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ها‬ ‫حفره‬ ‫کردن‬ ‫پر‬ ، ‫دوغاب‬‫جدار‬‫از‬ ‫هدف‬
‫باشد‬ ‫می‬‫اتصاالت‬.
25
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬
concrete
‫ی‬‫یز‬‫ر‬‫بتن‬ ‫در‬ ‫مهم‬‫نکات‬
‫بندی‬ ‫قالب‬
‫بتن‬‫کیفیت‬
‫ی‬‫تمیز‬
‫اتصاالت‬ ‫جزئیات‬
26
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬
Monolithic joints
‫و‬ ‫عمودی‬ ‫های‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫وجود‬‫علت‬‫به‬ ‫ی‬ ‫قوس‬ ‫های‬‫سد‬ ‫چگی‬‫ر‬‫یکپا‬
‫میباشد‬‫برخوردار‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ویژه‬ ‫اهمیت‬ ‫از‬ ‫افقی‬.
‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫باشند‬ ‫می‬ ‫پذیر‬‫آسیب‬ ‫بسیار‬‫ی‬‫یز‬‫ر‬ ‫دوغاب‬‫از‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫سدها‬‫ین‬
‫میدهد‬ ‫جلوه‬ ‫ویژه‬‫بسیار‬ ‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ی‬‫یز‬‫ر‬ ‫دوغاب‬ ‫کار‬ ‫امر‬.
27
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬
drainage
‫فشار‬‫ایجاد‬ ‫و‬ ‫دوغاب‬‫جدار‬‫اف‬‫ر‬‫اط‬ ‫آب‬ ‫نفوذ‬ ‫از‬ ‫مانع‬ ‫سد‬‫ن‬‫فونداسیو‬ ‫ی‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬
‫میشود‬‫اضافه‬‫هیدرواستاتیکی‬.
‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ها‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫معموال‬20‫الی‬40‫قطر‬‫به‬ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬‫مخز‬ ‫عمق‬ ‫صد‬‫ر‬‫د‬2/5‫نظر‬ ‫در‬‫سانتیمتر‬
‫میگیرند‬.
28
‫ها‬ ‫سد‬ ‫در‬‫ی‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬
‫شده‬ ‫ی‬‫جاساز‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬ ‫پی‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬
‫سطحی‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬
‫آبرو‬
‫ی‬‫ز‬‫در‬ ‫هکش‬‫ز‬
‫ا‬‫ز‬‫اج‬
‫سد‬‫اصلی‬‫ای‬‫ز‬‫اج‬
‫یز‬‫ر‬ ‫سر‬
Spill way
‫اهرو‬‫ر‬
Gallery
‫تخلیه‬‫یچه‬‫ر‬‫د‬
Sluice
‫تاج‬
Crest
‫امش‬‫ر‬‫آ‬ ‫حوضچه‬
Stilling basin
29
References
Arch dams by Prof. Recep Yurtal1
Three dimensional thermal stress analysis
(world conference on earthquake engineering , Canada)
by Farrokh Sheybani and Mohsen Ghaemilan
2
Dam construction project by Van Der Merve3
Finite element analysis of arch dam
(International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology )
by Binol Varghese , Arya Saju , Simi John
4
Seasonal Temperature and Stress Distributions in Concrete Gravity Dams
by John Venturelli
5
30
References
Seismic Safety Assessment of the Lusanne Arch Dam
by Simon-Nicolas Roth and Martin Roberge
6
31
Dam hydraulics
by Prof. D. L. Vischer
7

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arch dams (persian)