In providing a counter-narrative, the Western world should do more in the way of understanding the elements that Islamist and Jihadist master narratives share. They should also be wary of inadvertently advancing the cause of such groups. Western societies have a much better opportunity in providing a counter-narrative to their own Muslim populations that can more effectively undermine the predominant Islamist and Jihadist narratives. Given the highly unfavourable views held of Christianity, Judaism and the West in general, it is futile to attempt to reverse years of fermenting hostility fostered by Islamist and Jihadist indoctrination. Instead, it is probably more likely that efforts to roll back and contain the radical narratives in Western countries will provide the most effective counter narrative yet

1. The End of European
Multiculturalism?
Presentation at the Education Department, University of Glasgow
2.30pm, 13 June, 2013
Michael A. Peters & Tina Besley
University of Waikato

2. FROM MULTICULTURALISM TO
CIVIC INTEGRATION?
The symptoms

3. Masked men are lined up against a wall by riot police (above) and firemen
extinguish a burning car in the Stockholm suburb of Rinkeby. Photo / AP

4. 5:30 AM Monday May 27, 2013
• By yesterday, the usually calm Swedish capital
had been rocked by a week of disorder, with
up to 200 cars set ablaze, fires in schools,
police stations and restaurants, and about a
dozen police officers injured. Police estimate
more than 300 young people have been
directly involved, of whom 30 have been
arrested.
• Slides 1-3, BBC

5. Sweden’s refugees
• Sweden has taken in more than 11,000 refugees from
Syria since 2012, more per head than any other
European country. It has absorbed more than 100,000
Iraqis and 40,000 Somalis over the past two decades.
About 1.8 million of its 9.5 million people are first- or
second-generation immigrants.
• "This is one of the countries that treats immigrants the
best," says Mohammed Hassan, a Bangladeshi studying
in Husby's new library, who previously lived in Brick
Lane in east London. "It's much, much better than any
other European country in which I've travelled."

6. White flight
• A third of the 2500 white, ethnic Swedes who lived in
Husby 10 years ago have left. "My children say: 'Why don't
you leave there? All the Swedish have gone,"' complains
Milos. "There's only three Swedish families left in this
whole block."
• Inequality has also grown faster in Sweden over the past
decade than in any other developed country, according to
think-tank the OECD, which puts the blame partly on tax
cuts paid for by reductions in welfare spending.
• According to official statistics, more than 10 per cent of
those aged 25 to 55 in Husby are unemployed, compared
with 3.5 per cent in Stockholm as a whole. Esmail Jamshidi,
a 23-year-old medical student born and educated in Husby,
says young people don't lack opportunities.

7. Anti-Muslim actions rise in UK over
slain soldier
• Police, politicians and
activists in Britain are
warning of rising anti-
Muslim sentiment
following the slaughter
of an off-duty British
soldier in a London
street, an apparent act
of Islamic extremism
that has horrified the
nation.

8. Videos
Rigby's killing and Adebolajo's
apparent link to Islamic extremism
has stirred anti-Muslim backlashes
across Britain. Police said they
arrested three people on suspicion of
posting racist tweets ahead of the
English defence League march, and
further detained 24 others before
and during the protest on suspicion
of public drunkenness, vandalism and
distributing racist literature. One
group of marchers carried a sign that
read "Taleban Hunting Club."
• Raw: Fatal knife attack in
London
• http://www.nzherald.co.nz/
world/news/video.cfm?c_id
=2&gal_objectid=10886236
&gallery_id=133056
• Raw: Scuffles in London
after hacking death
• http://www.nzherald.co.nz/
world/news/video.cfm?c_id
=2&gal_objectid=10886236
&gallery_id=133074

9. UK Experience
• Between May and July 2001
racial tensions in the cities
of Bradford, Burnley and
Oldham in Northern
England spilled into what
was described in press
reports as the 'worst rioting'
in the UK in recent years.
• Slides 9-11
• Elsa Koleth, “Multiculturalism: a review of
Australian policy statements and recent debates in
Australia and overseas”
• http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parlia
mentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pub
s/rp/rp1011/11rp06#_Toc275248146
• The riots, followed by the
terrorist attacks of
September 2001 in the US,
the Madrid bombings of
2004 and culminating with
the London bombings of
July 2005, drove sustained
criticism of multiculturalism
and led to a shift in Britain's
policy approach from
multiculturalism to
integration, with a focus on
'community cohesion' at a
local level

10. France
• In November 2005, the
outer suburbs (known as les
banlieues) of Paris and
other large cities in France
experienced severe rioting,
as young people of
immigrant background
protested policing practices,
entrenched discrimination
and disadvantage faced
particularly by young
people of African and North
African background
• The 2005 riots were not the
first riots motivated by
issues emanating from the
disenfranchisement of
French youth of immigrant
background to occur in
French cities, and were
followed by further riots in
late 2007.

11. Netherlands
• In the Netherlands—a country
seen as 'the European bastion of
toleration and multiculturalism
through the second half of the
twentieth century'—by the
beginning of the twenty-first
century there was a perception
that integration policies for
minorities had failed, that
multiculturalism was a threat to
social cohesion and the Muslim
minority in particular posed a
problem for Dutch society.
• After years of agitation on issues
to do with immigration the Dutch
elections of June 2010 saw far-
right nationalist politician Geert
Wilders and his Freedom Party
(PVV) unexpectedly finishing with
the third highest number of seats
(24
• Wilders, who pledged to 'end the
Islamisation of the Netherlands',
including by ending immigration
from Muslim countries, and
banning mosques and the Koran,
is being tried for inciting racial
hatred against Muslims.

