Arduino programming

Name : Md. Ashraful Alam
Email : emdashrafulalam@gmail.com
Phone : +8801638618802

Arduino Programming Course Learning
 Module-01: Introduction
 Module-02: Get started with programming
 Module 3 – Digital and analog input receive
 Module -4 – Let’s learn about the condition
 Module -5 – Let’s learn about loop
 Module-6 – How to use an array
 Module -7 – All about the LCD display
 Module-8 – How to code Servo Motor

Module-01: Introduction
Arduino is an open source programmable circuit board that can be
integrated into a wide variety of makerspace projects both simple
and complex. This board contains a microcontroller which is able
to be programmed to sense and control objects in the physical
world. By responding to sensors and inputs, the Arduino is able
to interact with a large array of outputs such as LEDs, motors and
displays. Because of it’s flexibility and low cost, Arduino has
become a very popular choice for makers and makerspaces
looking to create interactive hardware projects.

Arduino Types
There are various types of Arduino Boards such as Arduino Uno,
Arduino MEGA, Arduino NANO, Arduino Mini, Arduino Leonardo
etc. are common. Among them Arduino Uno, Arduino MEGA
and Arduino NANO are most common. Arduino MEGA has large
number of input/output pins. It has 54 input / output pins , 16
analog pins, 256 KB flash memory and 8 KB RAM. It is larger
than other Arduino Boards. Arduino NANO is used in case of
managing spaces . Besides , it has some special features such as
it’s pins can be taken off. However , Arduino Uno is the mostly
used Arduino.

Arduino Uno
1.Reset Button –This will
restart any code that is
loaded to the Arduino board
2.AREF – Stands for “Analog
Reference” and is used to set
an external reference voltage
3.Ground Pin –There are a few
ground pins on the Arduino
and they all work the same
4.Digital Input/Output – Pins 0-
13 can be used for digital
input or output

Arduino Uno
5.PWM –The pins marked with the (~)
symbol can simulate analog output
6.USB Connection – Used for powering
up your Arduino and uploading
sketches
7.TX/RX –Transmit and receive data
indication LEDs
8.ATmega Microcontroller – This is the
brains and is where the programs
are stored
9.Power LED Indicator –This LED
lights up anytime the board is
plugged in a power source
10.Voltage Regulator –This controls
the amount of voltage going into
the Arduino board

Arduino Types
11.DC Power Barrel Jack –This is
used for powering your Arduino
with a power supply
12. 3.3V Pin –This pin supplies 3.3
volts of power to your projects
13. 5V Pin –This pin supplies 5 volts
of power to your projects
14. Ground Pins – There are a few
ground pins on the Arduino and
they all work the same
15. Analog Pins – These pins can
read the signal from an analog
sensor and convert it to digital
They can output any value from
0 to 255.

Basic Functions of Arduino Programming
1) void setup(): Almost every program contains a void setup() function. It is used
to declare input and output.The commands inside this function are executed
once.
Syntax:
void setup( ) {
pinMode ( pin_number, INPUT); //sets the pin as INPUT
pinMode(pin_number,OUTPUT); //sets the pin as OUTPUT
}
2) pinMode( ):This is used to declare the state (INPUT/OUTPUT) of the pins.
3) void loop( ): The commands inside this function are executed for infinite
times.This function is mainly used to generate outputs.
Syntax:
void loop( ) {
digitalWrite ( pin_number, HIGH/LOW);
}

4) digitalWrite( ):This function is used to give digital outputs. Digital
outputs have only two values – HIGH or LOW. HIGH means 5V and
LOW means 0V
5) analogWrite: This function is used to generate analog outputs.
Analog outputs have values from 0 to 255 and this values are
scaled between 0V to 5V.That is, analog-255=5V.
So, analog-1=(5/255)V
If, n is the analog output , then it’s value in volt is n*(5/255)V.
6) digitalRead( ): It is used to take digital input. It takes only two value
as input(HIGH/LOW).
7) analogRead( ): It is used to take analog input. It takes input value
from 0 to 1023.

