Batteries2

Prepared by Haim R. Branisteanu
7th International Renewable Energy Conference
Eilat-Eilot Israel, November 2016
The presentation is also available on LinkedIn
Ramko Rolland Associates
Energy Storage
for “Smart Cities”
with renewable
energy resources.

Presentation of Conceptual Projects of electrical
energy storage that can be part of the Electrical
Network
• Due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy of all types: solar, wind,
sea wave, there is a need to store the excess energy generated for the time the
energy source is not available or not in the anticipated amount by using
stored energy with controlled release and, in addition, as a stabilizing element
of the electrical grid, in a distributed energy resources (DER) configuration.
• In general there is a need for short term storage and long term storage.
• The economic viability aspect of any energy storage medium is to be
comparable in cost to the electrical generation from NG on a LCOE basis.
• NG combined cycle efficiency is 170 to 180Kwh @ $2 to $3 per million cubic
feet or $11 to $18 Mwh.
• US combined cycle power plant LCOE is $57 to $58 Mwh. According
to NOAA, NG Pollution expenses can add up to $25 Mwh in cost. For
PV it is at $58 Mwh net power to the grid (as per last report). Israel on
average has 20% more solar irradiation

100% Renewable Grid – is Feasible? – The answer is YES
“We found that all experts agree that a 100% renewable grid will be reliable and stable, as long as it uses
an appropriate mix of renewable generation sources, energy storage and upgraded infrastructure,” said
the paper’s author. “This grid would be robust, with smarter renewable generators and batteries
automatically injecting extra electricity when required for grid stability. Similarly, smart appliances would
detect disturbances in the grid and independently adjust their power level to compensate.” (prices in $AUD)

Wind and Solar Are Our Cheapest Electricity Generation Sources, Now what we do?

Some venues for storage of energy in their various forms are:
• Electrochemical energy usually in batteries with various chemistries
• Electrostatic energy usually in modern super capacitors which are
catching up in storage
• Calorific or heat energy storage taking advantage of the latent heat of
salts or other materials including metal oxides, sand, gravel, stones
• The use of solar panel excess heat storage for HVAC application
• Potential gravitational energy storage, similar to pumped hydro for
long term storage.
There are two basic principles to take into account in renewable energy
storage systems:
(i) simplicity and
(ii) abundance of raw materials to achieve competitive cost and volumetric
weight per kwh of storage which differs from system to system.

Maximizing the efficiency of stored energy in its various
forms
 In any energy storage system, the storage and the conversion unit should be
integrated and if possible the electrical output “network interconnected”
 Secure distributed commercial and residential-neighborhood “micro-grid
networks” with the integration of thermo-solar panels (instead of the present
solar water heaters) and battery storage in connection to a neighborhood storage
system for mutual “peer to peer” consumption* and inter-connected to the grid.
 Architectural integration of CdTe solar panels or “solar-paint”** and storage in
fire-retardant batteries within the office buildings structures in special
designated bays *** as part of the micro grid or a “virtual power plant” (VPP)
 The implementation of at least 3 to 4 GW peak installation is warranted as Israel
enjoys solar irradiation of around 2,000 Kwh/sq. meter/year
* This will establish a blockchain system of a virtual “localized electrical power plant”
**“solar-paint” in R&D phase very cheap, made of perovskite, quantum dots, nanoparticles
***Example: is a Zinc (Zn) Bromide (Br) battery with a fire-retardant gel in development

To the question is “Renewable Energy waiting for storage”
the simple answer is a resounding NO as economically
viable solutions are currently available and implemented
 The present cost accounting validates the economic viability of installing even
on the residential level thermo-solar panels in conjunction with available
battery storage, power supplies and net metering systems, in a integrated
distributed energy resources (iDER) setup. See slide #21 for present situation
Savings of $A450 a year per average household (or around 1,300 Shekels)
 The return on investments (ROI) varies on situation, from 5 to 8 years
with a 10 year guaranty which justifies bank financing of the system.
 Due to the anticipated decline in pricing in solar panels, battery storage,
converters networked in a fiber optic system within a micro grid
configuration, would make the installation of those systems highly beneficial,
and will, not only improves energetic security but also lower the cost of the
national electricity distribution system and reliability of the whole system, *
and enable the establishment of a VPP from the iDER assets within a city.
* lowering the expenses on grid transmission lines and transformers as explained below

In the following 3 slides I present the results of a “behind the meter” solar and
battery installation, which provides substantial savings by reducing both usage and
(peak) demand of cost of electricity charges and lowers network connection costs
Blue is the building demand
Dark Blue the net demand
Yellow solar energy

Diagram outlining the actual
electricity demand from the
grid with solar and batteries
installed. The blue line is the
electrical consumption of
building. The gray line the
consumption from the grid