12. Civic integration
• “In official discourses at the
national and, increasingly at
European levels, civic integration
is presented as the required
antidote to the alleged failures of
multiculturalism and the alleged
creation of parallel worlds within
societies owing to increasing
ethnic and cultural
heterogeneity.”
• Dora Kostakopoulou
• D Kostakopoulou, 'Introduction' in R van Oers, E
Ersboll, D Kostakopoulou (eds), A re-definition of
belonging? Language and integration tests in
Europe, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2010
• Many European countries
“forged a nexus between
integration, and immigration and
citizenship by imposing
mandatory civic integration
programmes and tests as a
prerequisite for the acquisition of
residential or citizenship status
within the receiving country”
• Sergio Carrera argues that the
trend towards mandatory
integration in the EU masks a
form of mandatory assimilation
or acculturation.

13. Tool for institutional control
• Carrera argues that integration has become a 'juridical,
policy-oriented and institutional tool of control'
through which nation states determine the parameters
for inclusion and exclusion:
• “The social conflicts from which some EU member
states are currently suffering represent a direct
expression of opposition to a conservative notion of
'we' and a homogenous and anchored 'national
identity'. They are also an intense reaction towards
restrictive immigration, citizenship and integration
policies and discourses.”
• S Carrera, 'A comparison of integration programmes in the EU: trends and weaknesses', Liberty & Security
Challenge Papers, no. 1, March 2006, pp. 1, 6–10, viewed 26 July 2010,
http://www.libertysecurity.org/article851.html

14. CAMERON’S SPEECH AND
REACTIONS
“End of multiculturalism”

15. Global debate on Cameron's
multiculturalism speech
• When David Cameron said he
wanted to see the end of "state
multiculturalism" the media
firestorm it provoked in the UK soon
blew itself out - but it is a different
story in other parts of the world.
• The latest figure to wade into the
row is Marine Le Pen, the new
leader of France's far right Front
National, who has congratulated Mr
Cameron for what she claimed was
his endorsement of her party's
position.
• She told the Financial Times: "It is
exactly the type of statement that
has barred us from public life for 30
years.”
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
politics-12415597
• 'Anti-Islam face' The speech was also
condemned by Iranian newspapers,
who interpreted it as an attack on
Islam.
• "David Cameron, who until now was
hiding his anti-Islam face, eventually
removed the mask from his face and
during a speech at the Munich Security
Conference, defended 'the Western
values', criticised diversity and multi-
cultural identities," reported
conservative Persian daily Siyasat-e Ruz
on 6 February.
• It added: "Presently, more than two
million Muslims reside in Britain under
harsh conditions, on the pretext of
terrorism they are deprived of many of
the rights."

16. Cameron’s speech (1)
The British Muslims shall adhere to the main values of liberty and equality;
Premier Cameron will announce the end of the ”passive tolerance” in the
context of the divided Communities; The members belonging to all religions
shall integrate themselves in the larger society and accept its fundamental
values; To be a British citizen means to believe in the liberty of speech and
in religion, in democracy and equal rights, irrespective of race, sex or sexual
orientation; We have to be sure that the immigrants learn English and that
all schools teach their children elements connected with a common
curriculum and culture; Each individual, from ministers to electors, shall
have an active confrontation with those sharing extremist opinions;
Cameron warned that all organizations and groups who do not promote the
British values will no longer receive funds from the state budget and will no
longer be allowed to cooperate with the state;

17. Cameron’s speech (2)
• The Premier has promised to elaborate a new plan meant to confront
and “triumph” over the extremist ideologies that make some to
involve themselves in terrorist actions;
• In the name of a multicultural state we have encouraged various
cultures to develop independently, apart from one another and apart
from the main culture; We have failed in the attempt of offering the
immigrants the vision of a society they wanted to belong to;
• I do accept the fact that multiculturalism made some of the
members of the white community feel that they were not treated
correctly; Racism and intolerance are, “truly speaking,” doomed to
failure. But when the unacceptable opinions and practices came from
the non-white persons, we played far more cautiously, fearful to
condemn them; Cameron underlined the clear-cut difference
between “the Islamic extremism” and “the Islamic religion”: ”We
shall be clear-minded. The Islamic extremism and the Islamic religion
are not one and the same thing”.

18. Nicolas Sarkozy and Multiculturalism
• The French President Nicolas Sarkozy declared in February
2011 that the multicultural model is a European “failure”; he
thus, adhered to similar opinions previously expressed by
Angela Merkel, the German Chancellor, and by David
Cameron, the British Premier, says AFP “Yes, it is a failure.
The truth is that in all our democratic views we are more
preoccupied by the one who comes rather than the one who
houses and whose identity has to be mainly taken into
account.” This was the answer of the President when
interviewed by TF1 about multiculturalism. “We are not the
adepts of a society where communities coexist together. If
you come to France, you have to identify yourself with the
community you are living in, that is with a national
community. If you do not agree, do not come to France,”
underlined Sarkozy.

19. Global reactions
In an 8 February editorial
headlined "European leaders
welcoming neo-fascism", state-
run Persian daily newspaper
Javan said speeches by Mr
Cameron and German
Chancellor Angela Merkel - who
last year said German
multiculturalism had failed -
"show the beginning of a new
round of restrictions for
Muslims, aimed at restraining
Islam-seeking in the West"
• A front-page opinion piece in
Moskovskiy Komsomolets
(Moscow Times), headlined
"Islamic anti-terror",
applauded Mr Cameron for
"telling it as it is", while an
article on page three of the
same newspaper said that
although the speech had
caused a "furore", Mr
Cameron had been merely
giving voice to "the concern
Britons feel about the fact that
their country has long become
a safe haven for religious
extremists".

