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Emergencias Oncológicas
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2018
Versión 2020-01
La clase virtual va a estar disponible hasta 26.07.2019 en
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Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Page  4
Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad
 Ca broncogénico
 Ca mama
 Ca próstata
 Mieloma múltiple
 Ca cabeza y cuello
 Ca renal
 Linfomas
Tumores
 Astenia / Fatiga
 Letargo / Confusión
 Anorexia
 Constipación
 Polidipsia / Poliuria
 Náusea / Vómito
 Debilidad muscular
 Arritmias
Clínica
Ca corregido(mg/dL) =
Ca medido(mg/dL) + 0.8 (4 -
Albúmina(gr/dL) )
Ca (mMol/L) =
Ca sangre (mg/dL) * 0.25
Calcio sérico
Generalidades
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer
Tipos de hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer
Tipo Frecuencia Metástasis
óseas
Agente
causal
Tipo de tumor
Hipercalcemia humoral
asociada a malignidad
80% Rara PTHrP Escamocelulares, renales,
ovario, endometrio, mama
Osteolítica 20% Universal Citokinas Mama, mieloma, linfoma
Vitamina D <1% Rara Vitamina D Linfoma
Hiperparatiroidismo
ectópico
<1% Variable PTH Variable
Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525.
doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
Page  6
Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad
Anorexia,
náuseas,
pérdida de
peso,
debilidad,
constipación y
alteraciones
en el estado
mental
Calcificación
metastásica (en
órganos)
Coma
Arritmias
Severidad (calcio sérico)
Náuseas y vómito severos,
deshidratación, disfunción
renal, estado confusional
severo con pérdida de la
conciencia
. Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525.
doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
Short QT interval
J-wave
EKG of hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Ionized-calcium Serum PTH levels
Hypercalcemia confirmed
Low PTH
Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
To treat or not to treat
“Most patients who experience hypercalcemia
of malignancy are in the last few weeks of their
lives, as shown by a median survival of 35 days
and a 2- year mortality of 72% in those with
aerodigestive squamous cancer, and it is also
predictive of early death in patients presenting
with multiple myeloma”
Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies. Emerg
Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525.
doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
IV Fluids
Bisphosphonates
Steroids (in myeloma/lymphoma)
Consider off-label denosumab
Calcitonine
Bisfosfonatos
Risedronate
Actonel
Aledronate
Fosamax
Pamidronate
Aredia, Aminomux
Zoledronate
Zometa
Clodronate
Bonefos, Loron, Ostac
EtidronateIbandronate
Boniva, Bondronat
Potencia preclínica de bisfosfonatos selectos
Nombre genérico Marca original Potencia relativa
Etidronato Didronel 1
Clodronato Bonefos 10
Pamidronato Aredia 100
Ibandronato Bondronat 10000
Zoledronato Zometa 10000
Bisfosfonatos
 Mecanismo de acción
- No aminados:
- Análogos del pirofosfato
- Se depositan en el hueso
- Captados por el osteoclasto (reabsorción ósea)
- Mimetizan el pirofosfato del ATP – interfiriendo
- Aminados
- Inhiben la vía del mevalonato
- Interfieren con la prenilación de proteinas
- Bloquean la transducción de señales
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
(1) Major P, et al. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 558-567
R
Hipercalcemia
(>3 mMol/L)
Pamidronato 90 mg IV (4h)
Ácido zoledrónico
Variable Pamidronato Zoledronato
Normocalcemia @10d 70% 87% p=0.02
Duración de normocalcemia (mediana) 18 días >30 días
n=287
Pamidronato vs Zoledronato en
hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad(1)
4 mg y 8 mg: similar eficacia.
8 mg: mayor nefrotoxicidad
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Major P, et al. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:558-567
Stewart AF. N Engl J Med 2005;352:373-9
Medir calcio, albúmina, fósforo y creatinina
Establecer severidad
> 12 mg/dL (3 mMol/L)< 12 mg/dL + síntomas
SSN @ 200-500 mL/hora
Corregir fosfato (si <3 mg/dL)
Ácido zoledrónico 4 mg IV – 15 min
Prednisolona: puede ser eficaz en linfoma y mieloma
Tratar la enfermedad de base
Hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Considerar Calcitonin 4-8 U/kg SQ
Q6-12h, x48 h
Referencia recomendada
Page  16
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management
Mirrhakimov AE. N AM J Med Sci, 2015
Compresión epidural metastásica
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Acute Spinal Cord Compression
“Diseases that cause acute
spinal cord compression
constitute a special category
because they originate in the
spinal column and narrow the
spinal canal.”
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
Acute Spinal Cord Compression
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
“Trauma, tumor,
epidural abscess,
and epidural
hematoma”
Acute Spinal Cord Compression
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
Complete transverse myelopathy (lesion affecting both sides and anterior and posterior spinal cord at one or more segments)
Bilateral paralysis below lowest affected segment of spinal cord, Loss or reduction of all sensation below affected level of spinal
cord (sensory level), Sphincter dysfunction with urinary or bowel urgency, retention, or incontinence, Segmental loss of reflexes at
affected level, Hyperreflexia and Babinski signs
Spinal shock (acute destruction of spinal cord at one or more cervical or upper thoracic segments)
Paralysis of limbs below the affected segment of the spinal cord, Hypotonia and areflexia of limbs below the level of the lesion, No
Babinski signs, Loss of sphincter function, Reduced autonomic function below affected level, Systemic hypotension
Central cord syndrome (predominant gray-matter damage, typically involving cervical spine, from trauma)
Weakness and reflex loss in arms; less severe weakness or no weakness in legs, Reduced pain and thermal sense in arms, typically
with hyperesthesia, sparing sensation of vibration and proprioception in arms and legs, Variable hyperreflexia in legs
Hemicord (Brown–Séquard) syndrome
Paralysis, hyperreflexia, and reduced sensation of vibration on one side of body, Babinski sign on paralyzed side, Loss of pain and
thermal sense on opposite side,
Conus medullaris syndrome (cord compression at the level of L1–L2 vertebral bodies)
Weakness of feet and legs, Variable reflexes in legs, Early loss of sphincter function, Loss of sensation at sacral and lower lumbar
(perineal) dermatomes; sensory level at or below waist, Variable Babinski signs
Cauda equina syndrome (compression between L2 and S1 vertebral bodies)
Sciatic or other radicular pain, Areflexic weakness of feet and legs, depending on level of compression, Sphincter dysfunction,
Reduced sensation from saddle region and legs up to groin
Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
“Spinal metastases are common in cancer, but they cause
spinal cord compression only when they extend from the bone
into the epidural
Space. Aching back pain and tenderness on percussion over
the affected site are typical and may precede neurologic
features by several weeks. Pain may be worse when the patient
is supine and causes awakening from sleep.
The spinal cord syndrome evolves over a period of hours or
days and includes hyperreflexia and Babinski signs but is
infrequently characterized by sphincter dysfunction alone.
With bony destruction and pathologic vertebral compression
fracture, the spinal column becomes unstable, leading to more
severe back pain.”
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
Page  23
Compresión epidural
 Ocurre en 5-10% de los
cánceres metastásicos
 Presentación inicial de
hasta 10% de los
cánceres metastásicos
 Consecuencias
devastadoras si no es
tratada a tiempo
 Cuadri/para-plejía
 “total care”
Epidemiología
 Cuerpo vertebral que
comprime saco dural
 Metástasis epidurales
 Tumor paraespinal que
invade por los forámenes
vertebrales
Mecanismos
 60% - Torácico
 25% - Lumbar
 15% - Central
Ubicación
Generalidades
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2017
 Ca pulmón
 Ca mama
 Ca próstata
 Mieloma
 Linfoma
 Melanoma
Etiología
 Dolor de espalda
 Transtornos esfínteres
 Debilidad miembros con
nivel
 Hipoestesia con nivel
Clínica
Compresión de la médula espinal
Presentación Clínica
Dolor en la espalda – 95%
Debilidad en miembros inferiores – 75%
Nivel sensorial CLARO - > 50%
Disfunción autonómica - > 50%
Constipación - Obstipación
Transtornos en la micción
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
Pérdida de las todas las
modalidades sensoriales hasta
el nivel de la lesión
Fuerza y reflejos osteotendíneos
disminuidos hasta el nivel de la
lesión
Miembros flácidos
Vejiga dilatada – retención
urinaria, Esfínter anal
disfuncional - constipación
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
T4
T12
T10
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
Cervical
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2017
Es importante realizar la percusión espinal al examen
clínico cuando se sospecha compresión epidural.