This presentation describes how a
California project electrical demand
savings from battery installations
paired with a solar installation by
relying on actual performance data.
Specific to California there is a need to
understand how an electricity bill is
calculated. The electricity costs are
calculated based on the rate schedule
applied to each utility electricity meter.
$72,782+
$5,303
$78,085
$8,267
$2,385
$10,652

 Each solution mentioned, is suitable for specific situations; storage is not a one
solution solves it all type of setup.
 The electrochemical storage solution as related to batteries; The anticipated
cost within the next few years will drop to around $100 to $160 per Kwh of
storage for a life expectancy of 15 years ($160/5,500 cycles=$0.03/day/Kwh).
 The most readily available batteries for introduction within a year or two are
Magnesium–ion batteries with double volumetric capacity, to Lithium-ion as the
Mg ions have 2 electrons to exchange versus 1 in lithium ions.
 It is estimated that the batteries based on magnesium with, higher capacity and
lower cost to the present popular lithium-ion will supplant the Li-Ion batteries.
 At present time lithium-ion @ $190 - $225 Kwh, are the most popular but with
many drawbacks and restrictions, which is the impetus for new developments
 Electrochemical storage prices where falling precipitously during last few years
* According to the BEE study, the current price (12/2016) of second use batteries, which includes
their reconditioning, is around €150/kWh or $166/kWh. A 13MWh facility in the final stages of
development by Daimler AG, The Mobility House AG and GETEC in Lünen, which will also be used
to deliver reserve control to the German grid (the pack will have lower performance of a new pack).

This is an example of a lithium transition oxide with
a spinel structure revealing the complexity.
 Within the structure of those batteries the familiar cylindrical packed batteries
are popular and the pouch batteries similar to those enclosed in most
cellphones. The most popular format is the Lithium-Ion battery cell “18650”.
 Due to more storage demand Panasonic and Tesla developed the new
“20700” cell format which is still cylindrical 20x70 mm but claims double the
energy storage. BMW/Samsung use a different packaging.
 The costs, are already below $200/kWh for cells and $215/kWh for the entire
battery pack. GM/LG expects batteries @ $145 for cells $190 per pack
Lithium-Ion battery storage

The schematic above describes the principle of
in Xn- ion batteries, whereby the ions migrate
from the positive to the negative electrode,
where they become embedded in the porous
electrode material (in many cases also carbon)
in a process known as intercalation, which is a
common process in each ion based battery.
Other metals/materials used in the anticipated batteries would be based on zinc ion, al ion,
calcium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion or sodium ion, etc, each well suited for a
specific range of uses for their stability, temperature range, etc., based on the ability of
intercalation within those compounds which are complex materials having a formula CXm
where the ion Xn+ or Xn− is inserted (intercalated) between the oppositely charged layers.
Schematics of a cylindrical battery

Storage Batteries trends and theoretical volumetric storage limits
The graph below indicates storage batteries trends and anticipated developments.
There are more than 200 various development programs around the world.

Recent R&D developments and academic research
As mentioned before the most realistic new battery to market will be the Magnesium
(Mg) based battery due to the attractive metallic anode material . Development of Mg
batteries started already in 2010. The main advantage is the Mg 2+ ion compared to the
Li 1+ ion (one electron) in Li-ion batteries and lack of dendrite accumulation as in Li-ion.
BMW cell pack above – Toyota is expected to A illustration represents a computer model
bring to market a Mg battery within a year or two. that shows how the orange magnesium ion
is coordinated by only four nearby ions in
the electrolyte (2*2=4).
The Dept. of Chemistry, U of Cambridge, claim to have developed in laboratory
environment the most powerful battery of Li-O2, by - Cycling Li-O2 batteries via LiOH
formation and decomposition, by solving the problems with Li-air batteries and by this
achieving the searched after goal of volumetric “gasoline energy” content (as is IBM).

 The U of Cambridge laboratory claim, was achieved by demonstrating a lithium-
oxygen battery which has very high energy density, is more than 90% efficient, and, to
date (Oct. 2015), can be recharged more than 2000 times. Lithium-oxygen, or lithium-
air, batteries have been touted as the ‘ultimate’ battery due to their theoretical energy
density, which is ten times that of a lithium-ion battery which is today around
200+Kwh/kg. Such a high energy density would be comparable to that of gasoline.
http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/new-design-points-a-path-to-the-ultimate-battery
 In general terms, to increase the storage capacity of a battery with a specific
chemistry, it is, active surface dependable, - more surface is needed for more
electrical storage, to enable the intercalation of electricity carrier ions.
 An important development in the structure of anodes or cathodes in batteries,
are the internal changes in the structure which transcended from foil like
anode and cathode to a 3 dimensional foam/sponge structure or like that of
fullerenes, CNT (carbon nanotubes), nanowires, nanoribbons. There are also
other materials that compete with carbon with higher storage capacity.
 This foam/sponge like structure brought to the fore the ability of changing the
packaging structure of the battery cell on higher and wider surface areas.

