Bethelhem Gmedhin.pdf

Small Agro-
Industry Park
Dukem Town
Design Report
MASTERS OF URBAN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
URBAN DESIGN STUDIO II
PREPARED BY:
BETHELHEM G/MEDHIN
ID: GSR/3563/11
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Tibebu A., Alazar A., & Dr. Nebyou Y.

Chair of Urban Design
Course Name -Studio II
Regional Study in Dukem and its hinterland, East Shewa, Oromia Region
Table of Content
1.General bacground
1.1 site location and description
1.2 location map of dukem town and pesants association
1.4planning area
1.4 Bacground
1.5 problem statement
1.6 objective
2.1 Regional water shed analysis
2.2 Watershade basin Analysis
2.3 Regional climate
2.4 Regional study
2.4.1 Introduction
2.5 Regional population size in the town
2.6 Regional study geology map
2.7 Regional study soil map
2.8 Regional study Intrastructure linkage
2.8.1 Transport linkage
2.9 Regional level vegetable and crop coverage
2.9.1 Regional level vegetable and crop coverage
2.10 Hinterland economy
2.10.1 Agriculture
2.10.2 Bee Keeping
2.10.3 Livestock production
2.11 Economy and Market linkage
2.12 Social linkage
2.12.1 Heath Facility linkage
2.12.2 Major map disease
2.13 education facility linkage
3 Natural Analysis
3.1 Contour
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3.1.1 Planning area contour
3.2 Slope Analysis
3.3 Aspect Analysis
3.4 Soil
3.5 Physical Analysis
3.5.1 Landuse
3.5.2 Road Network
3.5.3 Road surfacematerial
3.5.4 Mode of transportation
3.6 Environmental Analysis
3.6.1 Solid waste
3.6.2 Liquid waste
3.6.3 Quarry site
3.7 Socio economic
3.7.1 Demography characteristic of the population
3.7.2 Sex composition
3.7.3 Age composition
3.7.4 Unemployment
3.7.5 Population
3.8 Economy
3.8.1 Business and Commerce
3.8.2 General market
3.8.3 Livestock market
3.9 SWOT analysis
3.10 Base map
3.11 Suitability analysis
3.12 Land budget
4. Water sensitive Urban Design
4.1. WSUD principles
4.2. WSUD techniques and network used
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Table of Content
4.3. Problem
4.4. Objective of WSUD
4.5. Regional watershed-Awash basin analysis
4.6. Macro level water shed analysis
4.7. Meso level water shed analysis
4.8. Micro level water shed analysis
4.9. Flow direction
4.10.Flow Accumulation
4.11.Stream Accumulation
4.12.Stream Network
4.13.Wet spot Analysis
4.14.Water supply analysis
4.15.Impervious surfaces
4.16.Existing site run off volume town level
4.17.Town level-proposed road network
4.18.Proposed land use
4.19.Proposed Blue Green infrastructure and WSUD Elements
4.20.City level proposal-check dam
4.21.Neighborhood level proposal
4.22.Block level water demand
4.23.Literature review Block level
4.24.Block level proposed biosphere, bio retention
4.25.Proposal building level
4.26.Existing site runoff volume-plot level
4.27.Proposal plot level
5. Ecological sensitive urban design analysis
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Problem
5.2.1. Problem on agricultural activities
5.3. Agricultural activities
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5.4. Objective
5.5. Existing situation of green areas/vegetation and land-
scape mosaic
5.6. Normalized difference vegetation index
5.7. Land cover
5.8. Green and agricultural land coverage
5.9. Urban metabolism
5.10.Housing material/ construction material
5.11.Regional level food consumption
5.12.City level food consumption
5.13.Food production
5.14.Neighborhood-food production
5.15.Plot and building level-food consumption
5.16.Plot and building level-food production
5.17.Zero waste
5.18.Proposed plants
6. Climate sensitive urban design
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Literature review hot humid climate
6.2.1. Description for hot humid climate
6.2.2. Landscape design for hot humid climate
6.2.3. Housing typology in hot humid climate
6.2.4. Urban density and building height in hot humid
climate
6.3. Objective
6.4. Regional analysis
6.4.1. Average temperature and precipitation
6.4.2. Maximum temperature
6.4.3. Precipitation amount
6.4.4. Cloudy, sunny and precipitation days
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Table
Table 1.4 Agriculture product flow direction
Table 1.2 Beehives in 2015
Table 1.3 Live Stockproduction in 2015
Table 1.5 Distribution of Existing Health Institutions Compared with Standard
Table 1.7 Distribution of Existing Education Institutions Compared with Standard
Table 1 Hinterland Crop Production
Table 1.6 Distribution of Ten Top Disease in Dukem Town
Table 1.8 trade activity in Dukem Town
Table 1.9 Annual cereals consumption city levels
Table1.10 Annual vegetation and fruit consumption city level
6.4.5. Wind speed and wind nose
6.5. Comfort zone- introduction
6.6. City level-wind direction street
6.7. Neighborhood level-open space concept
6.8. Block level
6.9. Proposed climate responsive design consideration
6.10.Literature review
6.10.1. Plot level-country yard, porch &veranda, tree
6.10.2. Building level
6.11.Proposed climate responsive design consideration
6.12.Surface area to volume ratio of building
6.13.Sun path and shade analysis
6.14.Street orientation – for shady figure proposed shade
street
6.15.Block level-shade
7. Energy sensitive urban design
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Energy problem
7.3. Objective
7.4. City level energy consumption
7.5. City level production – wind
7.6. Neighborhood level Bio-gas production
7.7. Building level-energy consumption
7.8. Building level-energy production
7.9. Plot level-energy production
8. Geo-space Urban Design
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Objective
8.3 Detail Geo-space design
9. Sustainable Urban Design
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8. Geo-space sustainable design
8.1Introduction
8.2 Objectives
8.3 Detail Geo-space proposal
9. Sustainable Urban Design
9.1 Overlay Street
9.2 Final street layout
9.3 Proposed land use
9.4 Proposed Parcelation & detail
9.5 Proposed Green network
9.6 Neighborhood & block level design
9.7 Plot & building level detail
9.8 Building, elevation, Section
9.9 3D (three dimensional view)
10. Reference
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Figure
Figure 1.5 location map of dukem town and peasant assosiation
Figure 1.6 planning area
Figure 1.3 East Shewa Woredas
Figure 1.1 Ethiopia
Figure 1.2 Oromia Region Zones
Figure 1.4 Peasants Assosiation & Dukem Town
Figure 1.7 Major River Basins Map of Ethiopia
Figure 1.8 Awash Sub-basin
Figure 1.9 traditional agrpecological zone climate map
Figure 2.1 Regional study location map
Figure 2.2 Regional study population size
Figure 2.3 Regional study Geology map
Figure 2.4 Regional study Soil map
Figure 2.5 Study Region Transport Linkage
Figure 2.7 regional level vegetation and crop cover
Figure 2.8 Akaki and Ade’a vegetation and crop cover
Figure 2.9 Agricultural Commodities follow with in 12 km radius
Figure 3.1 Social services with in 12 km radius
Figure3.3 countour line
Figure 3.2 countour line
Figure 3.4 slope map
Figure 3.6 planning area aspect map
Figure 3.5 Peasants Assosiation aspect map
Figure 3.8 planning area soil map
Figure 3.7 peasants assosiation soil map
Figure 3.9 land use
Figure 4.3 landfill site
Figure 4.4 quarry site
Figure 4.5 general market location
Figure 4.6 base map
Figure 4.7 Sutiability analysis
Figure 6.0 Proposed street network
Figure 6.1 Proposed land use map
Figure 6.2 Proposed blue green infrastructure
Figure 6.3 Landscap mosaic
Figure 6.4 Planning area NDV1
Figure 6.5 Planning area landscape
Figure 6.6 Macro level green and agricultural land coverage
Figure 6.8 Meso level green and agriculture land coverage
Figure 6.7 Micro level green and agricultural land coverage
Figure 6.9 Proposed Wimd street
Figure 7.0 Proposed shade street
Figure 7.1 Proposed street
Figure 7.2 Proposed land use
Figure 7.3 Proposed Parcelation & detail
Figure 7.4 Proposed Green network
Figure 4.1 road Hierarchy
Figure 4.2 road Surface material

1|page
1. General Introduction
1.1 Site location and description
The Dukem is located in Oromia Region,
East Shewa Zone in Akaki District, 35 KM
away from Addis Ababa. The site is known
by the industrial zone. it covers 9630 ha
The town is bounded in the southeast by
Bishoftu city &Gelan town in most parts of
north direction. The remaining eastern
&western parts of the town are bounded
by four neighbouring peasant associations
of Akaki district. The absolute location of
Dukam at the municipality is 8 47’10’’N
and 38 54’20’’
The peasant association in the south with
the largest common boundary with Dukam
town is Wajitu Dibdibe. This is followed by
Gogecha peasant association that is found
in the norther part of the town. The third
largest part of Dukam town is bounded by
Tedecha_Yatu. The neighbour of Dukam
town with the smallest boundary in the
northwest is Oda Nabe.
Dukam town is more elongated along the
asphalted highway running from Addis
Ababa to Bishoftu city.
Boset
Fentale
Ada'a
Dugda
Adama
Akaki
Lome
Bora
Gimbichu
Liben Chukala
Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha
40°0'0"E
39°0'0"E
38°0'0"E
9°0'0"N
8°0'0"N
µ
1 cm = 11 km
Legend
<all other values>
WOREDANAME
Ada'a
Adama
Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha
Akaki
Bora
Boset
Dugda
Fentale
Gimbichu
Liben Chukala
Lome
Akkaki Woreda
Figure 1.3 East Shewa Woredas
0
Somali
Oromia
Afar
Amhara
SNNPR
Tigray
Gambela
Beneshangul Gumu
Dire Dawa
Hareri
Addis Ababa
45°0'0"E 50°0'0"E
40°0'0"E
35°0'0"E
15°0'0"N
10°0'0"N
5°0'0"N
µ
1 cm = 77 km
Legend
Eth_Region_2013
<all other values>
REGIONNAME
Addis Ababa
Afar
Amhara
Beneshangul Gumu
Dire Dawa
Gambela
Hareri
Oromia
SNNPR
Somali
Tigray
Oromia
Figure 1.1 Ethiopia
0
1
Bale
Borena
Arsi
Guji
Jimma
East Hararge
Ilu Aba Bora
West Arsi
West Hararge
West Shewa
East Wellega
West Wellega
North Shewa
Qeleme Wellega
South West Shewa
East Shewa
Horo Gudru Wellega
Burayu S. Z.
SOMALE KILLIL
SOMALE KILLIL
Jimma Spe Town
SOMALE KILLIL
45°0'0"E
40°0'0"E
35°0'0"E
10°0'0"N
5°0'0"N
µ
1 cm = 45 km
Legend
z04
<all other values>
Z_NAME
Adama Special Zone
Arsi
Bale
Borena
Burayu S. Z.
East Hararge
East Shewa
East Wellega
Guji
Horo Gudru Wellega
Ilu Aba Bora
Jimma
Jimma Spe Town
North Shewa
Qeleme Wellega
SOMALE KILLIL
South West Shewa
West Arsi
West Hararge
West Shewa
West Wellega
East Shewa Zone
Figure 1.2 Oromia Region Zones
Legend
Figure 1.4 Peasants Assosiation & Dukem Town
38°59'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°52'0"E
38°48'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°45'30"N
µ
0 2.5 5
1.25 Kilometers
Legend
Peasants Assosiation Boundary
Dukem Town boundary
River
Railway line
Main road
Experess way
To Bishoftu
To Addis Ababa
To Addis Ababa
To Adama