20. Australia
• The Sydney Morning
Herald, meanwhile,
predicted a "chill in the
melting pot" following the
speeches by Mr Cameron
and Mrs Merkel.
• "Australia's more relaxed
multiculturalism has
concentrated more on the
positive contributions of other
cultures to the mainstream,
and has been quite successful
as a result. Let us hope it
continues to be so, and that
the tolerance, freedom and
decency it has embodied can
survive terrorism's threats. But
the slow hardening of opinion
now apparent overseas may
presage a similar change
here," it added.

21. Germany - Angela Merkel
Speaking to a meeting of her center-
right Christian demcratic Union (CDU)
party in Potsdam outside Berlin on
October 16 (2010), Merkel said: "We
are a country which at the beginning
of the 1960s actually brought
[Muslim] guest workers to Germany.
Now they live with us and we lied to
ourselves for a while, saying that they
will nott stay and that they will have
disappeared again one day. That is not
the reality. This multicultural
approach—saying that we simply live
side by side and are happy about each
other—this approach has failed, failed
utterly.”
• Merkel's sobering comments
follow the publication in October
of a survey by the Friedrich Ebert
Foundation, a think tank linked to
the center-left Social Democratic
Party [SPD], which found that
55% of Germans believe that
Arabs are "unpleasant," and over
33% believe the country is being
"overrun" by immigrants. The
study also noted that "far-right
attitudes" are not isolated at the
extremes of German society, but
to a large degree "at the center of
it."

22. “Germany Does Away with Itself”
• Thilo Sarrazin, a prominent
German banker, and also a
long-time member of the
SPD, published a
controversial new book
titled “Germany Does Away
with Itself” The book broke
Germany's long-standing
taboo on discussing the
impact of Muslim
immigration by highlighting
painful truths about the
current state of affairs.

23. Sarrazin
http://townhall.com/columnists/patbuchanan/2011/02/15/will_multiculturalism_end_europe/page/full
• Sarrazin argued that Germany's gastarbeiters, guest
workers -- Turks, Kurds, Arabs -- are dumbing down the
nation. While Germany's birth rate fell below
replacement levels decades ago, these foreigners with
less intelligence and much higher dropout, welfare and
crime rates are rapidly replacing the declining German
population.
• "It is a matter of culture," said Sarrazin, and "Islam is
the culture." This is why Muslim immigrants are
"socially, culturally and intellectually inferior to most
everyone else." Yet Sarrazin did use the phrase a
"genetic minus" to describe migrants from the Middle
East.

24. Rise of Anti-Immigration Parties and the Move to the Right
• Increasing numbers of European
voters (including many on the
political left and far-left) are
protesting the entrenched
paternalism of Europe's ruling
class by moving to the political
right in search of solutions to
some of Europe's most
intractable (and mostly self-
inflicted) problems. Center-right
and far-right parties are currently
governing in Britain, France,
Germany and Italy, and now sit in
the parliaments of Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark,
Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Slovakia,
Sweden, Switzerland and the
Netherlands.
• This political trend spells big trouble ahead
for European multiculturalism. Although the
term multiculturalism can be defined in
many ways, in contemporary Europe it
generally refers to an anti-Western ideology,
disguised as liberalism, that encourages
people of different (namely non-Judeo-
Christian) faiths and cultures to settle in
Europe without any expectation of them
integrating. In practice, European
multiculturalism often fosters an animus
against Western values and encourages
newcomers in anti-Western behavior, rather
than promoting the common values of
nationhood.
• The rise of anti-immigrant parties across
Europe reflects a growing concern that
multiculturalism (and its myriad internal
contradictions) is destroying traditional
European society and must be stopped.
• http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/1612/eur
opean-multiculturalism-end

25. The End of Multiculturalism in Europe? Migrants, Refugees and
their Integration
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-end-multiculturalism-europe-migrants-refugees-and-their-integration
• Europe relies on immigrants to
sustain economic growth due to
the continent’s shrinking and
aging population. Yet migrants
are increasingly seen as importing
risk: they are seen as competing
for jobs with the growing number
of unemployed; they are seen as
a drain on state budgets which
are in many places operating
under austerity; they are seen as
possible collaborators of global
terrorist groups; or as refugees,
they are reminders of instability
in the neighborhood.

26. TALKING EUROPE
The end of multiculturalism?
• Recently, a surge of anti-
immigration and anti-Islam
sentiment has been
sweeping across Europe
boosting support for
populist parties in several
EU member states. Our
guests discuss why the
issue of immigration and
the place of Islam in our
societies have taken central
stage here in Europe.
• http://www.france24.com/e
n/20101030-europe-
multiculturalism-
integration-germany-
merkel-multikulti

27. POLICY FUTURES IN EDUCATION
“The End of European Multiculturalism”

28. CALL FOR PAPERS: POLICY FUTURES IN EDUCATION
http://www.wwwords.co.uk/pfie/
“Islam and the End of European Multiculturalism”
Multiculturalism has been the dominant
paradigm for the West since the 1960s
influencing a range of policies from
international development, immigration to
democracy promotion. Over the decade or so
since 9/11 and against the background of the
Iraq War, terrorist attacks in New York,
Washington, Madrid and London, and a
number of other critical incidents, Europe has
officially turned away from the doctrine of
state multiculturalism. In 2010 Angela Merkel
declared that multiculturalism in Germany
had “failed utterly” and indicated that it was
an illusion to think that German and
“gastarbeiters” or guest workers could live
happily together. Merkel’s stance was
repeated by Nicolas Sarkozy in 2011 who
commented that "We have been too
concerned about the identity of the person
who was arriving and not enough about the
identity of the country that was receiving
him.”