8) delay( ):This function is used to pause the work of Arduino . For example,
if a LED is lighting and at that moment delay(1000); instruction is
added , then the LED will be in HIGH state for 1000 miliseconds or 1
second.
Example:
void loop( ) {
digitalWrite(5,HIGH);
delay( 1000);
digitalWrite(5,LOW);
}
এই ক্ষেত্রে ৫ম পিত্রে connected LED টি ১০০০ পমপিত্রেত্রেন্ড জ্বত্রি
থােত্রে এেং ১০০০ পমপিত্রেত্রেন্ড ো ১ ক্ষেত্রেন্ড ির LED টি পেত্রে যাত্রে ।
9) Comments: Comments are used to make the program easy to
understand for others. It doesn’t perform anything.

Must be included in every Program
1) Semicolons (;) after every statement.
2) Parenthesis( ) with every function.
3) Curly braces after every function declaration to write codes inside
it.
4) Some blue keywords such as INPUT,OUTPUT, HIGH, LOW etc.

Module-02:Get Started with Programming
LED Glowing:
Apparatus:Arduino, LED, Jumping
Wires
Code:
int led=13;
void setup( ) {
pinMode( led, OUTPUT);
}
void loop( ) {
digitalWrite( led, HIGH);
}

Code Explanation:
In line-1, we declared an integer and
Initialized it with a value, led=13.
We connected the led to the 13th
pin of the arduino.Then ,we
declared the 13th pin as output
inside the void setup( ) function
using pinMode( ) function. Finally,
inside void loop( ) function ,we
declared the state of the LED as
HIGH.That’s why, the LED was
glowing.

LED Blinking:
Apparatus: Arduino, LED, Jumping
Wires
Code:
int led=13;
void setup( ) {
}
void loop( ) {
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(led, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

Code Explanation:
In line-1, we declared a variable and
Initialized it with a value, led=13.
Then, we declared the 13th pin as
OUTPUT pin inside the void setup( )
function using pinMode( ) function.
Then, we declared the state of the
LED as HIGH. So, the LED glowed.
Then, we used the delay( ) function
for 1000 miliseconds .As a result,
the LED was glowing for 1 second.

Then, we again declared the state
of the LED as LOW. So, the LED
stopped glowing.As a result of
using the delay() function for 1s,
the LED state was unchanged for
1s.That means, the LED blinked for
once and it continued for infinite
Time as it was declared inside void
loop() function.

Work of delay( ) function:
delay( ) function is used to declare a time duration
for an instruction to be executed. If we don’t
initialize it with a value, it will take 0 miliseconds as
a default value.

Module-03: Digital and analog input receive
Digital Input:
Apparatus: Arduino, LED,
Jumpers, Resistor
Code:
int led=13;
int input=4;
int value;
void setup( ) {
pinMode( input, INPUT);
}
void loop( ) {
value=digitalRead(input);
digitalWrite( led, value);
}

Module-03:Digital and analog input receive
Code Explanation:
In our previous programs ,we
directly declared the values
of outputs . But in this
program ,we used
digitalWrite( ) function to
take digital input and used
the value as output. In this
case, if no input is connected
To the input terminal, then we
will get 0V as output from there.

Analog Input:
Jumpers, Potentiometer,
Resistor
Code:
int value;
void setup( ) {
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop( ) {
value= analogRead(A0);
Serial.println(value);
}
Code Explanation:
Here, we have used a
Potentiometer which is a
3 terminal device and we
have printed the analog
values to the serial monitor.

To initialize the analog
values to be printed in
the serial monitor, the
“Serial.begin(9600);”
command is used.We also
used the Serial.println( )
function to print analog
values to the Serial
monitor.

Analog input as delay:
Jumpers, Potentiometer,
Resistor.
Code:
int value;
int led=13;
void setup( ) {
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop( ) {
value=analogRead(A0);
delay(value);
digitalWrite( led, LOW);
delay(value);
}

Code Explanation:
Here, we have used a
Potentiometer which is a
3 terminal device and we
have printed the analog
values to the serial
monitor.To initialize the
analog values to be printed in
the serial monitor, the
“Serial.begin(9600);”
command is used.

We also used the
Serial.println( ) function
to print analog values to
the Serial monitor.Then,
we used the analog value
as the parameter of the
delay( ) function.