Resonancia Nuclear Magnética
- Sensibilidad: 100%
- Con contraste (preferible), pero también es
altamente eficaz sin contraste.
- Se debe evaluar TODA la columna (Cervical,
Dorsal, Lumbar y Sacra)
- Coexistencia de múltiples sitios de compresión
epidural en 30% de las compresiones
epidurales
Compresión epidural aguda neoplásica - Diagnóstico
Diagnóstico diferencial
 Benignos – Espasmos.
Enfermedad discal.
Artrosis.
Osteoporosis / Fracturas.
Hematomas.
 Absceso epidural (drogas recreacionales intravenosas)
 Hematoma epidural (anticoagulantes, antiplaquetarios)
 Metástasis en cuerpo vertebral.
 Metástasis leptomeníngeas.
 Mielopatía por radiación.
Tratamiento.
 Metas:
- Control del dolor.
- Preservar / mejorar función neurológica.
 Medidas generales:
- Analgesia.
- Reposo.
- Tromboprofilaxis.
- Prevención de constipación.
Esteroides en compresión medular
metastásica
 Parecen eficaces (junto con RT)
 Dosis demasiado altas, demasiado
tóxicas
 Dosis demasiado bajas, menos
eficaces
 En pacientes Ambulatorios, RT
suficiente
 Recomendación (Soft)
 Dexametasona 10 mg IV x1, seguida
por 4 mg cada 6 horas con tapering
en varias semanas.White BD et al. NICE Guidance. BMJ 2008; 337:a2538
Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo
DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539. Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2017
Acute Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression
- Definitive -
Mechanical
stability of the
spine
Tumor
radiosensitivity
Radiosensible Radiosensibilida
d variable
Radioresistente
Linfoma. Próstata Melanoma.
Mieloma. Mama RCC.
SCLC. Ovario NSCLC.
Seminoma Sarcomas.
Gastrointestinal
Tiroides
Radioterapia
 Indicaciones:
- No candidato a cirugía.
- Después de cirugía.
 Objetivo:
- Control del dolor.
- Control local del tumor.
 Dosis: Variable.
- Generalmente pocas sesiones, altas dosis.
- 8 Gy (dosis única).
- 30-40 Gy (10 sesiones).
Short-course versus split-course radiotherapy in metastatic spinal cord compression: results of a phase III,
randomized, multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(15):3358.
Estado a la presentación % ambulatorio
después de
radioterapia
IC 95%
Ambulatorio 92% 89% - 95%
Ambulatoria con asistencia 65% 56% - 74%
Paraparético 43% 38% - 48%
Parapléjico 14% 10% - 17%
Cirugía en compresión medular
metastásica
Indicaciones
- Inestabilidad vertebral
- Descompresión central
(corpectomía) con fijación.
- Área preirradiada
- Expectativa de vida >3
meses
- No diagnóstico
Limitaciones
- Menos eficaz si paraplejía o
cuadriplejía >48 horas
- No recomendada si
expectativa de vida <3
meses
- Mortalidad 0-13%
- Elevadas tasas de
complicación
Loblaw A. J Clin Oncol 23:2028-2037
White BD et al. NICE Guidance. BMJ 2008; 337:a2538
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Radioterapia corporal estereotáxica (SBRT)
 Cyberknife y otros.
 Tumores pequeños.
 Ventajas:
- Menos daño a tejido adyacente.
- Efectiva en tumores radio resistentes.
 Dosis: Dosis única alta.
- 26 – 24 Gy.
Local disease control after decompressive surgery and adjuvant high-dose single-fraction radiosurgery for spine metastases.
J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(1):87
Acute Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression
- Definitive -
Mechanical instability of the
spine or non-radiosensitive
histology and life expectancy
greater than 3 months
No mechanical instability of
the spine and high
radiosensitivity histology or
short life expectancy
Surgery (corpectomy +
stabilization), followed by
radiation therapy
Radiotherapy
Pronóstico
 La supervivencia mediana de pacientes con múltiples metástasis
óseas y compresión epidural neoplásica es menor a 6 meses.
 La supervivencia (y calidad de vida) aumenta si se logra preservar la
locomoción autónoma.
Page  39
Referencia recomendada
Page  40
Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord
Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med.
2017;376(14):1358-1369.
Sindrome de lisis tumoral
Page  41
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Sindrome de lisis tumoral
HiperKalemia
Eflujo de potasio Hiperfosfatemia
Catabolismo de
purinas
Arritmias
Imbalance calcio /
fósforo
Depleción de
volumen
Liberación ácido
nucleico
Hiperuricemia
Precipitación de
cristales de urato
Insuficiencia renal
aguda
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Sindrome de lisis tumoral
Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778
Definición de laboartorio de SLT – Cairo-Bishop
Variable Valor Δ del basal
Ácido úrico > 8 mg/dL ↑ 25%
Potasio > 6 mg/L ↑ 25%
Fósforo > 1.45 mMol/L ↑ 25%
Calcio < 1.75 mMol/L ↓ 25%
NOTA: 2 o más cambios de laboratorio que dentro de 3 días antes o 7
días después de quimioterapia citotóxica
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Sindrome de lisis tumoral
Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778
Cánceres asociados a SLT en adultos
Linfoma no Hodgkin 28%
Leucemia mieloide aguda 27%
Leucemia linfoide aguda 19%
Leucemia linfoide crónica 10%
Mieloma múltiple 3.9%
Enfermedad de Hodgkin 1.6%
Tumores sólidos 1%
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Sindrome de lisis tumoral
Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778
Factores de riesgo para SLT
Tipo de tumor Linfoma de Burkitt
Linfoma linfoblástico
Linfoma difuso de células grandes
Leucemia linfoide aguda
Tumores sólidos (alta proliferación y respuesta
rápida a tratamiento)
Masa tumoral Enfermedad voluminosa (>10 cm)
Incremento LDH (> 2 x LSN)
Leucocitos > 25000/uL
Función renal Falla renal pre-existente
Oliguria
Ácido úrico basal >7.5 mg/dL
Terapia eficaz citorreductiva Variable
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Sindrome de lisis tumoral
Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778
Estratificación de riesgo de SLT
Tipo de tumor Alto riesgo Riesgo Intermedio Bajo Riesgo
Linfoma No Hodgkin Burkitt, linfoblástico,
Leucemia linfoide
aguda
Linfoma difuso de
células grandes
Linfoma indolente
Leucemia linfoide
aguda
>100k/mm3 50-100k/mm3 <50k/mm3
Leucemia linfoide
aguda
>50k/mm3
Monoblástica
10-50k/mm3 <10k/mm3
Leucemia linfoide
crónica
10-100k/mm3
Fludarabina
Demás
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Definición y gradación clínica del SLT – Criterios de Cairo-Bishop
Grado
Complicación 1 2 3 4 5
Creatinina <1.5 x LSN 1.5-3 x LSN 3-6 x LSN >6 x LSN Muerte
Arritmias No requiere
tratamiento
Tratamiento no
urgente
Sintomática o
requiere de
dispositivo
Con peligro
para la vida
Muerte
Convulsiones Ninguna Una
generalizada,
controlada con
anticonvulsiva
nte; hasta
varias focales,
infrecuentes,
que no afecten
las actividades
diarias
Convulsiones
con alteración
de la
consciencia.