2|page
1.2 Location map of Dukem town and Peasants association
Including the four peasants as-
sosiation & Dukem town it
covers 17428.2 ha.
Only Dukem Town covers
3567 ha, located by latitude
8o45'25''N-8o50'30''N and
longitude 38o51'55''E -
38o56'5'' E covering a total
area of 35.96 km2. It is lo-
cated at an average altitude
of 2100m above sea level.
Dukem Town is capital town of
Akaki District
Dukem Town Peasants Assosiation Planning area
Figure 1.5 location map of dukem town and peasant assosiation

1.3 Planning Area
µ
1:33,306
Eastern
Indusrial
Park
To Addis Ababa
To Bishofitu
To Express Way
Railway line
To Djibouti
To Adama
Railway line
To Addis Ababa
Dukem
Health
Center
St. Michael
Church
Bus
Terminal
Railway line River Collector Road Main Road Market Hotel School
* S
H
H
*
Planning area covers 799 ha. It is located at the
south part of Dukem Town, infront of Eastrn In-
dustrial park. It contains Tedecha Yatu peasants
association & Dukem Town.
The left side of the site it is bounded by Dukem
River. At the right side of the site it is bounded
by collector which it link the main road (town
road) & express way.
In the planning area the General Market is
found, which it is known as the town market, dif-
ferent kinds of goods & services are sold there
including gra¬in & cattle market.
Hotels, Education such as Dukem high school &
primary school and agricultural land is found.
Quarry
Areas
Medanialem
Church
3|page
Figure 1.6 planning area

4|page
Urban settlements usually emerge as the result of people’s perma-
nent settlements around religious, political centers, trade and other
economic activities. As such the emergence of Dukem,Two important
developments led to the formation and gradual growth and devel-
opment of Dukam town. These are the area’s potential to attract
people to permanently settle and the construction of Djibouti-Addis
Ababa rail way (1897-1917). The locality of Dukam was and is en-
dowed with various resources and it is one of the best grains produc-
ing area of the region and the country at large and was reach in
abundant forests and a number of streams.
Before it reached Addis Ababa a number of stations were estab-
lished near water recourses (rivers). According to the technology of
the day the rail that moved on the railway consumed charcoal and
high amount of water to burn the charcoal. As the result the railway
line required the establishment of stations. The name of the town is
given after the name of the river Dukem River.
The railway station that was established at Dukam was one of the
riverside stations. It was established near the Dukam River, specifi-
cally the site in front of the current Oda Nabe Secondary School.
The different activities at the station created preconditions for urban
settlement.
During the occupation period, the Italians established their military
camp near the site of the present Oda Nabe Secondary School.
People from the surroundings rural areas who sought safety from
the clashes between the invaders and the patriots migrated to the
site to settle near the camp. The invaders established market at
place to the northern direction of the urban center, around Medi-
hanealem Church which had been established in 1934.
Trend of Expansion
The settlement of Dukam town was influenced by the railroad, the
main high way and the feeder roads that connected the rural areas
with the town. The first is the southern portion of
the hill slop facing the market place. Then, to the south following
the railroad and the main right way, settlement pattern were regu-
lated. This continued until 1980’s.
After 1980 because of the change of market place the direction
of expansion was also changed following the bank of Dukam River.
1.4 Background
Foundation of Dukem Foundation for urban development in Dukam

Urbanization, which can be defined as a local increase of in-
habitants density coupled with increased per capita energy
consumption and extensive modifications of the local environ-
ment and is considered to be an inevitable tendency in today’s
world (Pickett et al., 2001).
Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries of the world
where 17 percent of its population lives in urban area. There
is high rural –urban migration in Ethiopia which it leads to envi-
ronmental degradation. (Btilke Z.,2015)
Dukem is one of the fast growing urban centres in the Oromia
regional state. Hence the expansion of the town is becoming ir-
regular, uncontrolled and often resulting in creation of frag-
mented development.The population growth coupled with the
town’s growing industry, manufacturing sector, service and
commercial expansion has resulted in intense competition for
land (Abebe A.,2012)
Aim of this study is to analyze and provide a solution on how
to create a susitanble industry park by introducing how to
share resource within the community and withother industries
and low carbon business(light industies) and poles for green
economy.
1.6 Objective
General Objective
- To achieve susitanble development & improve enviromental
quality
Specific Objective
5|page
1.5 Problem Statement
- To make water sensitive city
- To make Eco-sensetive city
- To make climatically comfortable city
- To make energysensetive city
- To make space sensetive city

6|page
2.1 Regional Watershed Analysis 2.2 Watershed Basin Analysis
Abay Awash
Wabi Shebele
Genale Dawa
Tekeze
Ogaden
Denakil
Omo Gibe
Baro Akobo
R
i
f
t
V
a
l
l
e
y
Ayisha
Mereb Gash
Somali
Oromiya
Afar
Amhara
SNNPR
Tigray
Gambella
Beneshangul
Gumuz
Dire Dawa
Harari
Addis Ababa
32.000000
32.000000
34.000000
34.000000
36.000000
36.000000
38.000000
38.000000
40.000000
40.000000
42.000000
42.000000
44.000000
44.000000
46.000000
46.000000
48.000000
48.000000
4
.000000
4
.000000
6
.000000
6
.000000
8
.000000
8
.000000
10
.000000
10
.000000
12
.000000
12
.000000
14
.000000
14
.000000
Major River Basins of Ethiopia
UN-OCHA The designation used does not imply the expression of any opinion of the U.N
regarding the legal status and delimitation of all administrative boundaries.
³
© 2006. By OCHA-EthiopiaI.M.Unit
Legend
River
Regional Boundary
International Boundary
Lake
River Basin
Abay
Awash
Ayisha
Baro Akobo
Denakil
Genale Dawa
Mereb Gash
Ogaden
Omo Gibe
Rift Valley
Tekeze
Wabi Shebele
0 130 260 390 520
65 KM
Figure 1.7 Major River Basins Map of Ethiopia Figure 1.8 Awash Sub-basin
Awash basin receives 100 – 1700mm mean annual rainfall with
its wide spatial and temporal variation. According to the
annual water balance the basin generate 10.3BCM water for
ground water recharge, 4.6BCM water as stream flow, and
3.6BCM water as stored in open water systems that include
lakes, reservoirs and wetlands of the basin. Therefore the
water potential of the basin can be accounted as 8.2BCM sur-
face water and 10.3BCM ground water potential with 300m
exploration (Awash Basin Autority, 2017).
Watershed is defined as ant
surface area from which runoff
resulting from rainfall is col-
lected and drained through a
common confluence.
Awash basin is one of the major 12 basin in Ethiopia. The study area
is located in Awash Basin. Awash Basin covers 116375 km2 catchment
area and 746 mileskm long, the third longest river in Ethiopia.
Source: community based participaratory
watershed guidebook, 2005
40°0'0"E
10°0'0"N
Legend
arc_Clip1
etlake01co polygon
Basin_flowd12
Value
High : 1268
Low : 1
Planning_Area
µ
0 30 60
15 Kilometers
2

7|page
2.3 Regional Climate
Traditional Agroecological zones
Source : Ethiopian atlas map
Agroecological zones are areas where predominant
physical conditions guide relatively homogenous ag-
ricultural landuse options. Elevation is the basis for
traditional
agroecological divisions, which have long been used
to characterize different environments in Ethiopia.
Dukem town and its regional area is catagorized in
Woina Dega zones.
Woina Dega refers to highlands between 1,500 and
2,300 meters. Predominant crops here are wheat,
teff, barley, maize, sorghum, and chickpeas
(Ethiopian,Atlas Map)
Moist Woyina Dega
Altitudinal Range: 1500–2300 m
Annual Rainfall: 900–1400 mm
Average Temperature: 18–25°C
(Ministry of Agriculture,2016).
Macro Level
Temperature: The hinterland has moderate tempera-
ture characterized by relatively warm temperature
ranging between 16 C-29 C (Ada’a profile 2015
and Akaki profile 2015) Figure 1.19 traditional agrpecological zone climate map

2.4. Regional study
2.4.1 Introduction
East shewa zone is located 80 13' 45'' - 90 11' 15'' N Latitude,
380 40 ' 30'' - 390 25 ' 00'' E Longitude.It has ten (10) disticts
and Five (5) towns. Adama is the capital town of East shewa
zone.
The regional study comprises 8(eight) Districts (Five rural, Lume,
Gimbichu, Ada’a, Akaki and Liben) and three town districts,
Bishoftu, Modjo and Dukam), Adama Town Zone and Addis
Ababa city Administration.
2.5 Regional Population Size in the Town
8|page
2
Bishoftu Town
39°0'0"E
39°0'0"E
9°10'0"N 9°10'0"N
9°0'0"N 9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N 8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N 8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N 8°30'0"N
8°20'0"N 8°20'0"N
Legend
POP
1000 - 1271
1272 - 4757
4758 - 25892
25893 - 85839
85840 - 150061
150062 - 5000000
Rail_Way_line
Oromia_Roads
all_regional
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
39°0'0"E
39°0'0"E
9°10'0"N 9°10'0"N
9°0'0"N 9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N 8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N 8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N 8°30'0"N
8°20'0"N 8°20'0"N
Legend
Addis_boundary
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
Legend
Oromia_Towns_Clip
Rail_Way_line
Oromia_Roads
all_regional
<all other values>
W_NAME
Adea
Akaki
Gimbichu
Liben
Lomme
Addis_boundary
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
Akaki Beseka
Addis Ababa
Dukem
Bishoftu
Godino
Chefe Donsa
Ejere
Mojo
Adulala
Koka
Akaki Beseka
Addis Ababa
Dukem
Bishoftu
Godino
Chefe Donsa
Ejere
Mojo
Adulala
Koka
Town
Based on Dukem SP Report (2017) the urban hierarchy analy-
sis indicates that by 2016 the population of the town it range
from 2,326 Sire Robe to 3,435,028 Addis Ababa(CSA Data)
Figure 2.1 Regional study location map Figure 2.2 Regional study population size
To Zeway
To Adama
To Adama-
Methara
To Jemo-
Alemgena
To Zeway
To Adama
To Adama-
Methara
To Jemo-
Alemgena

2.6 Regional study Geology Map 2.7 Regional study Soil Map
B/P
B/P
B/P
V
V
V
B/P
B/P
A
B/P
B/P
V
V
B/P
B/P
V
V
A
B/P
V
B/P
B/P
V
B/P
B/P
B/P
B/P
B/P
B/P
B/P
A
B/P
B/P
A
B/P
A
B/P
B/P
39°0'0"E
39°0'0"E
9°10'0"N 9°10'0"N
9°0'0"N 9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N 8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N 8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N 8°30'0"N
8°20'0"N 8°20'0"N
Legend
<all other values>
GEOLOGY
B/P
V
<all other values>
GEOLOGY
B/P
<all other values>
GEOLOGY
A
B/P
V
µ
0 9.5 19
4.75 Kilometers
ac
de
df
ef
ef
ef
bc
ac
f
ac
d
f
ac
bc
f
ac
a
df
bd
f
f
ef
de
bc
df
bc
f
f
bc
de
f
ac
f
ac
ac
bc
39°0'0"E
39°0'0"E
9°10'0"N 9°10'0"N
9°0'0"N 9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N 8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N 8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N 8°30'0"N
8°20'0"N 8°20'0"N
Legend
<all other values>
SLOCLASS1
ac
de
df
ef
<all other values>
SLOCLASS1
ac
bc
<all other values>
SLOCLASS1
a
ac
bc
bd
d
de
df
ef
f
µ
0 9.5 19
4.75 Kilometers
Legend
Figure 2.3 Regional study Geology map Figure 2.4 Regional study Soil map
9|page
V
B/P
a
79%
13.4%
7.6%
f
d
bd
a
ef
df
de
bc
ac
12%
1%
9%
1%
2%
2%
6%
16%
51%
Legend
Soil classification
A:
V: Volcanic rock
B/P: Volcanic ash
it consists of fragment of puverized
rock, minerals and volcanic glass cre-
ated during volcanic eruption.
a: acrisols
ac: chromic Luvisols
bc: chromic cabisols
bd: dystric
d: Podzo Luvisols
de:Eutirc podzo
luvisols
df:
ef:
f: ferrasols
Majority of the soil (51%) is coved by chromic
luvisols soil charachterized sandy clay loam
texture.
Volcanic ash’s primary use is that of a soil enricher
and it hashighly rich in nutirents and is very good
for agricultural use, and also it can be used as a
replacement for sand. Majority of the area includ-
ing Dukem town covered with B/p
This kind of soil is good for cultivation of crops like
sourgu & area where higher rainfall places maize
dominant agriculture.