Module-04: Let’s learn about the condition
Conditionals(if-else):
Apparatus:Arduino, LED,
Jumpers
Code:
int led1=7;
int led2=6;
int led3=5;
int value=200;
void setup( ) {
pinMode( led1, OUTPUT);
}

void loop( ){
if(value<=500) {
digitalWrite( led1, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite( led1, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else if(value<=800) {
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}

else{
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}
}

Code Explanation:
Here, we used if – else if –
else- control structure to
control the blinking of
the LEDs. Here, we have
taken 3 pins and declared
them as OUTPUT inside
the void setup( ) function.
In those pins, we connected
3 LEDs. Inside void loop( )
function, we used 3 condition
to control the blinking of the LEDs

The if block will be
executed ; in case, the
value is smaller than or
equal to 500.The else if
block will work when the
value is greater than 500
but smaller than or equal
to 800.The else block will
work if the other blocks
doesn’t work. In this case,
value=200 which fulfills the if
condition. So, the if block will be
executed and the led1 will be blinking.

if- else condition using
analog value:
Jumpers, Potentiometer
Code:
int led1=7;
int led2=6;
int led3=5;
int value;
void setup( ) {
pinMode(A0,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop( ){
if(value<=500) {
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}
else if(value<=800) {
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}

Code Explanation:
In this case, we have used
a potentiometer and took
an input from it.The
input value was used to
control the LED blinking.
We varied this value
varying the resistance of
the potentiometer. And the
rest of the code execution
was same as the previous
one.

Module -5: Let’s learn about loop
Blinking Multiple LED:
Jumpers
Code:
int led1=13;
int led2=12;
int led3=11;
int led4=10;
int led5=9;
int led6=8;

void setup( ){
}

void loop( ){
delay(1000);
digitalWrite( led1,LOW);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);

delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);

delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}

Code Explanation:
Here, we have taken 6 LEDs and
connected them to 8th to 13th pin of
the Arduino.Then, inside void setup( )
function we declared them as output
pins. Inside void loop( ) function, we
declared the states of the LEDs serially
and used the delay( ) function to
blink them.The code was too long.
We can do it with for loop very easily
and very shortly. Let’s learn some
looping….

Structure of ‘for loop’:
for( initialization; condition ; increment /decrement) {
//Statements
}
Here, the ‘for’ keyword defines the for loop.Then, we have to
initialize a value of the loop controller variable.Then, we have
the loop terminating condition which is very important ;
otherwise, the loop will turn into an infinite loop.Then, we
have the statement that will change the value of the loop
controlling variable.This is also important to control the loop
execution.

For example:
for( i=0;i<9; i++) {
print(“Bangladesh);
}
Here, the loop controlling variable is i. We have
initialized it with a value, i=0.The loop
terminating condition is ,i<9.That means, the
loop will be executed for i=0 to i=8.Then, we have
used the increment statement that increases the
value of i by 1 each time.And thus, the loop will be
executed for 9 times.

Blinking Multiple LEDs
using for loop:
Jumpers
Code:
int i;
void setup( ) {
for( i=8;i<=13; i++) {
pinMode( i, OUTPUT);
}
}

void loop( ) {
for( i=8;i<=13; i++ ) {
digitalWrite( i, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite( i, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
}

Code Explanation:
Here, we have used the
for loop to declare 6 pins
connected with LEDs as
OUTPUT inside void
setup( ) function.Then,
we used the for loop
again to blink the LEDs
respectively.
In the loop, we initialized the
loop controller i as 8 and
increased it by 1 each time and
continued the loop up to i=13. And thus,
the LEDs were blinking respectively.

Brightness control:
Introduction: Brightness
control means controlling
the output voltage; i.e,
increasing or decreasing
the output . In this case,
we will be taking multiple
values between 0 to 5V.
But, the digital pins give
only 0V or 5V.That’s why, we
have to use a PWM pin. PWM
means PulseWidth Modulation.
The 3rd ,5th,6th,9th,10th and 11th pins are
PWM pin.

Jumpers
Code:
int led =6;
int i;
void setup( ) {
}
void loop( ) {
for( i=0;i<=255; i=i+5) {
analogWrite(led, i);
delay(50);
}
}

Code Explanation:
Here, we have used the
for loop to control the
brightness of the LED.As
the output will have
multiple values between
0 and 255, we used the
analogWrite( ) function
instead of digitalWrite( )
function.We increased the
value of i by 5 each time up to
255 and used it as the brightness
controlling factor.