Convulsiones
pobremente
controladas.
Convulsiones
con pobre
respuesta al
tratamiento
Status
epilepticus,
convulsiones
de difícil
control -
prolongadas
Muerte
LSN: Límite superior de lo normal
Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778 Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Catabolismo de
purinas
Hipoxantina
Xantina
Ácido úrico
Alantoína
Xantina oxidasa
Xantina oxidasa
Urato oxidasa / Rasburicase
Alopurinol
Alopurinol
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Prevención
• Si tiene riesgo intermedio o alto.
• Hidratación:
- 2 – 3 Lt/m2/día
- Vigilar gasto urinario (>2 ml/kg/h)
• Alcalinización de la orina:
- Previene deposición de cristales de urato.
- Precipita deposicón de cristales de fosfato de
calcio.
- HCO3: Sólo si hay acidosis metabólica.
Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an
evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol 2008
Prevención
• Alopurinol:
- No degrada el ácido úrico ya formado.
- 100 mg/m2 tid (max 800 mg/d).
- Iniciar 24 – 48 h antes de la QT y 7 días depsués.
• Rasburicasa:
- Degrada el AU ya formado a un compuesto más soluble.
- Ideal en pacientes con hiperuricemia de base.
- 0.2 mg/kg qd por 2 – 7 días.
Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an
evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol 2008
S. Lisis tumoral
Hidratación
Alcalinización orina
Alopurinol/Rasburic
ase
Cr / Ca / P / K, etc
HemodiálisisAntiarrítmicos Anticonvulsivantes
Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Tratamiento
• UCI / monitoreo cardíaco.
• Líquidos.
• Trastornos hidroelectrolíticos:
- Hiperkalemia
- Hipocalcemia sintomática.
• Rasburicasa (si no la recibía).
• Diálisis: oliguria / anuria
Hiper K persisntente.
Hipo Ca sintomática por hiperfosfatemia
The tumor lysis syndrome. Howard SC et al. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001. May;364(19):1844-54
Sindrome de vena cava superior
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
Page  54
Sindrome de vena cava superior
 Neoplásica (90%)
 Ca pulmón – 85%
 Linfoma – 8%
 Células germinales
 Carcinoma de mama
 No neoplásico (10%)
 T. Benignos / bocio
 Trombosis
 Aneurisma de aorta
 Mediastinitis
fibrosante
Causas
 Insidiosa
 Disnea
 Sensación de peso en
cabeza y cuello
 Edema de cara, cuello y
miembros superiores
 Distensión venosa de
cuello
 Circulación colateral
 Plétora / cianosis
Clínica
 Rayos X de tórax
 Normal
 Ensanchamiento
mediastinal
 Derrame pleural
 TAC de tórax
 Colapso de vena
cava superior
 Edema de tejidos
blandos
 Circulación colateral
 Masa
Imágenes
Emergencia oncológica
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Sindrome de Vena Cava Superior
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
Sindrome de vena cava superior – Clasificación de Yu
Grado %
0 – Asintomático 10 Dx radiológico.
1 – Leve 25 Edema / cianosis
2 – Moderado 50 Disfaga / tos / alteración movimiento cabeza u ojos /
alteración visual.
3 – Severo 10 Edema cerebral (Cefalea / mareo)
Edema laríngeo leve / moderado.
Disminución reserva cardíaca (síncope con
movimiento)
4 – Amenaza vida 5 Edema cerebral severo (confusión)
Edema laríngeo severo (estridor).
Compromiso hemodinámico (síncope, hipotensión)
5 - Fatal <1 Muerte.
Page  58
Sindrome de vena cava superior
 Diuréticos
 Cabeza elevada
 Oxígeno
Paliativo
 Tratamiento de la
neoplasia
 NSCLC:
Radioterapia
 SCLC:
Quimioterapia
 Linfoma:
Quimioterapia
 No neoplásico
 Trombosis:
anticoagulación /
fibrinolisis +/- retirar
el catéteter
Específico
 Obstrucción traqueal
Peligro inminente
Manejo
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Stent vena cava superior.
 Restaura flujo venoso.
 Percutáneo por yugular,
subclavia o femoral.
 Indicaciones:
- Severo.
- Paliación.
 Antiplaquetarios.
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
RT
 Plétora, edema facial y
de cuello
 Ingurgitación venosa,
circulación colateral
 Ensanchamiento
mediastinal
 Colapso vena cava
superior, masa - NSCLC
Sindrome de vena cava superior
Emergencias oncológicas
CES2020.01
Objetivos
• Identificar con confiabilidad la neutropenia febril en el contexto de tratamiento
con quimioterapia citotóxica.
• Conocer los factores de riesgo, enfoque diagnóstico de urgencias, y manejo
empírico inicial de la neutropenia febril.
Urgencia
Inesperado
Requiere
atención
inmediata
Emergencia
Inesperado
Requiere
atención
inmediata
Peligrosa
Page 5
Emergencias oncológicas
▪ S. Vena cava superior
▪ Compresión epidural
▪ Taponamiento cardíaco
▪ Obstrucción de víscera
▪ Aérea
▪ S. Pilórico
▪ Intestinal
▪ Biliar
▪ Urinaria
▪ Hipertensión endocraneana
Mecánicas
▪ Hipercalcemia asociada a
malignidad
▪ Sindrome de secreción
inapropiada de hormona
antidiurética
▪ Acidosis láctica
▪ Hipoglicemia
▪ Insuficiencia adrenal
Metabólicas
▪ Neutropenia febril
▪ Sindrome de lisis tumoral
▪ Reacciones infusionales
▪ S. Hemolítico-urémico
▪ Colitis neutropénica
▪ Cistitis hemorrágica
Asociadas al tratamiento
Reto diagnóstico y terapéutico
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Temario
Hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer
Neutropenia febril
Compresión medular
S. Lisis tumoral
S. Vena cava superior
Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
Neutropenia febril
Source: MEDSCAPE, eMEDICINE, 2020
Definition
Definition of neutropenia
• For practical purposes, a value lower than 1500 cells/µL is generally
used to define neutropenia.
• Mild neutropenia is present when the ANC is 1000-1500 cells/µL,
• Moderate neutropenia is present with an ANC of 500-1000/µL, and
• Severe neutropenia refers to an ANC lower than 500 cells/µL.
• “Agranulocytosis” refers to an ANC lower than 100 cells/µL.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Horas
37
38
39
40
38.5
Temperatura(gradosCelsius)
No fiebre
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
37
38
39
40
38.5
Horas
Temperatura(gradosCelsius)
No fiebre
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
37
38
39
40
38.5
Horas
Temperatura(gradosCelsius)
Fiebre
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
37
38
39
40
38.5
Horas
Temperatura(gradosCelsius)
Fiebre
Quimioterapia
Citotóxica
Quimioterapia
Citotóxica
Días
1 7 15 22
Recuentodegranulocitos(ANC)1000/mm3
0.5
1.0
1.5
Quimioterapia
Citotóxica
Quimioterapia
Citotóxica
Días
1 7 15 22
Recuentodegranulocitos(ANC)1000/mm3
0.5
1.0
1.5
Nadir
Quimioterapia
Citotóxica
Quimioterapia
Citotóxica
Días
1 7 15 22
Recuentodegranulocitos(ANC)1000/mm3
0.5
1.0
1.5
WBC: 3000/mm3
ANC: 1150/mm3
Linfocitos: 1000/mm3
Monocitos: 50/mm3
WBC: 1920/mm3
ANC: 750/mm3
Linfocitos: 800/mm3
Monocitos: 380/mm3
Fiebre
>38℃ x>1h o pico >38.3℃
ANC ≤ 500 (o llegando)
Quimioterapia
citotóxica Falla medular
Neutropenia febril
Leucemias agudas
Anemias aplicas
Leucopenia autoinmune
Mielodisplasia…
Leucemias agudas
Anemias aplicas
Leucopenia autoinmune
Mielodisplasia…
Neutropenia Febril: Definición
Fiebre mayor de 38.3 grados centígrados durante 1 hora o
más o fiebre mayor de 38. grados centígrados en 1
ocasión.
