1. Guided By
S. Mohane Coumar
Assistant Professor
Centre for Bioinformatics
Pondicherry University
Presented By
Md Abid Alam
M.Sc. Bioinformatics
IInd Year
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

3. CONTENTS
Methods
Results
Discussion
Introduction

4. Introduction

5. What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a defect in
the body’s ability to
convert glucose (sugar)
to energy.
Glucose is the main
source of fuel for our
body.
When food is digested it
is changed into fats,
protein, or
carbohydrates. Foods
that affect blood sugars
are called
carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates, when
digested, change to
glucose.
Pancreases
Beta cell Alpha cell
Insulin Glucagon
Transportation
of glucose to
all cells
Blood Stream
Cell life &
survival
Food eaten
& body it self
Liver
Storage of
Glucose
goes in to
secretes
allow
for
glucose can be from
signal
release
secretes
In the form of Glycoge
n

6. Duodenum
Bile duct
from liver
Stomach
Blood
Hormones
Insulin, glucagon
Endocrine portion
of pancreas
Islets of LangerhansAcinar cells
Secrete digestive enzyme
Duct cells
secrete Aqueous
NaHCO3 solution

7. TYPES
OF
DIABETES
DIABETES
MELITTUS
DIABETES
INSIPIDUS
TYPE-2TYPE-1
GESTATIONAL
NEPHROGENIC
DI
CENTRAL
DI
GASTATIONAL
DI
DIPSOGENIC
DI

8. Diabetes Mellitus
 Diabetes Mellitus occur when there is no insulin
production it will denote,
TYPE-1 or Hypoglycemia
 While insulin does not work well or there is resistance
TYPE-2 or Hyperglycemia

9. Type-2 Diabetes
Type-2 diabetes also called as Hyperglycemia

11. The signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia:
•blood glucose level greater than 180 mg/dL.
•blurry vision.
•difficulty concentrating.
•frequent urination.
•headaches.
•high blood glucose.
•high levels of sugar in the urine.
•increased fatigue.

12. Belly fat can induce Hyperglycemia (clip)

13. What is Metabolomic?
Metabolomic is the study of metabolic
pathway involves catabolism (break
down of molecules) and anabolism
(synthesis of molecules)
What is Pathophysiology?
The first is PATHOLOGY , the study of disease and
its impact on the body.
And second is PHYSIOLOGY the study of the body
and its functions .
When both combined together then it will show the
progress of a disease changes the body .
And how the changes can be treated or reversed

14. Methods
Metabolic profiling was
optimized to achieve a very
comprehensive representation
of metabolites.
Metabolite profiling
Applying MxP Broad Profiling is
proven to identify new metabolic
biomarkers while giving insight
into their pathophysiological role
at the same time.
MxP Broad Profiling

15. Gas & liquid chromatography
Chromatography is often used to
separate organic compounds in
solution.
Injection Port,
A Column,
Carrier Gas Flow Control Equipment,
Ovens And Heaters For Maintaining
Temperatures Of The Injection Port And
The Column,
An Integrator Chart Recorder And A
Detector.

16. Methods is divided into two parts by author are
Study 1. and Study 2.
Study 1.
It is generally focus on OGTT, FPG, IGT:
OGTT- This test will done on the basis of FPG level, then it will show types
diabetes or pre-diabetes
Diabetes was defined by:
FPG>=126mg/dl and
2HPG after standardized 75g oral glucose challenge>=200mg/dl
IGT- Impaired Glucose Tolerance is defined on the basis of an OGTT. A person
without diabetes but with an 2-H-OGTT value of 140-199 mg/dl are
considered to have IGT.
FPG- Fasting Plasma Glucose
Healthy subjects were defined by:
FPG<=100mg/dl and
2HPG <140mg/dl
Sample= 356
Healthy subjects= 177
Pre diabetes= 121
IGT= 28
FPG= 30

17. Study 2.
Identification of metabolic markers:
-It is for detection of certain subtypes of heart failure
-200 subjects with diastolic or systolic heart dysfunction
of which 59 classified as type-2 diabetes
Diabetes patients were classified according :
-self-reported type-2 diabetes status
-type-2 diabetes medication
-HbA1c > 6.5%
-FPG level > 100 mg/dl

18. HbA1c…
 RBC life-8-12 weeks.
 Measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) can be used to reflect average blood
glucose levels over that duration.
 Blood sugar levels > then HbA1c also higher
HbA1c targets mmol/mol %
Non-diabetics
20 - 41
mmol/mol
4% - 5.9%
Diabetics 48 mmol/mol 6.5%
Diabetics at
higher risk of
hypoglycemia
59 mmol/mol 7.5%

19. Results
 In this study , glyoxylate , polar metabolite previously unknown to be associated with
diabetes.
 It is first time found to be increased in diabetes mellitus-2 according to current diagnostic
criteria.
 It has risk factor founded.

21. Discussion
 This paper reports the result from a comprehensive metabolite profiling
approach of plasma samples from type-2 diabetes patients and healthy
control of two independent studies.
 This paper aim was to identify a signature of metabolites that is associated
with diabetes development.
 And it can help mechanistically explain the development of diabetes and
associated pathology.

22. References
1. Padberg, I., Peter, E., González-Maldonado, S., Witt, H., Mueller, M., Weis, T., …
Schatz, P. (2014). A new metabolomic signature in type-2 diabetes
mellitus and its pathophysiology. PLoS ONE, 9(1), e85082.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085082
2. Diabetes, D. O. F. (2008). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Care, 31 Suppl 1, S55–60. doi:10.2337/dc08-S055
4. http://tpx.sagepub.com/content/36/1/140.full
7. www.wisegreek.org
5. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm
6. http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/genetics-of-diabetes.html
8. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis/
Chromatography/Gas_Chromatography