Module-06: How to use an array
Array Declaration:
Array is a collection of same type of data. It is a
derived data type and has a huge area of use in
programming. It’s structure is as below:
Array_name[size]={ };
Size means number of elements of the array.
For example:
Arduino[6]={ 4,5,6,3,8,7};
Here, we have an array named ‘Arduino’ and it has 6 elements.
This elements are connected to the 4th,5th,6th,3rd,8th, and 7th
pin of the Arduino respectively.
The advantage of using array is – we can change the order of the
LEDs very easily.

Blinking LED using Array:
Jumpers
Code:
int array[4]={3,6,8,11};
int i;
void setup( ) {
for( i=o ; i<4; i++){
pinMode(array[i],OUTPUT);
}
}

void loop( ) {
for( i=0; i<4; i++) {
digitalWrite( array[i], HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite( array[i], LOW);
}
}
Code Explanation:
To access array elements, we
use array indexing.

The indexing starts from
0 and the last index of an
array is (size-1). In this
case the last index of the
array is 3.We can access
the elements using
indexing as below:
array[0]=3;
array[1]=6;
array[2]=8;
array[3]=11;

So, using a for loop, we
have accessed the array
elements and declared
them as output inside
void setup( ) function.
Using another for loop,
we have blinked the
LEDs.

Module-07: All about the LCD display
LCD Display:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat
panel display which uses liquid crystals in its
primary form of operation. It has 2 rows and 16
columns.That’s why, it has a rating of LCD 16X2.
LCDs have 16 pins- Rs pin, RW pin,V0 pin,Vcc pin,
Enable pin, GND pin, 8 DB(0-7) pin and 2 LED(A,C) pin.
Rs stands for Register Select, RW stands for Read/Write,V0 pin used
to generate contrast,Vcc is a Power pin, GND stands for Ground pin,
Enable pin enables the LCD and connects it with the arduino,DB0 to
DB7 pins are Data pin and LED pins are LED Cathode and Anode.
While coding LCD displays, we have to include a library named
LiquidCrystal.

The syntax of declaring LCD is :
Name_of_the_Library_of_LCD
Name_of_the_LCD(rs,enable,db4,db5,db6,db7);
To print something in the LCD, we have to have
tell the pin numbers where (rs, enable, db4,
db5, db6, db7 ) these pins are connected in the
arduino.
Example:
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
As LCDs have 2 rows/ lines, to print
something in the second line we have to use the
command “lcd.setCursor(0,1);”.

Printing in LCD:
Apparatus: Arduino, LCD,
Breadboard, Jumpers
Code:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);
void setup( ) {
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.print(“HelloWorld”);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(“Bangladesh”);
}
void loop( ) {
}

Code Explanation:
First of all, we included the library of
LCD display .Then, we declared the
pins where rs pin, enable pin, db4,
db5, db6 and db7 were connected
respectively.Then, we initialized the
LCD with the command
“lcd.begin(16,2);” to print
something in it.Then we printed the
first line and settled the cursor to
the 2nd line and printed the 2nd
line.

Printing analog value in
the LCD Display:
Apparatus:Arduino, LCD,
Potentiometer, Jumpers,
Breadboard
Code:
#include<LiquidCrystal . h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);
int value;
void setup( ) {
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
}

void loop( ) {
lcd.print( “SensorValue: ”
);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(value);
delay(50);
lcd.clear( )
}

Code Explanation:
Here, we took an input
from the A0 pin and
printed the value in the
LCD display.The rest of
the program execution
was same as the previous
one.

Module-08: How to code Servo Motor
Servo Motor:
A servo motor is an electrical device which can
push or rotate an object with great precision. If
you want to rotate and object at some specific
angles or distance, then you use servo motor. It
is just made up of simple motor which run
through servo mechanism. Normal motors
continuously moves around 360 degrees where
servo motors rotation angle can be controlled.
Some of them can rotate up to 180 degrees and some
of them can rotate up to 360 degrees. It has 3 pins- GND pin,
Power pin and Signal pin. Signal pin is used to give commands from
Arduino.