Urban _ Urban Linkage:
Dukam town has strong linkage with
Addis Ababa, and the Neighboring
Urban Centers: Gelan, Bishoftu, and
Modjo.
Factors contributing to the existence of
strong transport linkage are National
Railway Line Crossing the Town and Ex-
press Way and highway line passing
through Dukam (Dukem SP Report,
2017).
39°0'0"E
39°0'0"E
9°10'0"N 9°10'0"N
9°0'0"N 9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N 8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N 8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N 8°30'0"N
8°20'0"N 8°20'0"N
Legend
Addis_boundary
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
Legend
Oromia_Towns_Clip
Rail_Way_line
Oromia_Roads
all_regional
<all other values>
W_NAME
Adea
Akaki
Gimbichu
Liben
Lomme
Addis_boundary
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
Akaki Beseka
Addis Ababa
Dukem
Bishoftu
Godino
Chefe Donsa
Ejere
Mojo
Adulala
Koka
Gelan
Figure 2.5 Study Region Transport Linkage
10|page
2.8 Regional Study Infrastructure Linkage
To Zeway
To Adama
To Adama-
Methara
To Jemo-
Alemgena

11|page
2.8.1Transportation Linkage
Dukam Has Transport Linkage With all hinterland and
regional study areas and other national urban centers
since it is located on the National Trade route line.
Factors contributing to the existence of strong trans-
port linkage are National Railway Line Crossing the
Town and Express Way line passing through Dukam.
The town has strong and direct transport linkage with
Addis Ababa and other neighboring urban centers.
The agricultural and other exportable items are
transported from the interior of the country to the port
of Djibouti on high way which radiate from Addis
Ababa towards the Eastern part of the country. More-
over the imported items are also transported from the
port of Djibouti to Addis Ababa on this high way. The
exportaed & imported commodities to the world
market that are passing through the town of Dukem
either by tracks or by rail way to the port of Djibouti.
The town is called “Dormitary Town”. It is because
Most transport workers who are transporting fright to
Addis Ababa from the port or any part of country
prefer Dukem as their destination and spend their
night time in Dukem (Dukem SP Report, 2008).
Dukem
Debre Zeyt
Akaki Beseka
Gelan
38°59'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°48'30"E
38°43'0"E
8°54'30"N
8°49'0"N
1 cm = 2 km
µ
Dukem
Express Way Main Road
Railway Line Forest Water body Quary Internal Roads Planning Area
Addis Ababa

12|page
2.9 Regional level Vegetation & Crop Cover
The regional study vegetation cover is study in the Yerer Mountain forest area, which is located in the Oromia Regional State, East Shewa
Zone. Yerer Mountain is situated at about 40 km southeast of Addis Ababa and 10 km north of Dukem Town. The Yeret mountain is lo-
cated between 8 52’00’’ to 8 55’00’’ N latitude and 38 58’30’’ to 38 59’30’’ E longitude.The mountain covers a total area of 6000 hect-
ares of which 3500 hectares are designated as a forest land, under the management of Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise (Yonas
T. ,2011)
39°0'0"E
9°10'0"N
9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N
8°20'0"N
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
39°0'0"E
9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
1
0
k
m
Figure 2.7 regional level vegetation and crop cover Figure 2.8 Akaki and Ade’a vegetation and crop cover
Yerer Mountain

13|page
2.9.1 Regional level Vegetation & Crop Cover
1. Forest
The randomly selected study site of
forest habitat is located within alti-
tudinal ranges of 2440-2487 m asl.
It is dominated by tree species Juni-
perus procera with short plant spe-
cies such as Alophylus abyssinicus,
Grewia ferruginea, Entada abyssi-
nica and Erica arborea.
2. Bushland
Bushland is the other habitat type
selected for this study. It is the main
characteristic feature on the north-
eastern slope of Mountain Yerer. Its
altitudes range from 2245 to 2406
m asl. This site consists of deciduous
and evergreen bushy plant species
with a mixture of various herba-
ceous plants, scattered woody trees
and grass.
3. Farmland
This study site is situated at the
bottom of the southern slope of the
mountain near Chebbo Village. At
an altitude of 2171 m asl. Few short
evergreen plant species were ob-
served growing near the edges of a
ploughing ground.The most domi-
nant crop species in this site include
wheat, teff, bean and barley
4. Grassland
The area near the highest peak of
the mountain has good cover of
grass as well as scattered Erica
scrubs. The study site for this habitat
type was set at almost 1 km far
from the forest habitat. Its altitude is
within the ranges of 2547 to 2573
m asl. It is commonly named as
‘Amora-Gedel’ by the nearby vil-
lagers
Source : Species Richness, Abundance and Habitat Association of
Rodents in Yerer Mountain Forest Area, Central Ethiopia

2.10.2 Beekeeping
Bee-keeping: source of cash product for the peasants in the
hinterland. In Akaki the activity can be categorized in to
three types (Akaki profile, 2015).
2.10.3 Livestock Production
Livestock Production: Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Donkeys.
14|page
2.10 Hinterland Economy
2.10.1 Agriculture
According to Dukem SP Reoprt (2017) the hinterland is
known in farming activities, particularly crop production. Due
to climatic condition (sub-tropical in its nature) and soils for-
mation in this area is suitable for production.
Major grain crops grown the area are Teff, Wheat, Chick Pea,
Lentils and Horse bean etc.
Major crop production in the hinterland Maize, Sorghum
Barely, Teff, Barley, Wheat and Millet
Ada’a , is one of the leading producers of Teff, Wheat as
well various types of pulses (Ada’a Profile 2015)
Type of Beehives
Traditional Beehives
Intermidiate Beehavies
Modern Beehavies
Honey Production in year
26,473 kg
14,341 Kg
13,563 kg
No
1
2
3
Table 1.2 Beehives in 2015
Source: Dukem Sp Report 2017
Livestock population of Adea District
Livestock
Cattle
Sheep
Goat
Eqines
Livestock population of Akaki District
Livestock
Cattle
Sheep
Goat
Mules
Horses
Donkey
Population
145,251
49,809
33,143
67,120
Population
106,053
15,106
12,029
2,196
6,973
25,775
Table 1.3 Live Stockproduction in 2015
Table 1 Hinterland Crop Production
Ada’s Distirict Total Production
Crop
Wheat
Teff
Barely
Maize
Sorgum
Horsebean
Filed pea
HT_bean
Lentiles
Chick pea
Vetch
Telba
Sunflowe
Sunqoo
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Area hr
18,195
26,172
170
595
7
1376
375
278
6508
11,490
41
8
4
22
Yield_kt
735,459
834,886
5780
17850
196
27,107
6225
3753
205,002
475,600
7,995
64
32
220
Ada’s Distirict Total Production
Crop
Teff
Wheat
Barely
Omborri
Maize
Sorgum
Chick pea
Vetch
Lentiles
Horsebean
Filed pea
HT_bean
Telba
Sunqoo
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Area hr
10,891
10,485
172
15
702
16
4,407
415
1396
1379
103
37
8
20
Yield_kt
198,520
400,160
3,268
255
16,178
292
111,754
13,302
22,897
24,706
1,212
256
48
115
Yield/hr
18
38
19
17
23
18
25
32
16
18
12
7
6
6
Yield/hr
40
32
34
30
28
20
17
14
32
40
195
8
8
10

Table 1.4 Agriculture product flow direction
No.
1
2
Agriculture Out Put
Livestock
Crop
Flow Direction/influencin area
Dire,Abusera, Weliso, Erer, Gimbichu
Erer Lencho and Silasite, Ensilale Waajitu,
Dibdibe, Gaalle Kotichaa, Gogecha, Dire,
Yaatu, Gimashie
15|page
2.11 Economic/market Linkage
According to Dukem SP Report,(2017) there is a market
linkage between Dukem Town and the surrounding
areas on Agriculture product from the rural areas and
industrial Product from Urban centers. The town has
strong linkage with Rural centers like Ensilale, Yerer
silasie, Yerer Lencho, Dire, Gale Koticha, Wajjituna Dib-
dibe.
There is high/strong linkage between Gelan andDukem
Town, the people who are living in Gelan town use Gen-
eral Market that is located in Dukem town for purchas-
ing consumable commodities, grain, pulses, dairy prod-
ucts, consumable factory commodities etc. it’s vise versa.
And also people who are working in Gelan, Addis
Ababa, Adama, Bishoftu and Modjo Area rent or pur-
chase a house in Dukem Town.
Since Dukem is the capital of Aqaqi district, settlers
/people who are living Akaki Woreda, Oromia Region
are paying tax in Aqaqi district Finance and Economic
Development bureau which is found in Dukem.
Gelan
Gogecha
Ensilale
Yerer Selase
Oda Nabe
Gale Kotecha
Bishoftu Town
Chefetuma
Kurkurana Dembi
Dere
Kajimana Dibayou
Yerer Lencho
Tedechana Yatu
Wajituna deban Debe
Gende Gorba
Dere Shoki
Boretaguji
Abeye Silto
Mengest Den
Dukem
Gerbicha
Gemeda
Gerbicha
Kaliti
Koftu Kombolcha
38°59'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°48'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°43'30"N
1 cm = 1 km
µ
Figure 2.9 Agricultural Commodities follow with in 12 km radius
Water Body Road Express Way Railway Line Market
Flow
Tourism
Flow

16|page
2.12 Social Linkage
According to Dukem SP Report,(2017) Many
commute to Addis Ababa, Adama and Bishoftu
demanding schooling and health facilities par-
ticularly Hospital, higher level education and
troubled due to absence of transportation and
vulnerability to financial, physical, social and
economic suffering.
Gelan
Gogecha
Ensilale
Yerer Selase
Oda Nabe
Gale Kotecha
Bishoftu Town
Chefetuma
Kurkurana Dembi
Dere
Kajimana Dibayou
Yerer Lencho
Tedechana Yatu
Wajituna deban Debe
Gende Gorba
Dere Shoki
Boretaguji
Abeye Silto
Mengest Den
Dukem
Gerbicha
Gemeda
Gerbicha
Kaliti
Koftu Kombolcha
38°59'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°48'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°43'30"N
1 cm = 1 km
µ
Figure 3.1 Social services with in 12 km radius
Water Body Road Express Way Railway Line Market
Flow
Tourism
Flow
2.12.1 Health Facility Linkage
Types of Health
Institution
Health Center
Number
1
Total
Population
85839
Population Serve
Standard Exsiting
25000 85839
Gap
2
Table 1.5 Distribution of Existing Health Institutions Compared with Standard
According to Dukem SP Report,(2017) there is a
When we see the distribution of health services in
Dukem town there is only one health center & 13
Private clinics (Dukem SP Report, 2017)
Therefore there is a gap between the existing
health center & the standard stated by Federal
Ministry of Health.