The pictures below visualize the structure of what is called a 3D/Foam battery
(a) Schematics of the “Layer by Layer” process used to assemble 3D devices in an aerogel and (b,c) cross-
section SEM images of the first Polyetherimide/CNT electrode (left column), the PEI/CNT electrode with
separator (middle column) and the full device (right column). Scale bars, (b) 50 μm and (c) 2 μm.

Example of 3D/Foam/sponge batteries and their structure and advantages
The Prieto battery is being developed

The ability of 3D foam/sponge batteries and supercapacitors to change physical dimension and
endure compressibility as illustrated below. This induces the probability of changing
the packaging of the sponge like batteries and super capacitors, from rolled in
round encasing or pouch, to flat and sizable batteries of different thicknesses as the active area
increases with the physical thickness of the 3D/foam /sponge and is not only two dimensional
as in present cylindrical or pouch batteries. One of the problems concerning rolled up sheet
like batteries is the dissipation of heat from charging and discharging. By designing flat big
surface area battery cells, vast surface area enables the dissipation of the heat by convection.

Energy Storage from Solar panels for HVAC use
 Solar Panels reach during summer temperatures of up to 75C to 80C
 Power output falls from 240W@25C to 190W@70C on a typical panel
 The proposed addition to the solar panel collects the excess 80% solar
radiation, lowers the panel working temperature & increasing output.
 The 80% excess of solar radiation is collected as heat in a storage tank
to be further used in HVAC system @ 50C to 70C at the user choice.
The energy differential can
be used for heating or
cooling.
In temperate climate the
graph is representing
changes in temperature
year round

 In exchange of pumped hydro storage, surplus electrical energy can be stored at
temperatures above 550°C in insulated structures or insulated caverns
 The heat energy generated by electricity stored in various salts or materials like iron-oxides,
sand, gravel stones can be extracted later by generating steam.
 The ideal system to generate “dry steam” for industrial use, as steam, will be
based on the latent heat of iron-oxides* & sand or gravel
 Other use of the thermal storage facility would be adjunct to a combined cycle power station
with the steam generated feed into the main steam turbine feed or activate their own steam
turbine, which Siemens is now developing. Total efficiency is relatively low (below 50%)
 The high temperature heat exchange facility will be similar to those exiting now in electrical
power stations generating the steam for their steam turbines, best suited for enterprises
which need hot steam in their manufacturing process.
 *iron oxide sintered into building blocks, specific heat of is 920.0 J·kg−1·°C−1, its density is
3,900 kg·m−3, and its thermal conductivity is 2.1 W·m−1·°C−1. “Feolite” can be used up to
1000 °C. Silicon and alloys like pozzolan have potential for heat storage
High Temperature Thermal Energy storage for steam
in utility size power generation

Effects of overload on electrical transformers due to the hysteresis curve pulse
as a result of temporary overload which can be mitigated by battery stored energy
 The accepted rule of thumb is that the life expectancy of insulation in all electric
machines including all transformers is halved for about every 7°C to 10°C increase
in operating temperature, this life expectancy halving rule holding more narrowly
when the increase is between about 7°C to 8°C in the case of transformer winding
with cellulose insulation
 Small dry-type and liquid-immersed transformers are often self-cooled by natural
convection and radiation heat dissipation. Large transformers are filled with
transformer oil that both cools and insulates the windings.
 Transformer oil that cools the windings and insulation. It is estimated that 50% of
power transformers will survive 50 years of use, and that the average age of failure
of power transformers is now about 10 to 15 years.
 About 30% of power transformer failures are due to insulation and overloading
failures.
 Prolonged operation at elevated temperature degrades insulating properties of
winding insulation and oxidizes the dielectric coolant, which not only shortens
transformer life but can ultimately lead to catastrophic transformer failure.
 We can provide a solution of extending network transformer's useful life

The newest economic analysis for residential PV+ battery+ grid in Australia
The chart shows that
the combination of PV
+ battery + grid,
taking advantage of
the best grid offer, is
$A123 per year
cheaper than the
cheapest grid-only
offer ($A1,645 per
year) & $A449 lower
than the median grid-
only offer ($A1,971),
as of November 2016
In other words, our typical 4,800 kWh household in Adelaide can beat all contemporary grid-
only offers by installing a PV + battery system and selecting the best retail offer to provide
their residual grid consumption and to export their PV production surplus.
For solar PV, the median installed price of a 5kW system (data from Solar Choice) and assume
a 20 year life with zero residual & 20% purchase premium for on-going maintenance. For
battery. The indicative installed price ($A10,300) assuming a 10 year life with zero residual.
This comparative advantage is reflected in payback periods for PV + battery that I estimate to
be between 5 years (assuming the alternative was that the customer selected the most
expensive grid-only retail offer) and 10 years (assuming the alternative was that the
customer selected the cheapest grid-only retail offer) and 8.5 years for the median offer.