Coding a Servo Motor:
Apparatus: Arduino, Servo Motor
Code:
#include<Servo . h>
Servo myservo;
void setup( ){
myservo.attach(5);
}
void loop( ) {
myservo.write(90);
delay(500);
myservo.write(0);
delay(500);
}

Code Explanation:
First of all, a library(Servo . h) for coding a servo
motor has been included.Then, we have
declared a servo motor named ‘myservo’ and
then we declared it’s connecting point in the
Arduino.Then, we used the “myservo.write(90);”
command to rotate it by 90 degrees.Then, after
delaying for 0.5s, we rotated back to 0 degree.
Finally, we created a loop of rotation between 0 to
90 degrees in every 0.5s.

Controlling Servo Motor
using Analog value:
Apparatus: Arduino,
Servo Motor, Potentiometer
Code:
#include<Servo . h>
Servo myservo;
int value;
void setup( ) {
myservo.attach(5);
pinMode(A0, INPUT);
}
void loop( ) {
value=map(value,0,1023,0,180);
myservo.write(value);
}

Code Explanation:
In this case, we took an analog input and used
the analog value to control the servo motor.
For this, we have determined the analog
value using analogRead( ) function and stored
the value at the variable ‘value’.Then, we
mapped the variable ‘value’ using the “map(
value, 0, 1023, 0, 180);” command and stored
the value at the variable ‘value’.This will map
the analog values from 0 to 1023 in the form
of degrees from 0 to 180 degrees. And thus,
the rotation of the servo was related to the
analog value.

Project: DC Motor Control
DC Motor Control:
DC Motor controlling means controlling both
speed and direction of it’s rotation. We can do it
by controlling it’s input voltage and changing
the direction of entering current.To do this, we
will use PWM pins and a L298N DC Motor Driver.
PWM pins controls the input voltage and motor
driver controls both voltage and direction of
rotation of the motor by applying H-bridge
method. H- bridge has 4 switching elements.

By activating two different switches from
opposite sides, we can change the direction of
current flow; and thus, we can control the
direction of rotation. In the motor driver, there
are two pins- ENA,ENB which are used to
enable and control the speed of the motor.There
are 4 more pins- IN1,IN2,IN3 and IN4 which are
used to control the rotation of the motor. If IN1 is
LOW and IN2 is HIGH, the motor will move
forward; in case, IN1 is HIGH and IN2 is LOW the motor
will move backward. If, both inputs are same(LOW/HIGH) ,the
motor will stop.

Apparatus:
 Arduino
 L298N Motor Driver
Module
 2 X DC Motors
 Joystick Module
 12V Battery

The circuit was designed
according to the diagram.
For this, we have
connected the ENA, IN1,
IN2, IN3, IN4, ENB pins of
the L298N to the 11th,8th,
7th, 6th,10th pin of the
Arduino. We have
connected the 12V pin of the
L298N to the positive
terminal of the Power Supply and the
GND pin was connected to the GND pin
of the Arduino and the Negative
terminal of the Power Supply.
Then, we connected the Joystick module as
follows:
VCC to 5V,VER to A1, HOR to A0, GND to GND pin of
the Arduino.

Code Explanation:
First of all, we have declared the pins of the
Joystick module and the motor driver .We also
declared four other variables for taking the
input values.Then, we declared the pins mode
inside the void setup( ) function.Then inside
void loop( ) function, we have used analogRead( )
function to take the input values.Then using this
values in conditional statements, we have
controlled the rotation of the motors. For this, we have used
the map( ) function to map the x_pos values less than 400 in
the form of values between 0 to 255. And, rotated the left motor in
clockwise direction making IN1 as LOW and IN2 as HIGH .

Then, for x_pos values between 400 and 600,
stopped the left motor making both the inputs
LOW.Then, for x_pos values greater than 600,
we have rotated the left motor in anti-clockwise
direction making IN1 as HIGH and IN2 as LOW.
Similarly, for y_pos values less than 400, we
have rotated the right motor in clockwise
direction by making IN3 as LOW and IN4 as
HIGH. For y_pos values between 400 and 600, we
have stopped the right motor by making both the
inputs LOW. And for y_pos values greater than 600, we have rotated
the right motor in anti-clockwise direction by making IN3 as HIGH
and IN4 as LOW.

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