17|page
2.13 Education Facility Linkage
2.12.2 Majar Diseases/Top 10 diseases
According to Dukem SP report (2017) Currently there are four
schools which running through both sectors (government and
private) at high school and preparatory level. Of these two
high schools are running through the private sector. The only
one high school and one preparatory are running through gov-
ernment.
When we compare the exsiting Educational Institutions with
Ministry of education , there is a gap in High School
Types of Education
Institution
Primary School
High School
Preparatory
TVET
Number
7
1
1
-
Gap
x
x
Total
Population
85839
Population Serve
Standard
5,000-15,000
10,000-15,000
10,000-600,000
10,000-600,000
Table 1.7 Distribution of Existing Education Institutions Compared with Standard
According to Dukem SP (2017) most of diseases were
recorded due to hygiene problem. In addition almost
the diseases recorded in the town transmit from person
to person through different way. An increasing situation
coming due to shortage of health institution and profes-
sionals.
Types of diagnosis
Acute upper respiratory inffection
AFI(Acute Febrile Illness)
Othe unspecified infection and parasitic disease
Trauma (injury, fracture)
Infection of the skn and subcutaneous tissue
Urinary tract infection
Diarrehea (non bloody)
Dyspepsia
Malaria (clinical without labratory confirmation)
other unspecified disease of the respiratory system
Table 1.6 Distribution of Ten Top Disease in Dukem Town
Source Dukem town administration health office, 2017
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

3. Natural analysis
3.1 Contour
3.1.1 Planning area Contour
1920
1925
1930
1915
1
9
3
5
1945
1940
1
9
1
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1980
1
9
7
5
1990
1
9
7
0
1995
2000
2005
19
35
1
9
5
0
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
Legend
contour_5
Contour_extract1
Planning_Area
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
3.3 Figure countour line
3.2 Figure countour line
A
A
Section AA
Section BB
B B
The lowest elevation in the planning area is 1910 meter
above sea level. The highest elevation in planning area is
2005 meter above sea level.
1940
2
0
0
0
1990
2060
2050
2040
2
0
3
0
2020
1980
1970
1950
1
9
6
0
1
9
2
0
2010
1910
1930
2
0
8
0
2070
2
0
9
0
2100
2
1
1
0
2
1
2
0
2130
2
1
4
0
2
1
5
0
2160
2170
2
1
8
0
2
1
9
0
1900
2200
2
2
1
0
2230
222
0
2
2
4
0
2250 2260
2270
2
2
9
0
2110
2
1
5
0
2
0
7
0
2070
2
1
3
0
2
0
9
0
2
0
3
0
2150
1920
2100
21
20
1
9
1
0
2
0
9
0
2180
1910
1920
1
9
8
0
2100
1
9
1
0
2
0
9
0
1
9
4
0
20
30
2030
2
1
0
0
2
0
8
0
2
0
3
0
2
1
0
0
2110
2020
1
9
3
0
1950
1
9
2
0
2
0
9
0
2
0
7
0
1
9
4
0
2
0
3
0
2
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
2020
2
0
1
0
1920
1960
1930
1
9
4
0
2050
2080
µ
0 300,000 600,000
150,000 Kilometers
Minor Contour
Major Contour
Planning area boundary
Legend
18|page
Dukem Town Physical Analysis East Shewa, Oromia Region
3
Contour indicate elevation of the area.

18|page
Figure 3.4 slope map
3.2 Slope Analysis
The Following table shoes the suitability of slope class for different development
When we see the general suitability of Dukem Town for various development the larg-
est portion of the site fells under the slope range 0-2.0%, which is characterized by
a gentle features, suitable for agricultural activity, it is 498 ha . The next largest por-
tion of land which accounts 250 ha of land fells under the slope range 2.1-5.0 %,
which is characterized by a Gently rolling features, suitable for large scale develop-
ment. The smallest portion of land which accounts 3.12 ha of land fells under the slope
range 10-12.0 %, which is characterized by a hilly features, suitable for low density
residential area.
To this end, to summaries the suitability of Dukem Town, over 98 % is suitable for de-
velopment and 1% of the site is restricted for construction activity.
The following table will summarize what is been said so far.
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
Legend
Planning_Area
<VALUE>
0 - 2
2 - 5
5 - 8
8- 10
10 - 12
12. - 1,246.44114
µ
1 cm = 0 km
% Suitability
0-2 Agriculture
2.1-5 Large scale development
5.1-8 High density residential &commercial dev’t
8.1-12 Low &mid density residential
12.1-15 Low density residential
>15 Restricted from any construction activities
38°59'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°52'0"E
38°48'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°45'30"N
Legend
Planning_Area
Slope_cont_3
<VALUE>
0 - 2
2 - 5
5 - 8
8 - 10
10 - 12
12 - 1,431
µ
1 cm = 1 km
% Area In ha
0-2 498.4
2.1-5 250
5.1-8 38.4
8.1-10 4
10.1-12 3.12
>12 7.5

19|page
3.3 Aspect Analysis
When we define Aspect in
physical geography, aspect is
the compass direction that a
topographic slope faces, usually
measured in degrees from north.
The aspect of a slope can make
very significant influences on its
local climate (microclimate).
Concept of Aspect
Source:planning and urban design standard
Aspect direction
Area in ha
in %
SouthEast
358
44.8%
South
307.8
38.4%
Southwest
100.8
12.6 %
West
32.4
4 %
Table planning area aspect area coverage
Figure 3.6 planning area aspect map
Figure 3.5 Peasants Assosiation aspect map
Based on the Analysis most part of the site is facing toward to
south and the weather will be warmer & drier since it recive more
direct sun & the vegetations that grow in the site will be drought
tolerant vegetations
38°59'30"E
38°54'0"E
8°49'0"N
8°43'30"N
Legend
RK_Dissolve
Planning_Area
Flat (-1)
North (0-22.5)
Northeast (22.5-67.5)
East (67.5-112.5)
Southeast (112.5-157.5)
South (157.5-202.5)
Southwest (202.5-247.5)
West (247.5-292.5)
Northwest (292.5-337.5)
North (337.5-360)
µ
0 3 6
1.5
38°54'0"E
8°49'0"N
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Planning area
Southeast (67.5-112.5)
South(157.5-292.5)
Southwest (202.5-247.5)
West (247.5-292.5)
Legend

Figure 3.8 planning area soil map
Figure 3.7 peasants assosiation soil map
3.4 Soil
Source: Dukem SP report, 2017
Soil profile
(dark gray
to black
clay soil)
Based on Dukem Town Administration Report the town are pri-
marily gray to very dark gray silty caly, or black clays or clay
loams
Based on FAO soil classification, Planning area has two kind of
soil type, most part is covered with Eutric vertisol. This type of
soil forms deep cracks during the dry season but logs water
during the rainy season.
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
1:26,094
Legend
Chromic Luvisols
Eutric Vertisols
Soil depth
measured place
22|page
Activities like quarrying and extraction of soil and also sand from
the valleys of streams and river play their contribution for the for-
mation of deep river gorges in different parts of the town. People
dig out soil and also stones from the banks of Dukem River to pro-
vide soil for the construction of mud houses (Abebe A.,2012).
Permability
Chromic Luvisols 5-10mm/hr
Eutric Vertisols 5-10mm/hr
Soil depth: 1.55-5.5 m
38°54'0"E
38°48'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°43'30"N
µ
0 3 6
1.5 Kilometers
Legend
Planning_Area
RK_Dissolve
FAO_SOIL_Clip
<all other values>
SLOCLASS1
ac
bc
df

23|page
3.5 Physical analysis
3.5.1 Land Use
In general when we see the land use compatibility of
the site regarding adjacent land use its compatible
but when we come to percentage of land use its NOT.
Most of the site is covered by open sapce and ag-
riculural land. There is commercial activity are alined
near the main road. Most of the commercial activities
are small shops, and Hotels.
The total area of the site is about 799 hectares. Dif-
ferent urban functions take different amount of land
area. Observation on the land use consumption
shows that there is incompatiablity of land Use. Out
of the total area residential land use takes 33.87 %
while land consumed by agriculture & Green area
land use 47.1%.
Proposed % Existing % Remark
Residence
Administration
& Commerce
Services
Manufacturing
Open Space
Infrastructure
Residence
Administration
& Commerce
Services
Manufacturing
Open Space
Infrastructure
35-45
20-30
10-15
0-5
5-10
15-20
33.87
1.73
1.4
5.4
47.1
10.4
below
below
above
-
below
-
The following table will summarize what is been said so far.
Residential
Infrastructure
Open Space & Agriculture
Commercial
Service
Manufacturing
47.1%
33.87%
10.4 %
5.4%
1.73%
1.25%
2
2
55
2
2
55
38°55'30"E
8°49'0"N
1 cm = 0 km
µ
Residence
Commercial
Green Area & Agriculture
Services
Administration
Industry
Boundary
Road
Express Way
RailWay Line
Legend
Figure 3.9 land use

25|page
3.5.2 Road Network
The following table shows the summery of street
hierarchy
Street
Main Road
CS
LS
Foot Path
Width
17
20
9
2
Length(km)
4.2
3
11
21
Area(km )
0.1
0.07
0.78
0.15
Percent(%)
9
6.3
70.9
13.6
38°55'30"E
38°54'0"E
8°48'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
1 cm = 0 km
It has mixed road network character which is
organic mixed with regular grid. When we see
the percentage of Street cover is 36.5% and
density of Street is 35km/ha.
Road Width
There is major Streets pass in the Town which
has width of 17 m, the road which connect
Debirezeyit to Addis Ababa. There is a collec-
tor road which connect the town road with ex-
pressway, it has a width of 20m. There are
footpath roads the width are less than 3m
roads which account for 3.6% and 1097.1m
respectively out of the total length of roads in
the study area.
Figure 4.1 road hierarchgy
To Addis Ababa
To Bishoftu
To Express way
To Adama

1|page
3.5.3 Road Surface Material
Asphalt
Coble Stone
Earth
Boundary
RailWay Line
Oldrailway line
Legend
38°55'30"E
38°54'0"E
8°48'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
1 cm = 0 km
1
1
2
2
3
2
Majority of the roads are surfaced covered by
Earth which is 87.7 % which is LS & footpath
and some part of LS of the site is covered by
cobel Stone. The main road & Collector road is
covered with Asphalt.
Figure 4.2 road Surface material
To Addis Ababa
To Bishoftu
To Express way
To Adama