In Israel, the potential transaction volume of the battery storage proposal
Investment Assumptions; - preliminary figures to be tested in a market research, as prices fall
consistently.
 Cost of Storage Batteries today is estimated at $200 to $250 Kwh with a price slide which
is expected to be around $100 to $160 in 3 to 8 years. The batteries charge discharge
economic viability of presently installed batteries will end in 10 to 15 years.
 To enable the proper leveling off, of peak electrical demand a capacity of around 2.5 hours
is needed @ a discharge rate of around 30% which will cover 6 to 7 hours. A partial
recharging possibility of the batteries, would be at the lowest rate of electrical power.
 Depending on the shape of the load, of a municipal or cooperative utility, it may be
possible to use a less costly 2 or 3 hour storage solution. To summarize our 2016
comparison, it will require a high degree of selectivity, but storage economics can be much
better than some conventional NG Turbines even at 2016 projected storage costs.
 Therefore, investment cost in batteries would be $450 - $700 per kw of solar panels
 Installation and engineering cost are $160/kw+$90/kw = $250/kw as the DC/AC
inverters are already installed within the solar panel (PV) farms.
 Total cost of “PV + batteries” is $700-$950 per kw or $700K - $950K per MW, cost of land
not included. The present investment cost is 30% - 40% cheaper than the cost of combined
cycle NG turbine. Maintenance of PV +batteries us substantial cheaper than the cost of NG

 Related to Energy Storage as heath based on latent heath of
gravel or sand, for steam for electrical generation by steam
turbines in combined cycle setup please contact me
 Same for thermo-solar panels for HVAC in commercial setups
 Same for substitute of pumped hydro storage based on
gravel
Thank you for watching

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS - GUIDE TO PROCUREMENT OF FLEXIBLE
PEAKING CAPACITY: ENERGY STORAGE OR COMBUSTION TURBINES?
http://www.energystrategiesgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Guide-to-Procurement-of-New-Peaking-Capacity-
Energy-Storage-or-Combustion-Turbines_Chet-Lyons_Energy-Strategies-Group.pdf (report prepared in 2014)
 Lower cost solar PV and its rising penetration in all market segments will have a profoundly disruptive
effect on utility operations and the utility cost-of-service business model. This has already started to
happen. Storage offers a way for utilities to replace lost revenues premised on margins from kilowatt
hour energy sales by placing storage assets into the rate based and earning low-risk long-term
regulated returns on capital.
 Because solar PV is highly distributed, simply overlaying storage on a central station basis won’t
maximize grid performance or cost reduction. Storage enables more PV while mitigating stability
problems at the distribution circuit level. Availability of cost effective and technically proven distributed
storage will further accelerate the shift toward distributed power grid architecture. The central station
approach utilities have used to meet peak power requirements is on the verge of a paradigm shift.
Central station topologies will give way to distributed grid architecture.
 By 2017 Capex for a 4-hour storage peaker of “Zink Iron Redox Flow” battery (my proposal is for 2.5
hours) is projected to be $1,390. With added benefits from locating storage on the distribution grid, in
2017 storage will be roughly competitive with many CTs conventional assuming mid to higher range
CT (NG Combustion Turbine) costs. For CTs at the high end of the cost range, 4-hour storage will be
a clear win.
 By 2018 the cost of ViZn Energy’s (http://www.viznenergy.com/) 4-hour storage solution is essentially
identical to that of a conventional simple cycle peaker. Given the added benefits of installing storage
in distribution, by 2018 storage will be a winner compared to a typical mid-range cost for a
conventional simple cycle CT and generally disruptive for higher cost simple cycle CTs.

Visualization of a 1-MW/2.8-MWh Grid Storage Solution installation in Japan.
The project was commissioned in March 2014 and is being used
for peak shaving and demand charge management.
By 2018 the cost for a 4-hour storage resource – that translates to $244 per (installed) kilowatt-hour of
capacity. Given the added benefits of installing storage in the distribution network. By 2018 storage will
be a winner against the mid-range cost for a simple cycle CT (Combustion Turbines) and clearly
disruptive compared to higher cost simple cycle CT.

Thank you for watching !
Prepared by Haim R. Branisteanu –proprietary

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