Recuento absoluto de granulocitos menor de 500/mm3 o
recuento de leucocitos < 1000/mm3 cuando se espera que
el recuento de granulocitos es menor de 500/mm3.
General information
Neutropenia
▪Frecuente entre el día 7 y 14 después de la
administración de quimioterapia citotóxica
▪20-30% requiere de hospitalización por neutropenia
febril
▪Mortalidad en paciente neutropénico hospitalizado:
10%
Neutropenia febril: Factores de riesgo
Edad avanzada Quimioterapia de
altísima toxicidad:
leucemias agudas
Neutropenia febril
previa
No uso de G-CSF Mucositis Pobre estado
funcional
Desnutrición EPOC Enfermedad
cardiovascular,
renal o hepática
MLM: 2018
Clinical presentation /
Diagnostic tests
Febrile neutropenia: signs and symptoms
• Low-grade fever
• Sore mouth
• Odynophagia
• Gingival pain and swelling
• Skin abscesses
• Recurrent sinusitis and otitis
• Symptoms of pneumonia (eg, cough, dyspnea)
• Perirectal pain and irritation
Diagnosis
• Complete blood count: Including a manual differential in
evaluating cases of agranulocytosis
• Differential white blood cell count
• Peripheral smear review by a pathologist
Neutropenia febril: Historia clínica inicial
Diagnóstico
oncológico, estadío
Quimioterapia
administrada, número de
ciclos
Fecha de inicio del
último ciclo
Establecer factores de
riesgo
Estado hemodinámico Hidratación
Buscar focos obvios de
infección: pneumonía,
meningitis, infección
urinaria, infección por
catheter
Establecer si hay
candidiasis, soplos
cardíacos, derrame
pleural, fondo de ojo,
inspección perianal
Evitar el tacto rectal
MLM: 2018
Fever/Infection Workup
• If a patient with neutropenia presents with fever, perform an infection
workup, including blood cultures for anaerobic and aerobic organisms.
• Obtain two sets of blood culture samples, 10-15 minutes apart, from
peripheral veins; obtain samples from each port of a catheter if the patient
has central venous access.
• Other laboratory studies used for a complete fever workup include the
following:
– Urinalysis
– Urine culture and sensitivity
– Culture of wound or catheter discharge
– Sputum Gram stain and culture
– Stool for Clostridium difficile
– Skin biopsy, if new erythematous and tender skin lesions are present
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be started within 1 hour of cultures.
Infectious agents frequently
involved in febrile neutropenia
Neutropenia and infection
• Bacterial organisms most often cause fever and infection in neutropenic
patients.
• Fungal organisms are also significant pathogens in the setting of
neutropenia.
• Historically, gram-negative aerobic bacteria (eg, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been most
common in these patients.
• However, gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus species
and Streptococcus viridans, have emerged as the most common pathogens
in fever and sepsis because of the increasing use of indwelling right atrial
catheters.
• After neutropenic patients receive treatment with broad-spectrum
antibiotics for several days, superinfection with fungi is
common. Candida species are the most frequently encountered organisms
in this setting.
Page 17
Etiologìa infecciosa neutropenia febril - Clínica SOMA
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Page 20
Gérmenes resistentes en neutropenia febril – tips clínicos
▪ Factores de riesgo para resistencia de los bacilos gramnegativos
- Haber recibido un betalactamico en los tres meses precedentes,
- Haber tenido uno de estos gérmenes previamente,
- Hospitalización reciente,
- Presencia de sondas o instrumentación.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Pseudomona
- Haber estado intubado por más de 72 horas,
- Úlceras crónicas y
- Pneumopatías crónicamente infectadas.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Staphylococcus meticilinoresistentes
(MARSA)
- Tener catéter,
- Haber recibido antibiótico betalactamico en los últimos tres meses
- Tener historia previa de haber tenido este germen antes.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Risk stratification
Febrile neutropenia: low-risk
• Low-risk patients are those with the following:
– Anticipated brief (< 7-d duration) period of neutropenia
– ANC greater than 100/µL and absolute monocyte count greater
than 100/µL
– Normal findings on chest radiograph
– Outpatient status at the time of fever onset
– No associated acute comorbid illness
– No hepatic or renal insufficiency
– Early evidence of bone marrow recovery
Antimicrobial prophylaxis and outpatient management of fever
and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of
Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline.
Flowers CR, Seidenfeld J, Bow EJ, et al. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Outpatient Management of Fever and
Neutropenia in Adults Treated for Malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice
Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):794-810. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.8661
Febrile neutropenia: high-risk
• High-risk patients are those patients with any one of the
following:
– Anticipated, prolonged (>7-d duration), and profound
neutropenia (ANC < 100/µL) following cytotoxic chemotherapy
– Significant medical comorbidities, including hypotension,
pneumonia, new-onset abdominal pain, or neurologic changes
Management
Febrile neutropenia: patient disposition
• High-risk patients should be admitted to the hospital for empiric
therapy and close observation.
• Low-risk patients may be candidates for oral empiric therapy and
may qualify for outpatient management. However, these patients
require very close outpatient monitoring and assessment. They
should be seen in the office daily for at least 72 hours.
Management
• Remove any offending drugs or agents in cases involving drug
exposure: If the identity of the causative agent is not known, stop
administration of all drugs until the etiology is established
• Use careful oral hygiene to prevent infections of the mucosa and
teeth
• Avoid rectal temperature measurements and rectal examinations
• Administer stool softeners for constipation
• Use good skin care for wounds and abrasions: Skin infections
should be managed by someone with experience in the
treatment of infection in neutropenic patients
Dietary measures
• Neutropenic patients should follow the following dietary restrictions:
• Avoid raw and undercooked meat or well water
• Commercial fruit juices, beer, milk, and milk products should be
pasteurized
• Aged cheese and cheese-based dressings should not be used
• Avoid unwashed raw fruits and vegetables; these may contain large
numbers of bacteria. All food should be cooked. Fresh flowers should
be avoided as well
• Outdated products and all moldy products should not be consumed
• In patients with periodontitis and stomatitis, a soft or full liquid diet is
indicated. Spicy and acidic foods should be avoided until recovery is
complete.
Low-risk febrile neutropenia:
Outpatient management
Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia
• A companion ASCO/IDSA guideline contains recommendations
on outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in patients with
cancer.
• The guideline recommends using clinical judgment and the
Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)
scoring system or Talcott's rules to identify patients who may be
candidates for outpatient management.
• In patients with solid tumors who have undergone mild- to moderate-
intensity chemotherapy, who appear to be clinically stable, and who
are in close proximity to an appropriate medical facility that can
provide 24-hour access, the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile
Neutropenia (CISNE) may be used as an additional tool to determine
the risk of major complications.
Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia
• Low-risk patients
• Regimens include the following:
– Amoxicillin-clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg PO
q8h plus ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h
– Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily
– If penicillin allergic, substitute clindamycin 300 mg PO q6h for
amoxicillin-clavulanate
High-risk febrile neutropenia:
Inpatient management
Antibiotics
• Start specific antibiotic therapy to combat infections. This often
involves the use of fourth-generation cephalosporins or equivalents.
Fever may be treated as an infection, as follows :
• Cefepime, meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, or piperacillin-tazobactam can
be used empirically as a single agent
• Gentamicin or another aminoglycoside should be added if the neutropenic
patient’s condition is unstable or the individual appears septic
• Vancomycin should be added if infection with methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus or a Corynebacterium species is suspected
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• First-line monotherapy: This must include an agent with
antipseudomonal activity.