1|page
3.5.4 Mode of transportation System
Based on Dukem SP report (2017) mobility situ-
ation Dukem Town has been studied. Based on
this study there are eight types of traffic mobil-
ity.
1. Pedestrian; the primarily used transporta-
tion system in the town.
2. Car: along the main road, which it leads to
Addis Ababa to Dukem to Bishoftu
3. Bus: along the main road, which it leads to
Addis Ababa to Dukem to Bishoftu
4. Truck: heavy truck pass through along the
main road
5. Bicycle: most of bicycle users don’t use the
main road, rather they use internal road
6. Motor cycle: predominant user of motor
cycle use to travel to the market
7. Bajaj: the third transportation system of the
town
8. Horse Drawn cart: is the second transporta-
tion system, mostly it is used to travel human and
cargo, mostly it used internal roads
60
50
40
30
20
10
C
a
r
B
u
s
B
a
j
a
j
H
o
r
s
e
T
r
u
c
k
B
i
c
y
c
l
e
p
e
d
e
s
t
r
i
a
n
M
o
t
o
r
C
y
c
l
e
51%
12%
5%
12%
2% 3% 6% 10%

27|page
3.6 Enviromental Analysis
3.6.1 Solid Waste
The major types of solid wastes in the town are
house hold, commercial wastes, Industrial wastes,
plastic festal, and animal refuse etc. The existing
solid waste disposal site of Dukam town is found
near Dukam River. The short distance between
solid waste disposing site and Dukam River, de-
composed liquid is released to the river. Wind-
blown light solid wastes are also dropped to the
compounds of the nearby factories, institutions
and residents (Dukem SP Report, 2017).
The municipality has neither a sewerage system
nor liquid waste disposal services. Liquid wastes
from eastern industry zone also disposed in the
surrounding gullies and finally disposed in to the
river are the main pollutant threats to the river.
Also, effluents from the abattoir are directly dis-
charged to the river. This increases the chemical
content of the river (Dukem SP Report, 2017).
3.6.2 Liquid Waste
N.B Solid Waste Disposal site is found in the planning
area and near to the cattle Market
38°55'30"E
38°52'0"E
8°49'0"N
1 cm = 0 km
µ
River
Road
Express Way
Railway Line
Planning Area
Blocks
Solid Waste
Disposing Site
Legend
Figure 4.3 landfill site
To Addis Ababa
To Addis Ababa
To Bishoftu
To Express way
To Adama

28|page
3.6.3 Quarry Site
There are many quarry sites in Dukam town from
where bulk selected materials; rocks and red ash
are extracted.
Rock: Common quarry stones used in Dukam area
are basalts, rhyolites, ignimbrites, and welded
tuff. Quarry sites are located mostly along the
lower surfaces of ridges, valleys and foot of moun-
tains (Yerer, & Sokoru).
Sand: alluvial and lacustrine deposits that formed
the most part of the rift floors have re deposited
volcanic sands and other materials. Therefore,
there is abundant sand deposit around Dukam
which can be quarried along stream valleys and
lakes.
Scoria: is widely used for road surfacing and also
used in place of sand after sieving, especially for
hollow block manufacturing. (Dukem SP Report,
2017).
38°55'30"E
8°49'0"N
1 cm = 0 km
µ
River
Road
Express Way
Railway Line
Planning Area
Blocks
Quarry Site
Legend
Figure 4.4 quarry site
To Addis Ababa
To Addis Ababa
To Bishoftu
To Express way
To Adama

29|page
3.7 Socio-Economic
3.7.1 Demography-Characterstics of the Population
As CSA data of 2007 indicate that Dukem Town total popula-
tion is 6670.
As it is observed from the graph, the majority (44%) of the
population are within the age group of 15-30 years old fol-
lowed by 0-15 years old (25.2%).Only 6 % are above 60
and 6.4 % are 45-60 years old, respectively.
The dependency ratio is 1:5. Therefore, if jobs are available
for those who are unemployed, there is readily available
workforce. The following graph shows the proportion of age
group of the population:
P=P (1+r)
P =6670 r=5.93% t=10
Population forcast after ten (10) years will be 8896 in 2017.
P =8896 r=5.93% t=5
Population forcast after ten (10) years will be 15,826 in
2027.Sample taken for the design from total population1/4
ratio, which is 1732 population and number household level
will be 347.
Demograhy
3.7.2 Sex Composition
Population
6670
Area
32,552 ha
Population Density
21 inh/ha
Average Family Size
5
48.6%
51.4%
3.7.3 Age Composition
3.7.6 Population forcast
3.7.5 Unemployment
41.5%
58.4%
According to Dukem SP report (2017) most of female residen-
ce are unemployed, when compared with male residence.
o
o
t
N.B; Annual population growth of the town is 5.93 %, It’s higher than Oromia
population growth 4.3%
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25.2%
44.1%
18.3%
6.4% 6.0%
Age
0-14
15-29
30-44
45-59
>60
Population size
1668
2935
1221
447
400
0-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 >60

According to Dukem SP report, (2017) Major economic activity in
the town is trade and service. Dukem Town as any other urban center
serves as a center of trade and market for the neighboring urban
centers and the hinterland, it is a center of distribution and redistri-
bution to the rural hinterlands.
It is also a center of industrial production and service delivery.
When we see the economic importance of Industry/investment In the
town because of the industrial expansion majority of the people
who are living in Duken & surronding area are working in the Indus-
tries, one of the industry who had majority employee is Eastern in-
dustry Park.
At present, industry is densely concentrated in the Western and
North Eastern area of the town. As it is seen in the Map that the in-
dustries are established following the rivers
The town Dukam as any other urban center serves as a center of trade
and market for the neighboring urban centers and the hinterland.
There is only one General market and market day in Dukam Town i.e.
Thursday. This market is situated in the Northern part of the town locally
named Tedecha area of the town
The market is found adjacent to the General market. Dukam town is
known for its beef and fattened bulls. These fattened bulls for market
are coming from different directions. Largest cattle flow from the direc-
tion of asphalted high way in the west (Wajitu and Oda Nabe) to the
existing Shoat market in the east (43%). During Market Day high traffic
congestion is created along the roads (Dukem SP Report, 2017).
3.8.2 General Market
3.8.3 Livestock Market
3.8 Economic
3.8.1 Business and Commerce
38°55'30"E
38°52'0"E
8°49'0"N
1 cm = 0 km
µ
River
Road
Express Way
Railway Line
Planning Area
Blocks
Market Area
Legend
N.B Both the general Market &
cattle market is found in
the planning area
30|page
Trade activities
Agriculture
Construction material
Construction
Whole sale and retaike trade, Vehicle
maintenance,Consumer Item Trade,
Export and Import
Transport, Store and communication
Insurance and real Estate
Service Trade
Total number
28
150
85
1160
990
150
225
Table 1.8 trade activity in Dukem Town
Source: Dukem Town Trade and Transport office,2016
Figure 4.5 general market location

31|page
Housing
- Shortage of residential house
Street
- Traffic congestion
Other
- Strategic location of the Town
- Sutiable and fertile climate
Social Sevices
- Shortage of educational instit-
ution in the town and catchment
area
- Shortage of health services
-Absence of recreation area
Enviromental
- Inappropriate location of dam-
ping site
- River pollution
- Potential to grow agricultural
productivity
- Presence of Minerals like sand
and ash
- Presence of General market
Strength
- Soil erosion
- Land degradation causes drop
-ping of agricultural products
- Narrow Street width (along the
main road)
- Absence of adequate social
services
- Shortage of water
- Environmental pollution both in
air and water
- Traffic congestion
Incompatible landuse location
Weakness
- Strategic position of the site
- Presence of industry for job
opportunity & enhance Local
Economic Development
- Market linkage
- Suitable climate and soil fertility
for livestock and crop production
Opportunity
- Flooding
- Potential areas are affected by
gorges
- Air pollution affecting wellbeing
Threat
3.9 SWOT Analysis Key Finding

32|page
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
3.10 Base Map
To express way
To Debrezeyit
(New Railway)
To Debrezeyit
To Addis Ababa
s
m
s
I
I
Figure 4.6 base map

33|page
3.11 Suitability Analysis
Suitability analysis is made based on four criteria land use, road,
river, slope, which it was weighted in four layer such as low, moder-
ate, high and very high suitable.
Out of 799 ha land 36.45 % which is 291.3 ha is not suitable to de-
velop the land for industry due to closer to the residence, river, ser-
vices, like school.
Action Area
Out of 461.8 ha 6..5 % which is 40 ha is selected for Action area to
show Industrial Negihborhood.
Action area is selected based on
- Closer to the existing industry
- Closer/near to transportation linkage, such as railway and
Expressway
- Slope
- Peripherial are
- Distance away from the River
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Low
Moderate
High Suitable
Very High Suitable
Legend
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Legend
Action Area
Planning_Area
Figure 4.7 Sutiability analysis Figure 4.8 action area selected

34|page
3,12 Land budget
Based on norm and standard & population of the town, it is
characterized as Medium/large town. Which it indicate that
industry coverage of the area should be 10-15% of the total
area. Total action area is 40 ha. Design for action area will be
Industry village. According to 2017 MUDC, 2012 industry vil-
lage should contain at maximum 80% include commerce,
mixed use, social services and administration.
From total planning area 40 ha area is choosen for design
Land Use
Residence/mixed
commercial
Services
Manufacturing
Open space/U.agriculture
Road & infrastructure
%
35
8
5
20
20
12
ha
14 ha
3.2
2
8
8
4.3
Table Proposed Land use budgeting
Source:oromia land grade level land budgeting
Source:MUDC 2012
Source:Oromia Planning institute
Major consideration for Industry Neighborhood
- 50 m away or buffer to the river
- Industrial village should incorporate shop, café & restaurant
- Services- for first Aid, its own fire hydrant
- Parcel size for the industry for MUDC minimum of 500m2
- Water supply and storage it should have its own at least
5000m3
- Parking size, enough area for parking, one Parcel
- Open space for recreation area
Variables Size
plot size for housing unit (minimum) 140 m2
Plot share for Condominum 100 m2
Residential area design considration
Medium Rise
Lower Rise
above G+4
G+0-G+2
25%
75 %

35|page
Water Sensitive Urban Design in Dukem, East Shewa, Oromia Region
4
4. Water Sensitive Urban Design
4.1 Introduction
Water Sensitive Urban Design is used to save water and remove
pollutants from storm water before it reaches our drains. Is a
land planning and engineering design approach which inte-
grates the urban water cycle, including storm water, groundwa-
ter and wastewater management and water supply, into urban
design to minimize environmental degradation and improve
aesthetic and recreational appeal.
4.2 WSUD principles
- Achieving water balance,
- Improving water quality and
- Endeavouring to minimise water consumption.
4.3 WSUD Techniques and Methods Used
1. Dry Detention Basin
2. Extended dry detention basin
3. Parking lot storage
4. Urban forestry
5. Stream rehabilitation
6. Turfing
7. Retention Existing Vegetation
4.4 Problem
Based on the analysis existing water source of the town is 100 %
8. Xeriscaping
9. Hydrozones
10. Water harvesting
11. Regulated Supply
12. Grey ware Re-use
from underground water aquifer. No other alternative source
of water during dry season. The capacity of the aquifer
didn’t match with the population growth as well as the devel-
opment of the town it bring impact on the underground water
to decrease the amount.
4.4 Objective of WSUD
- By improving water availability increase agricultural
products
- To reduce water shortage problem or maximize water
supply source
- Reuse waste water
- Water harvesting
- Reduce water runoff (flooding) and soil erosion
- Recharging aquifers