29. “Islam and the End of European
Multiculturalism”
• Merkel’s and Sarkozy’s comments were
quickly supported by former prime ministers
for Australia and Spain John Howard and Jose
Maria Aznar. On 5th February 2011, the
British Prime Minister David Cameron
echoed the criticisms of state
multiculturalism arguing “Under the doctrine
of state multiculturalism, we have
encouraged different cultures to live
separate lives, apart from each other and the
mainstream. We have failed to provide a
vision of society to which they feel they want
to belong. We have even tolerated these
segregated communities behaving in ways
that run counter to our values”. Cameron’s
talk was aimed at Islamic extremism and the
process of radicalization while being careful
not to lump all Muslims together. He too
focused on the need for identity with core
liberal values of host societies: “we need a
lot less of the passive tolerance of recent
years and a much more active, muscular
liberalism”.
http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/pmsspe
ech-at-munich-security-conference/

30. “Islam and the End of European
Multiculturalism”
Partly as a response, in Britain and elsewhere in Europe, there
emerged a call for “integration” and for a “community cohesion
agenda” comprised of tougher immigration and deportment laws,
citizenship tests, compulsory citizenship education, and new
employment policies giving preference to British workers. The
combined impact of the Iraq war, the Abu-Ghraib and Guantánamo
Bay abuses and the “war on terror” have been highly damaging to
Muslim minorities leading to claims of social exclusion, discrimination
and abrogation of identity rights. At the same time political Islam is in
a state of radical transformation with the events of the Arab Spring
and a spate of revolutionary protests in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen
that have forced traditional rulers from power with other protests
throughout the Arab world. This special issue investigates the end of
European multiculturalism against this contemporary political
backdrop.

31. Contents
• Islam and the End of European Multiculturalism?, Michael A. Peters &
Tina Besley
• Is the Decline of European Multiculturalism the Beginning of A More
Secular Europe ? Danielle Zay
• Teacher Attitudes Toward Muslim Student Integration Into Civil
Society: A Report from Six European Countries, Don Sharpes
• Our little land and the urgency of showing not telling our subjectivities,
Anne Beate Reinertsen & Ann Merete Otterstad
• Citizenship Education and National Identity – teaching ambivalence,
Carsten Ljunggren
• Multicultural antiracist education in the UK. Does it have a future?
Mike Cole
• The Religious Aspects of Diasporic Experience of Muslims in Europe
and the crisis of Multiculturalism, Driss Habti

32. Contents (2)
• In the Shadow of Tolerance: The Discursive Context of Dutch-
Born Muslim Youth, Mayida Zaal
• Multiculturalism Swedish style. Emphasis and neglect in
educational policies and textbooks., Sabine Gruber & Annika
Rabo
• Muslim students in Malta – citizens at the margins, Louise
Chircop
• Democratic Citizenship, Philosophy Of Islamic Education And
Madrassah Schooling In South Africa, Yusef Waghid
• Analyzing the motives of power and identity in conflicts with
a religious component, JLACastillo
• Multicultural Education – for Liberalization of Peculiarities of
Islam Radicalization (Problems and Perspectives), Tengiz
Simashvili & Nino Sozashvili

33. Multiculturalism – A Confusing European Approach
Cristian JURA, Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2012
• The European Union Lacks a Clear
Perspective on Multiculturalism
• The European political project
cannot ignore this plurality of
cultures in which each national
culture expresses and imposes
itself differently. The problem of
building a new political area
means, among other things, the
establishment of a new pattern of
society - a pluralist pattern which
aspires - through the contribution
of the various national/ minority
cultures - to create a common
European culture.
• One of the ideas related to a unite
Europe expressly refers to exceeding
the models of the states considered to
be particularistic and to using means of
linking different juridical, cultural and
political areas together; at the same
time the proposal refers to maintaining
the national sovereignty of each state
and to elaborating a constitution able
to recognize them all.
• Mainstreaming culture in all
relevant policies within the EU is
based on The Lisbon Treaty
(Article 167, paragraph 4; the ex-
EU Treaty, Article 151) which
requires the Union to take into
account culture in all its actions
so as to foster intercultural
respect, and promote diversity

34. Professor Omid Safil
• The latest European controversies related to the
’burqa’ represents another signal concerning the
xenophobia that is spreading all over Europe. This
anxiousness is not exactly referring to the Koran
or to the competitive interpretations of the
Islamic culture and traditions, but it mainly refers
to the threat many European citizens feel in
connection with the changes concerning the
demographic tendencies of the European
continent.

35. The issue of the Burqa
• After all, the ‘burqa’ worn by the Islamic women affects a very small
number of women living in Europe; no more than a few thousand
(ed. note - according to certain unofficial statistic information, less
than 2,000 women living in France use to wear the ‘burqa’). The
interdiction of the ‘burqa’ practically is connected with the
infatuated attempts of the main powers to define the parameters by
which an oppressed minority is not allowed to manifest their own
religious creeds. Yet, at the same time, you shall admit the fact that
the same continent - through several countries - accepts nudist-
beaches or legalized prostitution. There is a long time practice for
some people to permanently concentrate their - sometimes -
obsessive discussions on the Islamic women; yet in the end, the
various forms of ‘hijab’ (among which the ‘burqa’ is the most drastic
one) are significant only in the outlook of those very people’s
personal opinions. If people are really interested in what the ‘burqa’
means for the Islamic women, it would be better and advisable to
ask them and not to impose on them their own personal
interpretations. Jura (2012)

36. MULITCULTUALISM AND
TERRORISM
Previous work

37. Education, Globalization, and the
State in the Age of Terrorism, 2006
http://www.paradigmpublishers.com
• Education plays an important
role in challenging, combating,
and understanding terrorism
in its different forms, whether
as counter-terrorism or as a
form of human rights
education. Just as education
has played a significant role in
the process of nation-building,
so education also plays a
strong role in the process of
empirialization, globalization,
and resistance to global
forces-and in terrorism,
especially where it is linked to
emergent statehood.

38. Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld: Terrorism’s Challenge to
Democracy. London, Corgi, 2003, p. xxvii.
• “[t]he most egregious globalization has been
the exploitation and abuse of children in war,
pornography, poverty, and sex tourism.
Children have been soldiers and victims in the
raging ethnic and religious wars; children are
the majority of the global cohort that suffers
poverty, disease and starvation. Children are
our terrorists-to-be because they are so
obviously not our citizens to come.”

39. Philosophy in a Time of Terror
• The violence of terrorism that springs from
fundamentalism Habermas understands as a form of
communicative pathology that follows from the spiral
of mistrust that leads to a breakdown of
communication. Thus, only reason understood as
transparent and nonmanipulative communication can
possibly cure or overcome the problems of terrorism—
a symptom of modernization. For Derrida, by contrast,
terrorism is a symptom of an autoimmune disorder
where defensive mechanisms designed to protect the
system suicide turning the system against itself.

40. The US State Department
• The term “terrorism” means premeditated,
politically motivated violence perpetrated against
noncombatant targets by subnational groups or
clandestine agents, usually intended to influence
an audience. The term “international terrorism”
means terrorism involving citizens or the territory
of more than one country. The term “terrorist
group means any group practicing, or that has
significant subgroups that practice, international
terrorism.”

41. United Nations
• Terrorism is, in most cases, essentially a
political act. It is meant to inflict dramatic and
deadly injury on civilians and to create an
atmosphere of fear, generally for a political or
ideological (whether secular or religious)
purpose. Terrorism is a criminal act, but it is
more than mere criminality. To overcome the
problem of terrorism it is necessary to
understand its political nature as well as its
basic criminality and psychology (p. 5).

42. Report of the Policy Working Group on
the UN and Terrorism
• The UN report provides a set of 31 recommendations
under dissuasion (international legal instruments and
non-legal norm-setting), denial (counter-terrorism
Committee, disarmament and preventive measures),
and cooperation (non-UN multinational initiatives and
coordination of UN system).
• The UN stresses a universalism based on human rights
ideology framed within the international rule of law
which places it in some tension with US solutions that
tend to be less constrained by the international rule of
law and more Ameri-centric.

43. Recommendations 10 & 11
• Elements of the United Nations system which
address the issue of education should meet to
determine how best to mount a coherent
worldwide programme to assist countries in
which educational systems need support or that
are under control of groups advocating terror.
• Continue emphasizing the importance to the fight
against terrorism of existing United Nations work
in the area of human rights, democratic capacity-
building, and social and economic justice.

44. Education as counter terrprism
• Counterterrorism Education Learning Lab, http://www.thecell.org/
• Human rights education
• Centre for Terrorism and Counterterrorism
• http://campusdenhaag.leiden.edu/organisation/ctc/about-ctc.html
• Many Americans responded to the attacks by asking: Why? Why us? Why do
they hate us? This is a very important question, but rather than engage in a
reasoned analysis, our leaders responded in effect: because we are good and
they are bad. If we want to have an effective counterterrorism policy over the
next five years, we must engage seriously with this question. The United States
needs to understand what it means to be the most powerful country in the
history of the planet and how that affects perceptions around the world. We
must not only educate our children in the languages and cultures of other
societies, but also educate our citizens as to what it means to be on the
receiving end of U.S. policies in countries where our good intentions are not
self-evident
• Restoration, Education, and Coordination: Three Principles to Guide U.S.
Counterterrorism Efforts Over the Next Five Years, Louise Richardson

45. Rise of Terrorism Studies
• If it's part of your responsibility to
protect people, infrastructure,
organisations or investments,
understanding the threat is key -
whether this is to governments and
homeland security, transport
networks, investments, private
organisations or to the public.
Understanding this threat involves
knowing who is involved, how and
why they act and their capacity to
inflict harm. The Terrorism Studies
programme addresses these needs
via flexible study options from just a
single module, through to four
modules for the Certificate in
Terrorism Studies or eight modules
for the Advanced Certificate in
Terrorism Studies.

46. THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN PEACEBUILDING
A synthesis report of findings from Lebanon, Nepal and Sierra Leone
UNICEF, 2011
• Education is deeply implicated in processes of socialization
and identity formation, is vital for economic growth and
individual and national advancement, and can act as an
important vehicle for social cohesion and reconciliation. On
the other hand, education can also undermine all these
processes and therefore we need to ensure that it is
delivered effectively and equitably and is a driver of peace
rather than war. Crucially, education is not a marginal
player in peacebuilding, but a core component of building
sustainable peace. Peacebuilding is essentially about
supporting the transformative process any post-
conflictsociety needs to go through and these change
processes unfold over generations.

47. HATE PREACHERS AND “POISONOUS
NARRATIVES”
Reactions to Islamic Extremism

48. Islam in Europe
• the total number of
Muslims in Europe in
2010 was about 44
million (6%)
• The total number of
Muslims in the EU in
2010 was about 19
million (3.8%).

49. Islam in the United Kingdom
• Islam present since 1707
• by 2011 the total Muslim population had
reached 2.7 million, 4.8% of the total
population
• Est less than 50,000 in Scotland, less than 1%
of the population
• About 30,000 in Glasgow
• Mostly South Asian (Pakistani) descent

50. MCS Condemns the Woolwich Attack
• Muslim Council of Scotland
• http://www.mcscotland.org/
• "This is a truly barbaric act that has no basis in
Islam and we condemn this unreservedly. Our
thoughts are with the victim and his family. We
understand the victim is a serving member of
the Armed Forces. Muslims have long served in
this country's Armed Forces, proudly and with
honour. This attack on a member of the Armed
Forces is dishonourable, and no cause justifies
this murder."