• Quinolones and aminoglycosides are not acceptable as monotherapy.
• The following antibiotics are appropriate as monotherapy:
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h
• No single agent has shown superiority in the empiric treatment of
febrile neutropenia.
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Second-line dual therapy:
• The use of dual therapy in high-risk patients is indicated for complicated cases
(hypotension or pneumonia) or suspected or proven antimicrobial resistance.
• Appropriate antibiotic regimens in this setting include the following:
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside
• Aminoglycoside options:
• Gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV q8h or 5 mg/kg q24h or
• Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day or
• Tobramycin 2 mg/kg q8h
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Indications for the empiric addition of vancomycin (15 mg/kg IV q12h)
to drug regimens listed above:
• Clinically suspected serious catheter-related infections (eg, bacteremia,
cellulitis)
• Known colonization with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococci
or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
• Blood culture positive for gram-positive bacteria
• Hypotension
• Severe mucositis, if prior fluoroquinolone prophylaxis provided
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Additions to initial empiric therapy that may be considered for
patients at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms:
• MRSA – Vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) – Linezolid or daptomycin
• Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing gram-negative bacteria
– A carbepenem (eg, meropenem)
• Carbapenemase-producing organisms (eg, Klebsiella
pneumoniae carbapenemase) – polymyxin-colistin or tigecycline
Anti-fungal therapy in febrile neutropenia
• Antifungal agents can be withheld in a specific subset of high-risk febrile
neutropenic patients.
• These patients include those who remain febrile after 4-7 days of broad-spectrum
antibiotics but are clinically stable and without clinical or radiographic signs of
fungal infection. In low-risk patients, the risk of fungal infection is low; therefore,
empiric antifungal agents should not be used routinely.
• Empiric antifungal therapy:
• Amphotericin B liposomal complex 3 mg/kg q24h or
• Voriconazole 6 mg/kg q12h X 2 doses, then 4 mg/kg q12 h or
• Posaconazole 200 mg PO q6h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q12h or
• Itraconazole 200 mg IV q12h for 2d, then 200 mg IV or PO q24h for 7d, then 400 mg PO
q24h thereafter or
• Caspofungin 70 mg IV for 1 dose, then 50 mg IV q24h or
• Micafungin 100-150 mg IV q24h or
• Anidulafungin 200 mg IV for 1 dose, then 100 mg IV q24h
• Patients already on antifungal prophylaxis should be switched to a different class if
fever persists.
• Continue therapy for 2 weeks if patient has stabilized and no infectious nidus is
identified.
Broad-spectrum bactericidal
Antibiotic
Aminoglycoside
Vancomycin
+/-
+/-
Cultures Antifungal agents
7 days
G-CSF (¿?)
Shortens neutropenia by 1 day
If unstable (hypotension, pneumonia…)
If MRSA o Corynebacterium a possibility
Mainly, aerobic
Profound, prolongued neutropenia
Protracted fever
Unstable agent
Lung lesions…
Prevention of neutropenia or
infection
CSF use
• Primary prophylaxis with a CSF, starting with the first chemotherapy cycle and
continuing through subsequent cycles, in patients who have an approximately 20%
or higher risk for febrile neutropenia
• Primary CSF prophylaxis in patients receiving dose-dense chemotherapy, when
considered appropriate; consideration should be given to alternative, equally
effective, and safe chemotherapy regimens not requiring CSF support when
available
• Secondary prophylaxis with a CSF for patients who experienced a neutropenic
complication from a prior cycle of chemotherapy (for which primary prophylaxis
was not received), in which a reduced dose or treatment delay may compromise
disease-free or overall survival or treatment outcome (in many clinical situations,
dose reduction or delay may be a reasonable alternative)
• CSFs should not be routinely used for patients with neutropenia who are afebrile.
• CSFs should not be routinely used as adjunctive treatment with antibiotic therapy
for patients with fever and neutropenia. However, CSFs should be considered in
patients with fever and neutropenia who are at high risk for infection-associated
complications or who have prognostic factors predictive of poor clinical outcomes.
Antibacterial / Antifungal prophylaxis
• A joint guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology
(ASCO) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA)
recommends antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis for patients
who are at high risk of infection, including patients who are expected
to have profound, protracted neutropenia, which is defined as less
than 100 neutrophils/µL for more than 7 days.
• The guideline states that the preferable agent for antibacterial
prophylaxis is an oral fluoroquinolone, while that for antifungal
prophylaxis is an oral triazole or parenteral echinocandin.
Integrando: manejo en
nuestro servicio
Neutropenia febril: Manejo inicial
Hemograma
Creatinina
Urocultivo / antibiograma
Hemocultivos aerobios
x2 en sangre periférica
Cultivo de catheter
Otros exámenes PRN
Rayos X de tórax, ionograma, magenesio,
y albúmina…
MLM: 2018
Page 20
Gérmenes resistentes en neutropenia febril – tips clínicos
▪ Factores de riesgo para resistencia de los bacilos gramnegativos
- Haber recibido un betalactamico en los tres meses precedentes,
- Haber tenido uno de estos gérmenes previamente,
- Hospitalización reciente,
- Presencia de sondas o instrumentación.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Pseudomona
- Haber estado intubado por más de 72 horas,
- Úlceras crónicas y
- Pneumopatías crónicamente infectadas.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Staphylococcus meticilinoresistentes
(MARSA)
- Tener catéter,
- Haber recibido antibiótico betalactamico en los últimos tres meses
- Tener historia previa de haber tenido este germen antes.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Neutropenia febril: Antibioticoterapia empírica
Iniciar antibiótico en forma
inmediata (en urgencias)
Cubrir bacilos gram positivos y
gram negativos (incluyendo
pseudomona)
Seleccionar los antimicrobianos
basados en perfil de riesgo
Incluir un beta-lactámico de
amplio espectro (ie,
Piperacilina/Tazobactam)
Considerar vancomicina en
situaciones especiales (Shock,
catheter)
Considerar carbapenem (Shock,
FR resistencia a gram
negativo)
MLM: 2018
Page 22
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ 1. Si el paciente tiene infección identificada y por germen conocido,
dar tratamiento de acuerdo al antibiograma (situación poco usual en
urgencias).
▪ 2. Paciente sin ningún factor de riesgo diferente a su enfermedad de
base: Piperacilina-tozobactam. Se puede dar también ceftriaxona ,
pero esto genera riesgo de aparición de BLEE.
▪ 3. Paciente que ya recibieron previamente piperazilina/tazobactam,
en condiciones hemodinámicas estables y sin historia de haber
tenido infecciones previas resistentes: Cefepime.
▪ 4. Pacientes con factores de riesgo para BLEE o antecedente de ser
portador de estas, dar imipenem o meropenem
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Page 23
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ 5. Paciente con criterios de enfermedad severa como inestabilidad
hemodinámica, compromiso multiorgánico o antecedente de germen
resistente: Iniciar Imipenem o Meropenem asociado a vancomicina.
▪ 6. Sospecha de Pseudomona multiresitiente o presencia de
carbapenemasas, se hará uso de colistina
▪ 7. En pacientes con alergia clara a la penicilina, se cambiara la
piperzilina tazobactam por cefepime.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Page 24
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ Si el paciente tiene catéter central, siempre se debe asociar vancomicina,
hasta obtener los cultivos o evolución que se decidirá su suspensión.
▪ Se debe realizar el ajuste de las dosis de los antibióticos de acuerdo a la
función renal, recordando que la dosis de impregnación es la normal.
▪ Durante la evolución de pacientes, debe hacerse los ajustes del
tratamiento de acuerdo a la evolución y a cuando se aclare la fuente de la
infección y el micro-organismo aislado.
▪ La duración del tratamiento depende del origen de la infección, el germen
causal, y las condiciones clínicas del paciente y su respuesta al
tratamiento.