36|page
4.5 Regional level Watershed -Awash Basin Analysis
Awash basin is one of twelve major river basins in Ethiopia.
Awash basin covers a total area of 114,123 km2 and 1200 km
long. It has 21 sub-basin.
Dams that are found in Awash basin for hydroelectric and
water supply dams, Aba Samuel (1932), Gefersa dam (1938)
and Koka dam (1960) built in the basin.
Irrigation development in Awash basin are Koka dam down-
stream irrigation developments,Wonji and Metehara sugar
plantations, upper, middle and, lower Awash state farms
with fruits, vegetables and cotton plantations.
Due to the intensive irrigation development in the basin particu-
larly along the Main Awash River line, there is high water stress
during the pick irrigation time (April to June).
The basin classified into six planning areas considering the hy-
drological, administrative, economic and social boundaries
Source: Awash Basin Water Allocation Strategic Plan,2017
Table Water resource potential per planning area (Billion cubic meters)
Upstream of Koka
Awash Awash
Awash Haledebi
Awash Aditu
Awash Terminal
Waster Catchment
River Water
Potential
1.54
1.61
2.33
2.03
1.19
2.04
10.74
Reservoir based
Stored waters
1.36
0.50
1.70
3.562
Lake,wetland
based stored
water
1.053
0.253
1.175
0.191
2.67
Ground
water
Potential
2.05
1.24
4.93
1.12
0.07
0.89
10.30
40°0'0"E
10°0'0"N
Legend
arc_Clip1
etlake01co polygon
Basin_flowd12
Value
High : 1268
Low : 1
Planning_Area
µ
0 30 60
15 Kilometers
Figure 4.9 Awash basin

37|page
At macro level major/ primary rivers and sinking
areas like park, mountain, lake should be indicated.
Watershed analysis at macro level it is found in up-
stream koka basin. It covers 12929 km2. Up stream
Qoka basin divided in to six (6) sub basin.
For the planning area watershed analysis falls in to
two sub watershed. It indicate that the water
sink/outlet point is in to Qoka, in the south east direc-
tion. The two sub-watershed area covers 6317 km2.
The Qoka reservoir covers an area of 180 square
kilometers. The total potential electric output is 110
GWh/year.
Figure 4.0 Macro level watershed analysis
4.6 Macro Level Watershed Analysis
39°30'0"E
39°20'0"E
39°10'0"E
39°0'0"E
38°50'0"E
38°40'0"E
38°30'0"E
38°20'0"E
9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N
8°20'0"N
8°10'0"N
µ
1 cm = 6 km
Out let
Legend
<all other values>
grid_code
1
2
3
4
Planning_Area
etlake01co polygon
Awash_macro
<all other values>
BASIN_COD
12A3
12C19
12C20
0 16,000 32,000
8,000 Kilometers
Legend
Stream
Lake
PLanning area
Basin
2240
1901
2176
Koka dam reservoir with a ca-
pacity of 1860MCM in 1960.
Irrigated hectare is 18031.23.
Flooding has been observed
especially downstream of
Koka dam during rainy season
(July to September) (Awash
basin Authority,2016)

At me so level major/ primary & secondary rivers should be
indicated. It covers 799 ha.
Figure 4.1 Meso level watershed analysis Figure 4.2 Micro level watershed analysis
4.7 Meso Level Watershed Analysis
Out let
Legend
RasterT_StreamO1
<all other values>
grid_code
1
2
3
4
Planning_Area
Basin_flowdi2
Value
High : 253
Low : 1
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
1 cm = 0 km
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
4.8 Micro scale watershade-Action area
38°56'0"E
8°47'30"N
Legend
RasterT_StreamL1
New_Action_area
Basin_FlowD11
Value
High : 143
Low : 1
µ
0 0.2 0.4
0.1 Kilometers
Outlet
38|page

39|page
Figure 4.3 flow direction
Flow direction calculate the direction water will flow
using slope from neighboring cells. Water can flow
to one or more of eight adjacent cells. Slope is ulti-
mate factor how water flow in
Based on the Flow Direction Map we understand
that the flow of water is on south east & South di-
rection.
4.9 Flow Direction
this model. The eight adjacent
cells in the pour point model
has a value expressing the way
in which water falls.
Hydrologists use flow direction
map to help model how surface
runoff contributes to flooding.
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
Legend
Majorit_Majo7
Value
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
µ
128 1.4%
0.4%
0.3%
3.9%
6.4%
33.5%
31%
23 %
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

40|page
Flow accumulation map shows the highest
values represent, the flow accumulations
where areas of concentrated flow, an indi-
cation of the presence of a river, from
which stream channels can be identified.
While the low value mean area with ridged
features.
4.10 Flow Accumulation
The result of Flow Accumulation is a raster
of accumulated flow to each cell, as de-
termined by accumulating the weight for
all cells that flow into each downslope cell
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
Legend
FlowAcc_Flo11
Value
High : 171657
Low : 0
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Figure 4.4 flow accumulation

41|page
Figure 5.5 Stream Network
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
1 cm = 0 km
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Links are the sections of a stream
channel connecting two successive
junctions, a junction and the outlet, or
a junction and the drainage divide.
4.11 Stream network
Links are the sections of a stream channel connecting two suc-
cessive junctions, a junction and the outlet, or a junction and
the drainage divide.
4.12 Stream order
Link
Junction
1
0.5
Legend
Planning Area
Stream network
Junction
Outlet
Legend
RasterT_StreamO1
<all other values>
grid_code
1
2
3
4
Planning_Area
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
1 cm = 0 km
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Flow direction

42|page
4.13 Wet Spot Analysis
Figure 5.6 wet spot analysis
38°54'0"E
38°54'0"E
38°48'30"E
38°48'30"E
8°49'0"N 8°49'0"N
8°43'30"N 8°43'30"N
µ
0 3 6
1.5 Kilometers
38°54'0"E
38°54'0"E
8°49'0"N 8°49'0"N
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Legend
Peasants association
Planning area
Wet spot area
µ
0 0.15 0.3
0.075 Kilometers
Kilometers

43|page
Figure 5.7 Bore hale map in Dukem Town
4.14 Water Supply Analysis
The source of the existing water supply system of
the town is from eleven bore hole (9BH) is functional
and 2BH is un-functional, the total yielding of nine
bore hole is 5472 m3/day.
In the planning area there 4 (four) bore hole(BH)
are found and one Ground water reservoir.
Due to the fastest growth of the town (increasing
number of population, expansion of town & high in-
vestment), the demand for water became very high,
the existing water supply could not meet the current
demand (Dukem SP Report, 2017)
According to Dukem SP report (2017) in the town
no surface water is used in dry season, the streams
including dukem river dry in dry season.
Ground water quality
Based on WHO standard the ground water quality
of the site, it is suitable for the purpose of domestic
water supply, irrigation & industrial use.
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
Legend
Peasant Association Boundary
River
Planning Area
Block
Bore hole
Reservoir
BH Type Zekula BH Michael BH Gogecha BH1 Gogecha BH2 Mandelo Condonium BH Tedcha BH1 Tedcha BH3 Tedcha BH2 Tedcha BH4 Koticha BH
Discharge 144 324 324 720 288 360 720 1080 216 1080 360
m3/day
Table Existing Water Supply source of Dukam Town
Source: Dukam Town Water Supply office and OUPI filed survey data, 2016

1|page
Depth of underground water potential
According to UNESCO-IHE Institute for
water education (2011) report Dukem town
well is divided in to two parts the Dukem
upper well(which is located in north direc-
tion of Eastern Industrial Park) and Dukem
lower well (south direction from Eastern In-
dustrial Park).
Ground Water Potential
Depth
Water capacity m3/day
min/max capacity
15m
479.5
196/1091
20m
614.25
147/1511
25m
1414.7
367/5192
30m
978
262/2370
Table depth and capacity of groundwater potential
Source: Modelling and optimization for groundwater resource development,2011
Figure Ground potential map of Dukam town
Source: Dukem Structural Report,2017

44|page
4. 15 Impervious Surface
38°57'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°52'30"E
38°50'0"E
8°50'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°45'0"N
µ
0 3 6
1.5 Kilometers
38°57'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°52'30"E
8°50'0"N
8°47'30"N
µ
0 1.5 3
0.75 Kilometers
Legend
Basin
built up
Unbuilt up
Legend
Basin
built up
Unbuilt up
Figure 5.8 Peasant association builtup vs unbuilt up area
and watershade basin
Figure 5.9 flood catchement area and figureground
To calculate amount of runoff that will come
from the upper part of the area, based on
the catchment area (basin ). The amount of
flood is calculated as follow.

45|page
Impervious Surface= 98.1%
Pervious Surface= 1.9%
Baesd on impervious curve the
area is on sensitive zone
Catchemnet Area= 28,742,217 ha
Intensity=16 mm/hr
Duration= 3hr
Infiltration Capacity (soil) =5 mm/hr
Safety Factor= 1.15
Voulme Inflow
Volume Out flow
Type
Pervious area
Impervious area
Area in m2
17,421,679
63515 roof and
330,260asphalt
Intensity mm/hr
16
15
Duration hr
3
3
Cofficient factor
0.35 for natural land
1 roof
0.95 Aspahlet
Volume inflow
2926
30.5
150
Area infiltration* infiltration capacity (soil)* duration (t)
= 17,421,649 m2 * 6 mm/hr*3hr=3136 m3
Total voulme inflow = safety factor * voulme inflow
= 1.15 * 3106 = 3572 m3
To determine the runoff volume = Vol. inflow-Vol. Outflow
= 3572-3136
Excepected amount of runoff will be 436 m3
To control and reduce the flood impact
Check dam around the streams &
Bioretension swale along the street
Rainwater harvesting from the roof
4.16 Existing Site Runoff Volume - Town level

In order to decrease the runoff & soil ero-
sion, 45 degree street design is used and
also could be used to harvest surface
runoff.
When designing a water harvesting
system the size of the catchment area is
calculated or estimated, in order to
ensure that enough runoff water is har-
vested for the crops in the cultivated area
(Water harvesting and soil, 1987)
moisture retention.
Source: site engineering
for landscape
architecture
page 34
Source: water harvesting
and soil page 10
46|page
4. 17 Town Level -Proposed road network
Figure 6.0 proposed street network
38°56'0"E
8°47'30"N
µ
0 0.15 0.3
0.075 Kilometers
To Dukem
To Express way

47|page
4. 18 Proposed Landuse
Figure 6.1 proposed landuse map
38°56'0"E
8°47'30"N
µ
0 0.15 0.3
0.075 Kilometers
Legend
Residence
Mixed use
Commercial
Services
Administration
Industry/manufacuring
Parking
Urban agriculture and green space
Water Body
Principle to design the land use
- Considered the wet spot area
- River buffering
- To decrease over crowded of
fright truck parking issue
- Near to the exsiting Industry
Landuse
Residential/Mixed
Commercial
Administration
Service
Agriculture
and openspace
Industry and
Storage
Truck Bay
%
30
5
2.1
4
30
15
1.4
Ha
12
2
0.84
1.6
13
6.72
0.6
Table landuse budget
To Dukem
To Express way

