Little words - Big meanings (in MT syntactic transfer)

English-Romanian Phrase Alignment
Function words = syntactic glue for sentences
English-Romanian Parallel Sequences with Syntactic Constituents
English Syntactic Sequences with FW

Little words - Big meanings
(in MT syntactic transfer)

Mihaela Colhon
University of Craiova
Departament of Computer Science

April 25, 2012

Mihaela Colhon University of Craiova Departament of Computer Science
Little words - Big meanings (in MT syntactic transfer)


Table of contents

Romanian treebank

English Functional Words Sequences
Romanian Syntactic Sequences

ADVP, CC, CD, DT
DT(cont.), IN
IN(cont.), JJ, MD
MD(cont.), NN, NNS, NP, PDT, PP, PRP, RB, S, SBAR
TO, VBG, VP, WDT, WRB

[DT NN NN]
[IN/as, NP]
[IN/at, NP]
[IN/by, NP]
[IN/for, NP]
[IN/of, NP]


Romanian treebank


Romanian treebank

Accuracy: 87% (for the Romanian part of English-Romanian parallel
treebank) compared with the Romanian chunker annotations.

Token word Treebank tags/chunker annotations Number of matches

Ncms−n VP VP NP VP VP S
vot Np Pp
no match

Rgp ADVP VP S ROOT
de− asemenea Ap
one match

Afpms−n ADJP NP NP VP ...
economic Ap Np Pp
two matches

Ncfp−n NP PP VP S ROOT
dividende Np Pp
two matches

Spsa PP VP PP S
ˆ
ın Ap Vp Pp
three matches

Table : Example of parallel sequences of treebank tags and chunker annotations together with their matching
degrees

Function words = syntactic glue for sentences English Functional Words Sequences
English-Romanian Parallel Sequences with Syntactic Constituents Romanian Syntactic Sequences



In any syntactic structure we can identify two major categories of
words:
Content words which identify objects, entities, properties,
relationships or events and syntactically are represented by
nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
Functional words that help putting words together in a
correct structural sentence form. Also, the functional words
can tell how words are related to each other. The functional
words can be determiners, quantiﬁer, prepositions or
connectives.



From the English-Romanian Parallel Treebank with Syntactic
Constituents, 2120 English Functional Words Constructions
together with their translations in Romanian were extracted.
English Functional words = words that in Penn POS Tagset
formalism have one of the following tags: CC, DT, IN, MD,
PRP, PP$, RP, TO, WDT, WP, WP$, WRB.



English syntactic constructions with functional words:
[ { Phrasal− Tag }∗ Pos− Tag/FW { Phrasal− Tag}∗ ]
where by FW we note a functional word



English syntactic constructions with functional words:
[ { Phrasal− Tag }∗ Pos− Tag/FW { Phrasal− Tag}∗ ]
Examples:
[NP, PRN, CC/and, NP]
[RB, JJ, CC/and, JJ]



Following the same representations, the corresponding
Romanian translations of the English Functional Words
Constructions are encoded in the same format.
Romanian Functional Words = words that in
MULTEXT-EAST Tagset formalism have one of the following
tags: Pd− , Pi− , Ps− , Px− , Pz− , D− , T− , S− , C− , Q− .



Romanian syntactic constructions:
[ { Phrasal− Tag }∗ MULTEXT-EastTag/FW { Phrasal− Tag}∗ ]



Romanian syntactic constructions:
[ { Phrasal− Tag }∗ MULTEXT-EastTag/FW { Phrasal− Tag}∗ ]
Examples:
[Di3-po—e/altor, NP]
[VP, Crssp/¸i, Tsfs/a, NP, PUNCT]
s


ADVP, CC, CD, DT
DT(cont.), IN
IN(cont.), JJ, MD

Figure : The resulted parallel sequences were saved into a DataBase with
four ﬁelds: SynPhrase En, SynPhrase RO, Treebank EN, Treebank RO.


ADVP, CC, CD, DT
DT(cont.), IN
IN(cont.), JJ, MD


[DT NN NN]
English-Romanian Phrase Alignment [IN/as, NP]
Function words = syntactic glue for sentences [IN/at, NP]
English-Romanian Parallel Sequences with Syntactic Constituents [IN/by, NP]
English Syntactic Sequences with FW [IN/for, NP]
[IN/of, NP]

DT + NN → N− − − − y (y: deﬁniteness)
DT + NN → T − − − − +N − − − − n (T: article)
DT + NN → D − − − − − − − − − − + N − − − − n (D: determiner)


[DT NN NN]
[IN/of, NP]

Treebank EN Treebank RO
[PP [IN Rsp/as] [NP [NP Afp/strict] [ADJP [RB [PP [Rw 14/cˆt] [Rp 15/mai] [ADJP [Afpfp-n
a

Cs/as] [JJ Afp/possible]]]] 16/stricte] [ADJP [Rgp 17/posibil]]]]


[DT NN NN]
[IN/of, NP]

[PP [IN Sp/at] [NP [RBS Pi3-p/most]]] [PP [Rgp 3/maximum]]

[PP [IN Sp/at] [NP [NP [DT Dd/the] [NN Ncns/end]] [NP [Spsa 1/la] [NP [NP [Ncfsry 2/ˆ
ıncheierea]] [NP

[PP [IN Sp/of] [NP [DT Dd/the] [JJ Afp/ﬁnancial] [Ncmsoy 3/exercitiului] [ADJP [Afpms-n 4/ﬁnan-
¸

[NN Ncns/year]]]]] ciar]]]]]


[DT NN NN]
[IN/of, NP]

[PP [IN Sp/by] [NP [DT Dd/the] [NN Np/director- [NP [Spca 7/de− c˘tre] [NP [Ncmsry 8/directorul]
a

general]]] [Afpms-n 9/general]]]

[PP [IN Sp/by] [NP [NP [DT Dd/the] [NN [NP [Spca 14/de− c˘tre]
a [NP [NP [Ncfsrn

Ncns/agency]] ...] 15/Agentie]] ...]
¸

[DT NN NN]
[IN/of, NP]


Little words - Big meanings (in MT syntactic transfer)

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