▪ Para pacientes con fiebre de origen desconocido se debe mantener la
terapia por lo menos hasta que pase sin fiebre 48 horas y que tenga
recuperación del conteo de neutrófilos a más de 500
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Page 25
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ El tiempo de defervescencia del paciente neutropénico puede durar 3-5 días.
▪ Si no hay otra razón para modificar el antibiótico (aparición de foco
específico o deterioro clínico sustancial), se puede continuar con la elección
inicial.
▪ La terapia empírica con antimicóticos se iniciará después de 5 días del
paciente continuar con neuotropenia, sin respuesta al manejo y sin aclararse
la causa de su no respuesta.
▪ Cubrimiento para candidemia con fluconazol si no hay factor de riesgo para
resistencia como haberla recibido previamente o con caspofungina si ya la
ha recibido o el paciente está en riesgo de muerte, o para Aspergillus con
voriconazol si hay síntomas y sospecha de este
▪ En paciente de alto riesgo como leucemia mieloide aguda y trasplante
medula ósea, se vigilaran con la prueba de galactoman, y el TACAR de tórax.
▪ No se hace terapia empírica antiviral.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Neutropenia febril
Infección identificada Sin Factor de Riesgo Con factor de riesgo
InestableEstable
Imipenem +
Vancomicina
Cefepime*
Piperacilina/Tazobactam o
Ceftriaxona*
Rx apropiado
GNR: Gram Negativos resistentes / MRSA: Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina
* + Vancomicina si factor de riesgo para MRSA
Factores de riesgo
Para GNR: Hospitalización reciente; betalactámicos en los últimos 3 meses; historia de GNR
Para MRSA: Catéter; betalactámicos en los últimos 3 meses; historia de MRSA
Para Pseudomona: Intubación >72 horas; úlceras crónicas; pneumopatía crónicamente infectada
Neutropenia febril no candidata a manejo
ambulatorio: Selección antibiótico empírico
MLMTeachFiles©-2011
Page 27
Dosis de antibióticos
Carlos Betancur, 2017
Fiebre
Neutropenia
Antibioticoterapia
empírica
Hemocultivos
Back-up slides
Medscape 2020
ANC
• Neutropenia is defined in terms of the absolute neutrophil count
(ANC).
• The ANC is calculated by multiplying the total white blood cell (WBC)
count by the percentage of neutrophils (segmented neutrophils or
granulocytes) plus the band forms of neutrophils in the complete
blood count (CBC) differential.
Definition of neutropenia
• For practical purposes, a value lower than 1500 cells/µL is generally
used to define neutropenia.
• Mild neutropenia is present when the ANC is 1000-1500 cells/µL,
• Moderate neutropenia is present with an ANC of 500-1000/µL, and
• Severe neutropenia refers to an ANC lower than 500 cells/µL.
• “Agranulocytosis” refers to an ANC lower than 100 cells/µL.
Febrile neutropenia: definition
• Neutropenia in the setting of cytotoxic chemotherapy is defined as an
absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 500/µL, or less than
1000/µL with an anticipated decline to less than 500/µL in the next
48-hour period.
• Neutropenic fever is a single oral temperature of 38.3º C (101º F) or a
temperature of greater than 38.0º C (100.4º F) sustained for more
than 1 hour in a patient with neutropenia.
Neutropenia and infection
• Bacterial organisms most often cause fever and infection in neutropenic
patients.
• Fungal organisms are also significant pathogens in the setting of
neutropenia.
• Historically, gram-negative aerobic bacteria (eg, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been most
common in these patients.
• However, gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus species
and Streptococcus viridans, have emerged as the most common pathogens
in fever and sepsis because of the increasing use of indwelling right atrial
catheters.
• After neutropenic patients receive treatment with broad-spectrum
antibiotics for several days, superinfection with fungi is
common. Candida species are the most frequently encountered organisms
in this setting.
Febrile neutropenia: signs and symptoms
• Low-grade fever
• Sore mouth
• Odynophagia
• Gingival pain and swelling
• Skin abscesses
• Recurrent sinusitis and otitis
• Symptoms of pneumonia (eg, cough, dyspnea)
• Perirectal pain and irritation
Diagnosis
• Complete blood count: Including a manual differential in evaluating
cases of agranulocytosis
• Differential white blood cell count
• Peripheral smear review by a pathologist
Fever/Infection Workup
• If a patient with neutropenia presents with fever, perform an infection
workup, including blood cultures for anaerobic and aerobic organisms.
• Obtain two sets of blood culture samples, 10-15 minutes apart, from
peripheral veins; obtain samples from each port of a catheter if the patient
has central venous access.
• Other laboratory studies used for a complete fever workup include the
following:
• Urinalysis
• Urine culture and sensitivity
• Culture of wound or catheter discharge
• Sputum Gram stain and culture
• Stool for Clostridium difficile
• Skin biopsy, if new erythematous and tender skin lesions are present
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be started within 1 hour of cultures.
Febrile neutropenia: high-risk
• High-risk patients are those patients with any one of the following:
• Anticipated, prolonged (>7-d duration), and profound neutropenia (ANC <
100/µL) following cytotoxic chemotherapy
• Significant medical comorbidities, including hypotension, pneumonia, new-
onset abdominal pain, or neurologic changes
Febrile neutropenia: low-risk
• Low-risk patients are those with the following:
• Anticipated brief (< 7-d duration) period of neutropenia
• ANC greater than 100/µL and absolute monocyte count greater than 100/µL
• Normal findings on chest radiograph
• Outpatient status at the time of fever onset
• No associated acute comorbid illness
• No hepatic or renal insufficiency
• Early evidence of bone marrow recovery
Febrile neutropenia: patient disposition
• High-risk patients should be admitted to the hospital for empiric
therapy and close observation.
• Low-risk patients may be candidates for oral empiric therapy and may
qualify for outpatient management. However, these patients require
very close outpatient monitoring and assessment. They should be
seen in the office daily for at least 72 hours.
Management
• Remove any offending drugs or agents in cases involving drug
exposure: If the identity of the causative agent is not known, stop
administration of all drugs until the etiology is established
• Use careful oral hygiene to prevent infections of the mucosa and
teeth
• Avoid rectal temperature measurements and rectal examinations
• Administer stool softeners for constipation
• Use good skin care for wounds and abrasions: Skin infections should
be managed by someone with experience in the treatment of
infection in neutropenic patients
Dietary measures
• Neutropenic patients should follow the following dietary restrictions:
• Avoid raw and undercooked meat or well water
• Commercial fruit juices, beer, milk, and milk products should be
pasteurized
• Aged cheese and cheese-based dressings should not be used
• Avoid unwashed raw fruits and vegetables; these may contain large
numbers of bacteria. All food should be cooked. Fresh flowers should
be avoided as well
• Outdated products and all moldy products should not be consumed
• In patients with periodontitis and stomatitis, a soft or full liquid diet is
indicated. Spicy and acidic foods should be avoided until recovery is
complete.
Antibacterial / Antifungal prophylaxis
• A joint guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology
(ASCO) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA)
recommends antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis for patients
who are at high risk of infection, including patients who are expected
to have profound, protracted neutropenia, which is defined as less
than 100 neutrophils/µL for more than 7 days.
• The guideline states that the preferable agent for antibacterial
prophylaxis is an oral fluoroquinolone, while that for antifungal
prophylaxis is an oral triazole or parenteral echinocandin.
Antibiotics
• Start specific antibiotic therapy to combat infections. This often
involves the use of fourth-generation cephalosporins or equivalents.
Fever may be treated as an infection, as follows :
• Cefepime, meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, or piperacillin-tazobactam can
be used empirically as a single agent
• Gentamicin or another aminoglycoside should be added if the neutropenic
patient’s condition is unstable or the individual appears septic
• Vancomycin should be added if infection with methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus or a Corynebacterium species is suspected
Outpatient management of febrile
neutropenia
• A companion ASCO/IDSA guideline contains recommendations
on outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in patients with
cancer.