48|page
4. 19 Proposed Blue-Green infrastructure and WSUD elements
Figure 6.2 proposed blue-green infrastructure
Bioswale
Along the median
Wet Pond
Pocket Green Space
For Infilitration
Bioretention
In the parking area
Tanker/Cistern
Tanker/Cistern
Buffer zone
Based on UNESCO-IHE institute for Water Educa-
tion (2011) report Dukem and Akaki watershade
catchment area, main recharging of groundwater
is by natural system. Therefore the proposed water
sensitive urban design consider to increase way of
increasing recharging of the groundwater capac-
ity by providing different water sensitive urban
design elements, which area:-
Wet pond; which is located sinking point of the site
(wet spot). Constructed to decrease the runoff, to
purify pollutants by planting different vegetation’s
who had a capacity to purify pollutant and in-
crease ground water infiltration.
Cistern/Tanker; provided to store and harvest
storm water.
Check dam; to slow down the runoff volume and
decrease gully erosion by buffering the gorge (15
meter vegetation cover, grass)
Bioswale ; 639 meter long and 1 meter wide
bioswale constructed along the main road
median to increase infiltration.
Bioretention;1523 m3 water can be harvested
from stormwater (residence, commerce, industry)
by using bioretention and detention pond.
Greenspace;
µ
To Dukem
To Express way

A check dam is a small dam con-
structed across a drainage ditch,
swale, or channel to lower the
velocity of flow. Reduced runoff
velocity reduces erosion and
gullying in the channel and
allows sediments to settle out.
It will allow infiltration into the
subsurface under the bed to re-
plenish aquifer and used later
on. A check dam may be built
from stone, sandbags filled with
pea gravel, or logs.
Based on the analysis in Dukem
town most of the gorges/
streams are exposed to gyully
erosion due to the flood/ run
off that come from the upper
part area.
In order to control and reduce
the runoff, check dam along the
gorges is proposed.
It could be easly can be con-
stractued using stone.
Objective-1
Runoff mitigation/flood control
4.20 City level Proposal- check dam
Wet pond
49|page
Wet pond is described as
“Nature’s Kideny”
It improves the quality of
strom water runoff, control
runoff volume & effective in
removing pollunant
Based on Wet spot analysis
there few areas located in
the area where water lay/.
This wet spot area will be used as wet detenstion pond to
reduce peak storm water flow, that coming from the upper part
(North & N.west direction).

50|page
Non-domestic Water Demand & Supply (Small Agro-Industry park)
Based on Dukem Sp report (2017) out of 469 industry in the
town , 1 agro-industry and 45 agro-processing industry lo-
cated, which is 9.8 %. Dukem and the its hinterland have a po-
tential for agricultural and livestock production but these po-
tential not been used well.
Therefore establishing agro-industry park in the town can
create urban-urban linkage and also rural-urban liknkage. for
sustinable economy (residence will be main supplier for the
industry)and enviromental (light indutry).
Dairy industry consume average 5m3 water for every 1m3
processed milk. (www.degruter.com)
Total amount of milk produced 306.6 m3 milk
Therefore 306.6*5= 1533 m3 water is needed for the
dairy industry
Total amount of water consumption for agro-industry is 2543 m3
Types of industry
Floor Factory
Tomato paste
water consumption
m3/ton
2m3/ton
6m3/ton
Yield
production
70
145
Total
consumption
140
870
Source: Industrial water demand for agro-processing and beverage industries in
Rwanda
Plot size of the industry Size of 0.15-0.5 ha
Standard for poultry farm for building size, 12 by 9.2= 110m2
Water harvested from the roof=110*0.903= 99 m3 water
From the total amount of water 10% water is consumed for
cleaning
Total consumed water 23+9.9= 32.9 m3 water is used at the in-
dustry 2/3 of the water is stored in regional level tanker.
Standard for dairy farm for plot size= 2300m2
25% is built up out of these 575 m2
Water harvested from the roof=575*0.903=520 m3
Water harvested from the surface = 500m2*0.85*0.903
= 384 m3
total water harvested from dairy farm=384+520=904 m3
Two dairy farm building= 904* 2=1808 m3
total amount of water needed for dairy farm 2608, 69 % of
water harvested from the roof and surface. the rest of 31% can
be harvested from ground water (auifier).
4.21 Proposed- Neighborhood Level
Factory plot size 3500 m2, building size 875
from one factory water hatvesting
= 875*0.903=805 m3
water can be harvested from one factory and
stored in the tanker for the production and
other use for the industry.

51|page
4.22 Block Level- Non-Domestic Water Demand
Objective -2
Increase urban agriculture productivity and by decrease runoff
Water consumption for Dairy Farming
Annual water consumption for cattle/cow
=9125 l/annual/animal
= 120*9125 l
= 1095 m3
Water consumption for Poultry Farming
Annual water consumption for Chicken
= 91.25 l/annual/chicken
= 250*91.25l
= 22.8 m3
Water supply for dairy and polutry will be 100% harvested
from runoff hrvesting (from bioretenstion swale).
From parking area bioretenstion swale it can be stored
1535m3, the 73 % of water can be used for animal hus-
bandry and the remaining 27% (415 m3) of the water can
be reused for agricultural consumprion.
Farming system based water consumption based on
UNESCO-IHE,2010
Rain Feed = 1805 m3/ton
Irrigated=1868 m3/ton
Rain feed-Teff
Water consumption=yield capacity ton * water consumption
m3/ton
= 14.4 ton/ha*1805m3/ton
= 25,992 m3
Rain feed-Wheat
Water consumption
=yield capacity ton * water consumption m3/ton
= 8 ton/ha*1805m3/ton
= 14,440 m3
Irrigated-Wheat
Water consumption
= 7,220 m3
Irrigated-Maize
Water consumption
= 22,020 m3
10 ton of maize can be produced by rain-feed agriculture.
Inorder to produce the required kcal at town level, the numebr
of or the way of to produce the crops should be changed, by
using irrigation method increase agricultural production
Therefore, Surface run off water harvesting,the collected and
stored run off can be used during dry season

52|page
Parking area
Street
Street System
Block level- Bioswale and Bioretention swale
Bioretention swale provide both stormwater treatment and conveyance
functions rooftops, parking lots, and streets.
To collect and store runoff in the extended detention it could be under-
ground detention and it can be reused again for diffrent purposes like
public activity, gardening and irrigation. The depth of Bioretention swale is
1m and 0.5m width.
Source:water sensitive urban design
Figure vegetated biosewale
Figure bioretention swale
Rainwatet harvesting-Runoff harvesting-
Runoff harvesting collects water from the ground, e.g. the farm compound or a road, or from a rocky area or from roofs, and brings
it through a channel or a pipe to where it is needed, i.e. to the field, a pond, a tank, or a basin.
Bioswale filters stormwater as it flows the length of the swale and allows in-
filtration of water into the ground.
To treat stormwater flowing from all types of impervious surfaces including
private property and the public right-of-way. The depth of bioswale will be
0.35m and 0.8 m width.
4.23 Literature Review

53|page
4.24 Block level-Proposed Bioswale,bioretention
Based on the analysis flood is occurs in the down/ lower part of the site during rainy season, in addition to that the farmers cannot pro-
duce agricultural products due to shortage of water. Therefore to decrease flood occurance and also to increase agricultural products
STORMWATER HARVESTING is very important. Active WSUD elements like Bioretention and Bioswale mechanism is used to harvest
storm water, that come from 10% resdential,commercial & services area, open space and street. to Collect and harvest the stormwater
underground tanker will be provided at the edge of each block. It is used for different activities like, Urban agriiculture,(dairy farm
& irrigation), fire hydrant
Catchment
1
Catchment
2
Catchment
3
1
2
4
3
Storm drain from the asphlet(inlet)
1
Vegetated Bioretention swale
2
Pollutant filteration tree
3
Pervious Sidewalk
4
Water
direction
From parking lot
1535 m3 water
can be harvested
Parking Lot Street
250
600
150
200
200
3000
100
25 cm depth detention area Covered with vegetations
60 cm thick filiteration layer (Sandy Loam)
10 cm thick transitional layer (Sand)
15 cm thick Gravel
Two layer Sack
20 cm thick top cover concerete
200 cm depth Tank
Geo Textile Membrane
20 cm thick Gravel
Run Off from Asphalt
Catchment
(parking Area)
Coble stone
Detention
Area
Parking lot
Vegetated
Carriage way
Parking lot
Vegetated Bioretenstion
Parking lot
Carriage way
Parking lot
Vegetated
Water direction

54|page
4.25 Proposal Building and plot level
Objective -1Rainwater Harvesting-Roof Harvesting
To calculate water consumption at household level
Water demand per capital = 50 l/c/day
Household size/family size = 5
Water consumption= water demand per capital*household size
= 50l/c/day*5
= 250l/day
Calculate water consumption for annually
Annually hosehold water consumption = Water consumption daily *
365 days
= 250 l/day * 365 day
= 91,250 liter or 91.2m3
Town level Annual Domestic water consumption=91.2 *122hh
= 11,126.3 m3
Dry season water consumption is 67.5 m3, dukem town rainy season is
3 month
Rain tanker can be used for residential and
agricultural area to collect storm water
run‐off for retention and reuse (plastic tanker
or large steel).
For residential area it can be used for non-
portable uses like washing cloth, car, dish and
toilet flushing.
For agricultural area, since Dukem town
suffer/lack of water in dry season for irriga-
tion purpose the rain tanker could be used
stored and used for irrigation. To make the
peasants to be productive all the year.
Rain Tanker
Technology Used
Water budget & Source Of water
Based on the analysis existing water source of the town is from
groundwater aquifer(100 %).
Total annual water demand at a plot level is 97m3
- 70 % of the water source will be from the rainwater harvesting
from surface(runoff) and roof harvesting.
- 25% of the water source of water will be from grey water
reuse.
- The rest 5% of the water source can be used from aqufier
(municipal water supply for cooking and drinking)
-Household level
According to Oromia Planning Institute for Town level average
parcel size is given 250 m2, the built up will cover 25% from the
total area, therefore the size of roof will be 63m2, which it will
cover 65 % of water demand.

55|page
4.26 Existing Site Runoff Volume - Plot level
In the exsiting site the plot area is 500m2,rural residential cop-
mapoubd, when it is compared to the roof size, the area can be
considered as almost bare.
Catchemnet Area= 500 m2
Rain fall intensity = 16mm/hr
Run off coefficent= 0.3
Annual Rainfall= 903mm
Runoff volume
= Catchement area * intensity* Duration*Runoff Coefficeint
= 500*16mm/hr*3hr*0.3
= 7.2m3
Or
Annuall Runoff Volume =500*903*0.3
= 135m3
Proposed Site Runoff Volume-Plot Level
In proposed site average plot size given for household is 250m2
ou of this area 63 m2 is built up.
Catchemnet Area -1 (roof)= 63 m2
Catchemnet Area -2 (Gardening)=120 m2
Catchemnet Area -3 (Rain Garden)=47 m2
Catchemnet Area -4 (Coble/stone)=20m2
Annual rain fall = 903mm
Q=CIA
Volume-1= 1*903mm*63m2
= 60 m3
Volume-2=0.3*903*120m2
=29.5 m3
Volume-3=0.85*903*47m2
=38 m3
Volume-4=0.85*903*20m2
=13 m3
Total Volume= Vol-1+Vol-2+Vol-3+Vol-4
= 140 m3
Out of 140.5 m3 runoff volume 98 m3 will be harvested
from the roof and rain garden
Net proposed Runoff volume
=Proposed Ruboff volume-Rainwater Harvested
= 140.5-98 m3
= 42.5 m3
Net proposed runoff volume 42.5 m3 (30.2%) will be col-
lected & stored bioretention mechanism and infiltrated to
the ground by bioswale mechanism.