51. Scottish Defence League
• The far-right Scottish Defence
League – which says it aims to
stop the "Islamification" of
Britain – took to the streets of
Edinburgh yesterday, staging a
protest outside the Scottish
Parliament.
• The Scottish Defence League is
mobilising “due to high
demand” following the murder
of a soldier in London.
• SDL leaders boast of up to
4,000 members but true
numbers are thought to be far
lower. Its aim is to “stop the
Islamisation of the UK”

52. Immigration
• Europe relies on immigrants to sustain economic
growth due to the continent’s shrinking and aging
population. Yet migrants are increasingly seen as
importing risk: they are seen as competing for
jobs with the growing number of unemployed;
they are seen as a drain on state budgets which
are in many places operating under austerity;
they are seen as possible collaborators of global
terrorist groups; or as refugees, they are
reminders of instability in the neighborhood.

53. Cameron Launches TERFOR Task Force To Tackle
Extremism And Radicalisation
• "When young men born and
bred in this country are
radicalised and turned into
killers, we have to ask some
tough questions about what is
happening in our country. It is
as if that for some young
people there is a conveyor belt
to radicalisation that has
poisoned their minds with sick
and perverted ideas. We need
to dismantle this process at
every stage - in schools,
colleges, universities, on the
internet, in our prisons,
wherever it is taking place.”

54. Hate preachers and “poisonous
narratives”
• “We are looking at the range of powers and current
methods of dealing with extremism at its root, as opposed
to just tackling criminal violent extremism”
• “And we will look at ways of disrupting individuals who may
be influential in fostering extremism. We cannot allow a
situation to continue where extremist clerics go around this
country inciting young people to commit terrorist acts
• This new group will study the issue in great depth before
acting. There is no question of restricting freedom of
speech – this is about preventing people spreading the
message of extremism and radicalization in a totally
irresponsible and reckless way.”

55. First Report of the Working Group on Radicalisation
and Extremism that Lead to Terrorism
1) engaging and working with civil society;
2) prison programmes;
3) education;
4) promoting alliance of civilizations and intercultural dialogue;
5) tackling economic and social inequalities;
6) global programmes to counter radicalisation;
7) the internet;
8) legislation reforms;
9) rehabilitation programmes;
10) developing and disseminating information;
11) and training and qualifying agencies involved in implementing
counterradicalisation policies.

56. Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A
Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review
• The popularity of the concept of ‘radicalisation’ stands in no direct
relationship to its actual explanatory power regarding the root
causes of terrorism.
• 'radicalisation' is not necessarily a synonym for terrorism…the first
tends to be open-minded, while the second manifests a closed
mind and a distinct willingness to use violence against civilians
• in a polarised political situation not only non-state actors but also
state actors can radicalise…torture techniques and extra-judicial
renditions …departure from democratic rule of law procedures and
international human rights standards.
• When it comes to de-radicalisation/dis-engagement and counter-
radicalisation the paper concludes that it is difficult to identify what
works and what does not work in general, or what is even counter-
productive. Local context matters very much and academics and
policy makers alike are increasingly recognising this fact.

57. ICCT – The Hague Research Paper Alex
P. Schmid
The lack of clarity and consensus with regard to many key
concepts (terrorism, radicalisation, extremism, etc.) – ill-
defined and yet taken for granted – still present an obstacle
that needs to be overcome. The paper concludes with a set of
findings and recommendations and identifies two major gaps
in current counter-radicalisation efforts – one referring to the
role of the media and the Internet and the other to the role of
counter-narratives to those of jihadist terrorists. It identifies
credibility and legitimacy as core ingredients of any political
narrative hoping to catch the imagination of people at home
and abroad. They are key resources in counter-radicalisation
and counter-terrorism. Governments need not be perfect
before they can effectively engage in successful de-
radicalisation and counter-radicalisation efforts.

58. Transformative Radicalization: Applying Learning
Theory to Islamist Radicalization
• Alex S. Wilner, Claire-Jehanne Dubouloz
• Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
• While a consensus has emerged concerning the role radicalization
plays in persuading Westerners to participate in terrorism, little
research investigates the cognitive processes inherent to
radicalization processes. Transformative learning theory, developed
from the sciences in education and rehabilitation, offers an
interdisciplinary lens with which to study the processes of personal
change associated with radicalization. Transformative radicalization
explains how triggering factors lead to critical reflection of meaning
perspectives and personal belief systems that guide and alter
behavior. Using an autobiographical account of the radicalization
process, this study offers a plausibility probe of an inherently
interdisciplinary and novel theoretical framework.

59. RADICALIZATION AS EDUCATION;
EDUCATION AS RADICALIZATION?
Hypothesis

60. Islamophobia
Iftikhar Ahmad
• Islamophobia and Arabophobia has been part
of western culture since the Crusades, with
Saddam and Osama only the latest in a long
line of Arab bogeymen. The real reason for the
current spate of Islamophobia is the fact that
Islam has been the fastest growing religion in
the world and as such poses a threat to the
West. This is happening inspite of widespread
misconceptions and negative media portrayed
of Islam.

61. • At the threshold of the third
millennium, our present-day world is
witnessing sweeping changes and
attendant dangers that are growing
at an ever accelerating pace which
rebounds on the stability of human
societies and mortgages the world's
peace and security, owing in the
main to the adverse effects of the
creeping phenomenon of
globalization that hews out the
world's cultures, civilizations and
peoples on domineering
standardized cultural and political
patterns while taking no account of
their specificities and particularities,
in total disagreement with the basis
of joint interaction.