• The guideline recommends using clinical judgment and the
Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)
scoring system or Talcott's rules to identify patients who may be
candidates for outpatient management.
• In patients with solid tumors who have undergone mild- to moderate-
intensity chemotherapy, who appear to be clinically stable, and who
are in close proximity to an appropriate medical facility that can
provide 24-hour access, the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile
Neutropenia (CISNE) may be used as an additional tool to determine
the risk of major complications.
Outpatient management of febrile
neutropenia
• Low-risk patients
• Regimens include the following:
• Amoxicillin-clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg PO q8h plus ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO
q12h
• Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily
• If penicillin allergic, substitute clindamycin 300 mg PO q6h for amoxicillin-
clavulanate
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• First-line monotherapy: This must include an agent with
antipseudomonal activity.
• Quinolones and aminoglycosides are not acceptable as monotherapy.
• The following antibiotics are appropriate as monotherapy [7] :
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h
• No single agent has shown superiority in the empiric treatment of
febrile neutropenia.
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Second-line dual therapy:
• The use of dual therapy in high-risk patients is indicated for complicated cases
(hypotension or pneumonia) or suspected or proven antimicrobial resistance.
• Appropriate antibiotic regimens in this setting include the following:
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside
• Aminoglycoside options:
• Gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV q8h or 5 mg/kg q24h or
• Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day or
• Tobramycin 2 mg/kg q8h
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Indications for the empiric addition of vancomycin (15 mg/kg IV q12h)
to drug regimens listed above:
• Clinically suspected serious catheter-related infections (eg, bacteremia,
cellulitis)
• Known colonization with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococci
or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
• Blood culture positive for gram-positive bacteria
• Hypotension
• Severe mucositis, if prior fluoroquinolone prophylaxis provided
In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Additions to initial empiric therapy that may be considered for
patients at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms:
• MRSA – Vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) – Linezolid or daptomycin
• Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing gram-negative bacteria
– A carbepenem (eg, meropenem)
• Carbapenemase-producing organisms (eg, Klebsiella
pneumoniae carbapenemase) – polymyxin-colistin or tigecycline
Anti-fungal therapy in febrile neutropenia
• Antifungal agents can be withheld in a specific subset of high-risk febrile
neutropenic patients.
• These patients include those who remain febrile after 4-7 days of broad-spectrum
antibiotics but are clinically stable and without clinical or radiographic signs of
fungal infection. In low-risk patients, the risk of fungal infection is low; therefore,
empiric antifungal agents should not be used routinely.
• Empiric antifungal therapy:
• Amphotericin B liposomal complex 3 mg/kg q24h or
• Voriconazole 6 mg/kg q12h X 2 doses, then 4 mg/kg q12 h or
• Posaconazole 200 mg PO q6h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q12h or
• Itraconazole 200 mg IV q12h for 2d, then 200 mg IV or PO q24h for 7d, then 400 mg PO
q24h thereafter or
• Caspofungin 70 mg IV for 1 dose, then 50 mg IV q24h or
• Micafungin 100-150 mg IV q24h or
• Anidulafungin 200 mg IV for 1 dose, then 100 mg IV q24h
• Patients already on antifungal prophylaxis should be switched to a different class if
fever persists.
• Continue therapy for 2 weeks if patient has stabilized and no infectious nidus is
identified.
CSF use
• Primary prophylaxis with a CSF, starting with the first chemotherapy cycle and
continuing through subsequent cycles, in patients who have an approximately 20%
or higher risk for febrile neutropenia
• Primary CSF prophylaxis in patients receiving dose-dense chemotherapy, when
considered appropriate; consideration should be given to alternative, equally
effective, and safe chemotherapy regimens not requiring CSF support when
available
• Secondary prophylaxis with a CSF for patients who experienced a neutropenic
complication from a prior cycle of chemotherapy (for which primary prophylaxis
was not received), in which a reduced dose or treatment delay may compromise
disease-free or overall survival or treatment outcome (in many clinical situations,
dose reduction or delay may be a reasonable alternative)
• CSFs should not be routinely used for patients with neutropenia who are afebrile.
• CSFs should not be routinely used as adjunctive treatment with antibiotic therapy
for patients with fever and neutropenia. However, CSFs should be considered in
patients with fever and neutropenia who are at high risk for infection-associated
complications or who have prognostic factors predictive of poor clinical outcomes.

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CES202006-Emergencias oncológicas

  • 1. Emergencias Oncológicas Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2018 Versión 2020-01
  • 2. La clase virtual va a estar disponible hasta 26.07.2019 en https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vs7BtsW9YY&t=1131s
  • 3. Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 4. Page  4 Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad  Ca broncogénico  Ca mama  Ca próstata  Mieloma múltiple  Ca cabeza y cuello  Ca renal  Linfomas Tumores  Astenia / Fatiga  Letargo / Confusión  Anorexia  Constipación  Polidipsia / Poliuria  Náusea / Vómito  Debilidad muscular  Arritmias Clínica Ca corregido(mg/dL) = Ca medido(mg/dL) + 0.8 (4 - Albúmina(gr/dL) ) Ca (mMol/L) = Ca sangre (mg/dL) * 0.25 Calcio sérico Generalidades Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 5. Hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer Tipos de hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer Tipo Frecuencia Metástasis óseas Agente causal Tipo de tumor Hipercalcemia humoral asociada a malignidad 80% Rara PTHrP Escamocelulares, renales, ovario, endometrio, mama Osteolítica 20% Universal Citokinas Mama, mieloma, linfoma Vitamina D <1% Rara Vitamina D Linfoma Hiperparatiroidismo ectópico <1% Variable PTH Variable Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
  • 6. Page  6 Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad Anorexia, náuseas, pérdida de peso, debilidad, constipación y alteraciones en el estado mental Calcificación metastásica (en órganos) Coma Arritmias Severidad (calcio sérico) Náuseas y vómito severos, deshidratación, disfunción renal, estado confusional severo con pérdida de la conciencia . Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
  • 7.