56|page
Objective -2
Increase urban agriculture productivity
Technology Used
Grey water harvesting
4.27 Proposal plot level
Vegetation
Type
Lettuces
Cabbage
Tomato
Carrot
Grain Type
Green pea
Water consumption
mm/season
300
425
600
125
400
No.plants
in m2
7
9
9
160
100
Planning
Area m2
30
20
20
20
40
Yearly
Produce
8
3
2
3
3
Yearly amount
of water needed
0.504
0.23
0.25
1.2
4.8
Total amount of annual water need at plot level for vegetation
is 7 m3
From total consumption of water 80% of water is generated
as waste water & out of 80 % waste water 35-40% of waste
water is produced from shower, bathtub, sink.
In order to fulfill the demand for Domestic water consumption
(non portable use) and for vegetation water consumption,
Grey water recycling is the best method
Befenits
- Reduce amount of waste water enetring to sewere
- Reduce amount of water need from fresh water
- Ground water recharge
Waste water=Annual water consumption*0.8
=91.2*0.8
= 72.9 m3
Grey water = Waste water*0.35
= 72.9*0.35
= 25.53m3
The harvested Grey water can be used for domestic water
need (non-portable use) like gardening/vegetation, for flush-
ing toilet,cleaning & car washing.
Before using it, the grey water going to be treatd.
!00 % of the water consumption can achived at plot level
Method for treatment
Activity
Wastewater generated from laundary,
bathinhg will be collected in the tankerAslow
sand filter will treat 0.19 to 0.49 litters per
minutes per foot
Treatment process will be; Filtering, settel-
emnt of solids, Flotation and separation of
lighter solids, anerobic or aerobic digestion

5. Ecological Sensetive Urban Design Analysis
5.1 Introduction
Ecologically sensitive land within the urban area, which play an
essential role in maintaining ecological balance and ensure
urban environment and ecological security, are treated as the
bottom line of urban development (Haigh, 1990)
Envirometally sensetive design save space for “Green Space”.
5.2 Problem
In Dukem town most part of agricultural areas is changing in to
built environment for either by informal setters or industrial areas,
the transport root the Railway Line and the express way create
fragment between the peasant association zones and the town,
there is only one bridge which it could serve as linkage for the
movement for the people as well as for animal, and there is no
green strip along the roads. The river that bisect the town into two,
which is Dukem River, at the current situation it is known as polluted
due to disposal of wastes, both liquid and solid, in to the river.
These waste are not only the household waste but also toxic indus-
trial wastes are released in to the river without being treated and
affect the low land rural areas( peasant Associations), since they
are using the river for irrigation.
5.3 Agricultural Activities
Urban Agriculture such as crop and dairy farming is a widely
practiced activity that is taken as a means of living within the
boundary of the town, and also at the peripheries of the town
and rural kebeles.
Agriculture is Potential as well as source of income for the town
is The Popular Ada’a Teff
When we see the existing urban agriculture practices are
Food crops: Teff Produced
Vegetables (Cabbage, Tomato, Carrot, Beat root)
Fattening: Cattle, Sheep and Goat
Livestock Rearing (Cattle, Sheep, Goat and Poultry) production
57|page
Ecological Sensetive Urban Design in Dukem, East Shewa, Oromia Region
5
5.4 Objective
5.2.1 Problem on Agricultural Activites
- Land Degradation and dropping productivity
- Loss of agricultural Land for investment.
- Response for green by providing space for plants
- Produce 75 % of the city consumption by itself
- 50% respond to waste recycle system

According to Dukem SP Report (2017) In the town,
there are no considerable green areas
(vegetation/ tree cover). Most common plantted
trees in the town are eucalyptus & Acacia. Acacia
tree is scattered in the existing farmland. The area
is totally devoid of natural vegetation.
Water Body Planning Area
Boundary
Footpath
5.5 Existing Situation of Green Areas/Vegetations & Landscape mosaic
Local Name
Scientific Name
Plant Type
Shape
Plant purpose/use
Description
Nech bahir zaf
Eucalyptus globulus
tall to 55m
crown rounded
Firewood,construction,
windbreak
this spicies are used to
prouced medicine, strong
compitator for moisture &
nutirents
58|page
Local Name
Scientific Name
Plant Type
Shape
Plant purpose/use
Description
Gerar
Accaia Abyssinia
medium size tree up to 20m
large flat-topped tree
Good for firewood
Drought tolerant, will grow
degraded land & along
gullies
Existing plants
Under pass ecological bridge for human and animal
to connect with the surrounding area.

5.6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI)
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which has been used
to monitor vegetation conditions. NDVI value ranges from -1 to 1.
The highest the value, the highest would be the proportion of green
vegetation in the pixel. Value of -1 to 0 is usually assumed as non veg-
etation.
Based on the analysis majority of the planning area is covered by
non-vegetation.
Land cover refers to what is actually covering the land.This includes vegeta-
tion and man-made features. The planning area is divided in to three land
cover area, which is built up, uncultivated or bare land and agriculture.
5.7 Land Cover
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Legend
NDVI_CAL
PLANExtract_NDVI1
Value
High : 0.205167
38°57'0"E
38°56'30"E
38°56'0"E
38°55'30"E
38°55'0"E
38°54'30"E
38°54'0"E
38°53'30"E
8°49'0"N
8°48'30"N
8°48'0"N
8°47'30"N
8°47'0"N
8°46'30"N
µ
0 1 2
0.5 Kilometers
Legend
NDVI_CAL
landExtract_isoc1
Classfication
Forest
Built Up
Uncultivated or Bare Land
Agricultural Land
Agriculture
Built up
Uncultivated or
bare land
4.9%
54.16 %
40.95 %
Agricultural
Built up
Uncultivated or
bare land
Area ha
39.15
432.74
327.2
59|page
Figure planning area land cover
Figure planning area NDVI

5.8 Green and Agricultural land Coverage
60|page
39°0'0"E
9°0'0"N
8°50'0"N
8°40'0"N
8°30'0"N
µ
0 10 20
5 Kilometers
Yerer Mountain
µ
0 0.8 1.6
0.4 Kilometers
µ
0 0.15 0.3
0.075 Kilometers
Figure maco level green and agriculrural land coverage
Figure Meso level green and agriculrural land coverage
Figure Micro level green and agriculrural land coverage
In Akaki area the natural acacia tree and manmade/ secondary vegetation like
Eucalyptus tree covers 279.25 and 547.66 hectares in that order adding to
826.91hectare (Akaki profile, 2015).
Due to urbanization and increasing of grazing land in the area vegetation cover-
age and cultivating land decrease the green coverage of the area.

Urban Metablism is the sum total of technical and socio-
economic processes that occur in cities resulting in growth,
production of energy and elimination of wastes.
In practice it involves inputs, outputs and storage of energy,
water, nutrients, materials and wastes of urban region.
When we see Dukem town metabolism, it’s more like linear
metabolism process due to how the wastes are treated.
Industrial ecology: as it known Dukem Town is industrial
town, which most of the industries located following/along
the river or stream. Most of the industrial zones dispose the
waste, both liquid & solid waste, in to the river & around the
river. There is no proper disposing or treating of waste in the
town. Therefore the river is contaminated and affects the low
land rural farm land areas, since they use the river for irriga-
tion purpose.
Agriculture ecology; due to the soil character of the town, it
is suitable for agricultural production.
5.9 Urban Metabolism
City
Outputs
Input
Food Organic wastes
(landfill)
Emission
(CO ,NO , SO
Inorganic wastes
Energy
Goods
Figure Linear metabolism cities consume and pollute a high rate
Water Ecology; the river, dukem river and other seasonal
streams are located in the planning area but in the dry
season the water body dry out and could not be functional to
use them and also there is shortage of water supply in the
town due to two reason the growth of the population as well
as the growth of investment consume too much amount of
water.
61|page

5.10 Housing Material/Construction Material
1. The ‘Chika bet’
It is a slightly modernized
version of Gojo bet but the
shape rectilinear form. These
kind of houses are found at
the peripherial area of the
Dukem town.
2.The ‘Cement Block’
These kind of houses are observed
in core and intermidiate area of
town. Most of commercial buildings
are made of cement block, as well
as some residential houses.
2.The ‘Case Pan’
These kind of houses are ob-
served at the peripherial
area of the town in industry.
It’s made up of iron sheet
material (walls).
62|page
In Dukem Town three kind of housing material can be seen
The biulding is constructed based on the locally avaliable
materials like soil, stone ,wood (eciluptus tree) and water.
The roofing is covered by iron sheet metal and the wall
structure is made from mud and wood, to clad the wall
cemenet will be used. It can be said mixture of Mud.
To construct the house it requaires a of lot wood, it might
lead to degradation of natural resource (forest) and it
might casuse ecological imbalance. But sing local material
to construct a house is good to save energy and _______by
replacing material usage for the structure ,the wood, to
make it envirometaly responsive houses and to have eco-
logical balance.
The building is constructed by Cement,sand, stone and water.
To clad the wall cement used, mixture of mortar. Roofing is
covered by iron sheet.

63|page
According to MoFED, 2011 report Oromia region food con-
sumption per capital in urban area is 2516 Kcalper person
per day. From 1996 food consumption report on average ki-
localorie per capital per day, it shows 18% improvement. (it
was 2508 kcal/person/day).
5.11 Regional level-Food Consumption
Cereals
Teff
Wheat
Pulses
kcal/preson/
day
323
301
214
Yearly
consumption
92,710
107,310
17,885
Number of
Population
1112
1112
1112
Total amount
consumption
103,093,520
119,328,720
19,888,120
Table annual cereals consumptionat city level
Vegetation
Root crops
kcal/preson/
day
62
104
Yearly
consumption
22,630
189,800
Number of
Population
1112
1112
Total amount
consumption
25,164,560
211,057,600
Table annual vegetation & friut consumptionat city level
Based on the analysis the major grain crops grown the town are
Teff, Wheat, barley and sorghum etc. Pluses that grown in the area
are chicken pea, horse bean, field bean
The selected cerelas that will be produced in the area are teff and
wheat.
The selected pulses to produce at the household level horse bean.
The selected vegetation that will produced at household level cab-
bage and romanie lettuces.
The selected root crops that will be produced at household level is
carrot.
According to IFPRI
report on 2011
per capotal
consumption on
different
agroecological
zones
5.12 City level -Food consumption

Calorie produced at ground level (Teff)
Teff calories per 100g=354 cal
Average teff weight/calorie=1000g/1kg (3540kcal)
Plannting area wall = 4.5 ha
Teff harvesting per hectare = 3200kg
Total Teff Production
= Teff per hactare* avaliability agricultural land
= 3200kg*4.5 ha
=14,400 yield/ha
Total Teff Calories
= Teff Calories per kg* Total teff production in kg
= 3540 kcal*14,400
= 50,976,000 kcal
Calorie produced at ground level (Wheat)
Wheat calories per 100g=339 cal
Average Wheat weight/calorie=1000g/1kg (3390kcal)
Plannting area wall = 4 ha
Wheat harvesting per hectare = 4000kg
Total Wheat Production
= Wheat per hactare* avaliability agricultural land
= 4000kg*4 ha
=16000 yield/ha
Total Wheat Calories
= Wheat Calories per kg* Total wheat production in kg
= 3390 kcal*16000
= 27,120,00 kcal
Total Crop calories per year
=Total Teff calorie+ Total Wheat calorie
= 50,976,000 + 27,120,00
=78,096,000 kcal
Based on the available land and yearly harvesting time the maxi-
mum yield get from 6.5 Hect. is 7.81 x 107 kcal, which is 53 %.
In the help of adevancemnet of technology increase the yielding
capacity of the cerals and produce twice in year the, cerals con-
sumption in the town level can be achived.
5.13 City level- Food production
63|page

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