62. Declaration
• It is the universal virtues of brotherhood, justice and
tolerance, which all civilizations share that should be
sublimated and established in the minds and behaviours,
as a common heritage of humanity on which the drive
towards a true inter-cultural and inter-religious dialogue
should build. Such a dialogue cannot be improvised. It
must be built on the basis of an accurate identification of
its preconditions; achieving the objectives targeted, as
well as consolidating its principles and determining the
methodology to be adopted with pinpoint accuracy, and
the actors involved in giving it substance as a main
groundwork and fundamental principle of international
policy, and an effective means for enduring world peace
and security.

63. Al Qaida: The Looming Tower
• Lawrence Wright states that while
representing only 1.5% of the world’s
Muslims, Saudis fund and essentially control
around 90% of the Islamic institutions from
the US to Kazakhstan/Xinjiang and from
Norway to Australia

64. Literalism
• By insisting on oversimplified and rigid, sectarian
Wahhabi-Salafist interpretations of religious
texts, most of these institutions along with their
indoctrinated clerics are in fact both corrupting
and preventing an important inner debate about
Islam and modernity. Self-detained in a limbo of
denial, they largely (and purposely) keep the Arab
and non-Arab Muslim world in a dangerous
confrontational course with both itself and the
rest of the world

65. Anis Bajrektarevic
Acting Deputy Director of Studies EXPORT EU-ASEAN-NAFTA
• Young generations of Europeans are taught in
schools about a compact unity (singularity) of an
entity called the EU. However, as soon as serious
external or inner security challenges emerge, the
compounding parts of the true, historic Europe
are resurfacing again. Formerly in Algeria, Egypt
and Lebanon, then in Iraq (with the exception of
France) and now with Libya and Syria; Central
Europe is hesitant to act, Atlantic Europe is eager,
Scandinavian Europe is absent, Eastern Europe is
bandwagoning, and Russophone Europe is
opposing

66. The 'crisis of integration'
• By the beginning of the twenty-first century many
European states appeared to be undergoing a so called
'crisis of integration' as governments became
concerned about the socio-cultural integration of
immigrants, particularly those of Muslim background.
• The presence of sizeable Muslim minorities in a
number of European countries, fears of the growth of
Islamic extremism and the perpetration of violent or
terrorist acts in some societies were key factors
catalysing the concentration of public attention on
issues of integration and social cohesion in Europe and
the UK. (Kolet, 2010, slides 66-69)

67. Rise of Far-Right parties
• In a number of countries, notably in countries with
significant migrant populations such as the UK, France and
the Netherlands, resistance to diversity resulting from
immigration, and issues of social cohesion saw far-right
nationalist groups gaining political traction and policies of
multiculturalism and integration being subjected to
criticism and scrutiny.
• While economic circumstances invariably had an impact,
attitudes towards immigrants and ethnic diversity were
arguably more profoundly influenced by cultural and
political factors, manifested in attitudes reflecting 'a certain
conservatism, an attachment to a certain idea of national
identity, or in extreme cases xenophobic feelings towards
immigrants'

68. “Parallel Worlds”
• In official discourses at the national and, increasingly at
European levels, civic integration is presented as the
required antidote to the alleged failures of
multiculturalism and the alleged creation of parallel
worlds within societies owing to increasing ethnic and
cultural heterogeneity
• However, critics have questioned whether restrictive
and more onerous sanctions-based legal and policy
measures are in fact counterproductive for achieving
integration and social cohesion, as they can further
compound the marginalisation of immigrant
communities and have a deleterious impact on their
sense of belonging

69. Unity and Diversity
• Sergio Carrera argues, '[m]any EU states need to go
through a painful process of readjusting their own
conceptualisation of their perceived national identities
and values from one that emphasises a mythical
national unity to one that is heterogeneous, diverse
and multicultural'
• Jean-Pierre Liegeois argues:
• Europe is currently hallmarked by greater mobility of
its populations, for many different reasons, and by the
emergence of minorities. Every state needs to learn to
take an intercultural approach to dealing with the
multicultural society which is developing.

70. The turn against “multiculturalism”
and new political calls for integration
• sense of common
citizenship
• shared values
• strengthened civic/national
identity
• social cohesion
• immigration limits
• citizenship tests
• new school programmes
• ceremonies for new citizens
• citizenship/Integration Day

71. “Many of the issues faced by multicultural societies today transcend national
borders and raise broader questions about how liberal democracies are to
respond to the challenges of diversity.”
• What is the reality of MC on the street versus MC policies?
• What’s the link between MC and terrorism in public
discourse?
• The status of MC as state educational doctrine?
• Shift from MC to integrationist ethos in education?
• Is the new integrationist ethos compatible with EU
emphasis on diversity and interculturalism?
• Can social cohesion and national identity coexist with
valuing cultural diversity in the public sphere?
• What is the role of education in these issues and
processes?

72. Eurobarometer 2007
Towards ‘post-multiculturalism’?
Prof. Dr. Steven Vertovec
Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity
• ‘Random encounters in
public are most typical.
...over half (53%) of the
intercultural exchanges
took place in a public
• space (while out
walking in the street,
while shopping, etc).’

73. Interculturalism
• “Unlike multiculturalism, which concerns advocacy of
equal respect to the various cultures in a society or the
promotion of cultural diversity, interculturalism
requires from all citizens an openness to be exposed to
the culture of the ‘other’”. (Phil Wood)
• Interculturalism has addressed the risks of the cultural
relativism and identity politics that comes with some
forms of multiculuralism place the emphasis on active
dialogue among cultures and reject claims associated
with identity politics that only members of a particular
culture can understand and have the perogative to
speak on its behalf.

74. Cited Material
• S Carrera, 'A comparison of integration programmes in the EU: trends and weaknesses',
Liberty & Security Challenge Papers, no. 1, March 2006, pp. 1, 6–10, viewed 26 July 2010,
http://www.libertysecurity.org/article851.html
• D Kostakopoulou, 'Introduction' in R van Oers, E Ersboll, D Kostakopoulou (eds), A re-
definition of belonging? Language and integration tests in Europe, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden, 2010
• Cristian JURA, ‘Multiculturalism – A Confusing European Approach’, Journal of Politics and
Law; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2012
• Alex P. Schmid, ‘Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual
Discussion and Literature Review’, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT),
March 2013.
• Elsa Koleth, ‘Multiculturalism: a review of Australian policy statements and recent debates
in Australia and overseas’, Research Paper no. 6 2010–11,
2010http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamenta
ry_Library/pubs/rp/rp1011/11rp06#_Toc275248146
• Towards ‘post-multiculturalism’? Steven Vertovec, Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of
Religious and Ethnic Diversity

75. Relevant Websites
• Treaty of Lisbon: http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/glance/index_en.htm
• UNESCO Convention on the Protection and the Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural
Expression:http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php URL_ID=31038&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
• 2008 European Year of Intercultural Dialogue: http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/
• GD Education and Culture: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/index_en.htm
• Declaration on multiculturalism of Angela Merkel: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11559451
• Declaration on multiculturalism of David Cameron: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12371994 Declaration
on multiculturalism of Nicolas Sarkozy: http://www.france24.com/en/20110210-multiculturalism-failed-
immigration-sarkozy-live-broadcast-tf1-france-public-questions
• Other sites
• http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/
• http://europa.eu/
http://portal.unesco.org/
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/
• http://www.britannica.com/
• http://www.culturalpolicies.net
• http://www.france24.com/
• http://www.interculturaldialogue2008.eu/
• Compiled from Cristian Jura (2012)

76. References
• Heath-Kelly, C. (2012). Counter-terrorism and the counterfactual:
Producing the ‘Radicalisation’ discourse and the UK PREVENT strategy. The
British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 3.
• McCants, W. (2012). Countering violent extremism. Part 1: Definition;
available at: www.jihadica.com/countering- violent-extremism-pt-1-
definition/.
• Parker, T. (2012). Why Right is Might: How Social Science on Radicalisation
suggests that International Human Rights Norms actually help Effective
Counterterrorism Policies. Perspectives on Terrorism, 6 (3), 4-22.
• Rabasa, A., Pettyjohn, J. J., Ghex, J., & Boucek, C. (2010). De-radicalising
Islamist Extremists. St. Monica: RAND.
• Schmid, A.P. (2010). The importance of countering Al-Qaeda’s‚ single
narrative’. In E.J.A.M. Kessels (Ed). Countering Violent Extremist Narratives
(pp. 46-57). The Hague, National Coordinator for Counter- Terrorism.

77. NARRATIVE PEDAGOGY AS AN
APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING
RADICALIZATION
Appendix

78. Whose Hearts and Minds? Narratives and Counter-
Narratives of Salafi Jihadism, Dina Al Raffie
• narratives can contribute to the furtherance of ideology
• Jeffrey R. Halverson, H.L. Goodall Jr. and Steven R. Corman, Master
Narratives of Islamist Extremism, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)
• posits that despite there being differences in locally embedded narratives,
master narratives exist that override these local narratives in importance
• The paper starts by examining similarities in the narratives of Salafi
Jihadist groups that are argued to be the main constituents of a Salafi
Jihadist master narrative.
• The paper then searches for similarities in the narratives of non-violent
actors outside the Salafi Jihadist movement and demonstrates how such
narrated parallels aid in further cementing core Jihadist messages in the
minds of Muslims and non-Muslims alike.
• The relationship between mainstream Islamic beliefs and the Salafi
Jihadist master narrative is also examined. The success of a narrative can
be attributed to the extent to which it resonates with its target audience.

79. Defining Narratives
• In the simplest terms, a narrative is defined as a “coherent
system of interrelated and sequentially organized
stories.”[7] These stories are so deeply ingrained in cultures
that they are an essential part of people’s identities and
“who they are” in any given cultural setting.[8] An
alternative definition presents narratives as discourse that
works to produce meaning through the construction of
“social realities, particularly in terms of defining subjects
and establishing their relational positions within a system
of signification.”[9] This definition stresses the nature of
narratives as stories, which can be reshaped over time and
are both products of and contributors to the nature of
existent cultures. Therefore, the cultural contexts in which
narratives are embedded are extremely important to the
understanding of narratives.

80. Journal of Terrorism Research
• Religious Legitimization
• Assigning Blame and Crafting Conspiracies
• Islamism and the Salafi Jihadist Master
Narrative
• Other Agents boosting the Salafi Jihadist
Narrative
• Positioning the Narratives
• Western Narratives, or the Lack Thereof

81. Ideas Matter

82. Conclusion
• In providing a counter-narrative, the Western world should
do more in the way of understanding the elements that
Islamist and Jihadist master narratives share. They should
also be wary of inadvertently advancing the cause of such
groups. Western societies have a much better opportunity
in providing a counter-narrative to their own Muslim
populations that can more effectively undermine the
predominant Islamist and Jihadist narratives. Given the
highly unfavourable views held of Christianity, Judaism and
the West in general, it is futile to attempt to reverse years
of fermenting hostility fostered by Islamist and Jihadist
indoctrination. Instead, it is probably more likely that
efforts to roll back and contain the radical narratives in
Western countries will provide the most effective counter
narrative yet.