  • 8. Short QT interval J-wave EKG of hypercalcemia
  • 9. Hypercalcemia Ionized-calcium Serum PTH levels Hypercalcemia confirmed Low PTH Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
  • 10. To treat or not to treat “Most patients who experience hypercalcemia of malignancy are in the last few weeks of their lives, as shown by a median survival of 35 days and a 2- year mortality of 72% in those with aerodigestive squamous cancer, and it is also predictive of early death in patients presenting with multiple myeloma” Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
  • 11. IV Fluids Bisphosphonates Steroids (in myeloma/lymphoma) Consider off-label denosumab Calcitonine
  • 12. Bisfosfonatos Risedronate Actonel Aledronate Fosamax Pamidronate Aredia, Aminomux Zoledronate Zometa Clodronate Bonefos, Loron, Ostac EtidronateIbandronate Boniva, Bondronat Potencia preclínica de bisfosfonatos selectos Nombre genérico Marca original Potencia relativa Etidronato Didronel 1 Clodronato Bonefos 10 Pamidronato Aredia 100 Ibandronato Bondronat 10000 Zoledronato Zometa 10000
  • 13. Bisfosfonatos  Mecanismo de acción - No aminados: - Análogos del pirofosfato - Se depositan en el hueso - Captados por el osteoclasto (reabsorción ósea) - Mimetizan el pirofosfato del ATP – interfiriendo - Aminados - Inhiben la vía del mevalonato - Interfieren con la prenilación de proteinas - Bloquean la transducción de señales Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 14. (1) Major P, et al. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 558-567 R Hipercalcemia (>3 mMol/L) Pamidronato 90 mg IV (4h) Ácido zoledrónico Variable Pamidronato Zoledronato Normocalcemia @10d 70% 87% p=0.02 Duración de normocalcemia (mediana) 18 días >30 días n=287 Pamidronato vs Zoledronato en hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad(1) 4 mg y 8 mg: similar eficacia. 8 mg: mayor nefrotoxicidad Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 15. Major P, et al. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:558-567 Stewart AF. N Engl J Med 2005;352:373-9 Medir calcio, albúmina, fósforo y creatinina Establecer severidad > 12 mg/dL (3 mMol/L)< 12 mg/dL + síntomas SSN @ 200-500 mL/hora Corregir fosfato (si <3 mg/dL) Ácido zoledrónico 4 mg IV – 15 min Prednisolona: puede ser eficaz en linfoma y mieloma Tratar la enfermedad de base Hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011 Considerar Calcitonin 4-8 U/kg SQ Q6-12h, x48 h
  • 16. Referencia recomendada Page  16 Hypercalcemia of Malignancy: An Update on Pathogenesis and Management Mirrhakimov AE. N AM J Med Sci, 2015
  • 17. Compresión epidural metastásica Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 18. Acute Spinal Cord Compression “Diseases that cause acute spinal cord compression constitute a special category because they originate in the spinal column and narrow the spinal canal.” 1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
  • 19. Acute Spinal Cord Compression 1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539. “Trauma, tumor, epidural abscess, and epidural hematoma”
  • 20. Acute Spinal Cord Compression 1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539. Complete transverse myelopathy (lesion affecting both sides and anterior and posterior spinal cord at one or more segments) Bilateral paralysis below lowest affected segment of spinal cord, Loss or reduction of all sensation below affected level of spinal cord (sensory level), Sphincter dysfunction with urinary or bowel urgency, retention, or incontinence, Segmental loss of reflexes at affected level, Hyperreflexia and Babinski signs Spinal shock (acute destruction of spinal cord at one or more cervical or upper thoracic segments) Paralysis of limbs below the affected segment of the spinal cord, Hypotonia and areflexia of limbs below the level of the lesion, No Babinski signs, Loss of sphincter function, Reduced autonomic function below affected level, Systemic hypotension Central cord syndrome (predominant gray-matter damage, typically involving cervical spine, from trauma) Weakness and reflex loss in arms; less severe weakness or no weakness in legs, Reduced pain and thermal sense in arms, typically with hyperesthesia, sparing sensation of vibration and proprioception in arms and legs, Variable hyperreflexia in legs Hemicord (Brown–Séquard) syndrome Paralysis, hyperreflexia, and reduced sensation of vibration on one side of body, Babinski sign on paralyzed side, Loss of pain and thermal sense on opposite side, Conus medullaris syndrome (cord compression at the level of L1–L2 vertebral bodies) Weakness of feet and legs, Variable reflexes in legs, Early loss of sphincter function, Loss of sensation at sacral and lower lumbar (perineal) dermatomes; sensory level at or below waist, Variable Babinski signs Cauda equina syndrome (compression between L2 and S1 vertebral bodies) Sciatic or other radicular pain, Areflexic weakness of feet and legs, depending on level of compression, Sphincter dysfunction, Reduced sensation from saddle region and legs up to groin
  • 21. Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression 1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539. “Spinal metastases are common in cancer, but they cause spinal cord compression only when they extend from the bone into the epidural Space. Aching back pain and tenderness on percussion over the affected site are typical and may precede neurologic features by several weeks. Pain may be worse when the patient is supine and causes awakening from sleep. The spinal cord syndrome evolves over a period of hours or days and includes hyperreflexia and Babinski signs but is infrequently characterized by sphincter dysfunction alone. With bony destruction and pathologic vertebral compression fracture, the spinal column becomes unstable, leading to more severe back pain.”
  • 22. Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 23. Page  23 Compresión epidural  Ocurre en 5-10% de los cánceres metastásicos  Presentación inicial de hasta 10% de los cánceres metastásicos  Consecuencias devastadoras si no es tratada a tiempo  Cuadri/para-plejía  “total care” Epidemiología  Cuerpo vertebral que comprime saco dural  Metástasis epidurales  Tumor paraespinal que invade por los forámenes vertebrales Mecanismos  60% - Torácico  25% - Lumbar  15% - Central Ubicación Generalidades Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2017  Ca pulmón  Ca mama  Ca próstata  Mieloma  Linfoma  Melanoma Etiología  Dolor de espalda  Transtornos esfínteres  Debilidad miembros con nivel  Hipoestesia con nivel Clínica
  • 24. Compresión de la médula espinal Presentación Clínica Dolor en la espalda – 95% Debilidad en miembros inferiores – 75% Nivel sensorial CLARO - > 50% Disfunción autonómica - > 50% Constipación - Obstipación Transtornos en la micción Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 25. Pérdida de las todas las modalidades sensoriales hasta el nivel de la lesión Fuerza y reflejos osteotendíneos disminuidos hasta el nivel de la lesión Miembros flácidos Vejiga dilatada – retención urinaria, Esfínter anal disfuncional - constipación Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 26. Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 27. T4 T12 T10 Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 28. Cervical Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2017 Es importante realizar la percusión espinal al examen clínico cuando se sospecha compresión epidural.
  • 29. Resonancia Nuclear Magnética - Sensibilidad: 100% - Con contraste (preferible), pero también es altamente eficaz sin contraste. - Se debe evaluar TODA la columna (Cervical, Dorsal, Lumbar y Sacra) - Coexistencia de múltiples sitios de compresión epidural en 30% de las compresiones epidurales Compresión epidural aguda neoplásica - Diagnóstico
  • 30. Diagnóstico diferencial  Benignos – Espasmos. Enfermedad discal. Artrosis. Osteoporosis / Fracturas. Hematomas.  Absceso epidural (drogas recreacionales intravenosas)  Hematoma epidural (anticoagulantes, antiplaquetarios)  Metástasis en cuerpo vertebral.  Metástasis leptomeníngeas.  Mielopatía por radiación.
  • 31. Tratamiento.  Metas: - Control del dolor. - Preservar / mejorar función neurológica.  Medidas generales: - Analgesia. - Reposo. - Tromboprofilaxis. - Prevención de constipación.
  • 32. Esteroides en compresión medular metastásica  Parecen eficaces (junto con RT)  Dosis demasiado altas, demasiado tóxicas  Dosis demasiado bajas, menos eficaces  En pacientes Ambulatorios, RT suficiente  Recomendación (Soft)  Dexametasona 10 mg IV x1, seguida por 4 mg cada 6 horas con tapering en varias semanas.White BD et al. NICE Guidance. BMJ 2008; 337:a2538 Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539. Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2017
  • 33. Acute Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression - Definitive - Mechanical stability of the spine Tumor radiosensitivity
  • 34. Radiosensible Radiosensibilida d variable Radioresistente Linfoma. Próstata Melanoma. Mieloma. Mama RCC. SCLC. Ovario NSCLC. Seminoma Sarcomas. Gastrointestinal Tiroides Radioterapia  Indicaciones: - No candidato a cirugía. - Después de cirugía.  Objetivo: - Control del dolor. - Control local del tumor.  Dosis: Variable. - Generalmente pocas sesiones, altas dosis. - 8 Gy (dosis única). - 30-40 Gy (10 sesiones). Short-course versus split-course radiotherapy in metastatic spinal cord compression: results of a phase III, randomized, multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(15):3358.
  • 35. Estado a la presentación % ambulatorio después de radioterapia IC 95% Ambulatorio 92% 89% - 95% Ambulatoria con asistencia 65% 56% - 74% Paraparético 43% 38% - 48% Parapléjico 14% 10% - 17%
  • 36. Cirugía en compresión medular metastásica Indicaciones - Inestabilidad vertebral - Descompresión central (corpectomía) con fijación. - Área preirradiada - Expectativa de vida >3 meses - No diagnóstico Limitaciones - Menos eficaz si paraplejía o cuadriplejía >48 horas - No recomendada si expectativa de vida <3 meses - Mortalidad 0-13% - Elevadas tasas de complicación Loblaw A. J Clin Oncol 23:2028-2037 White BD et al. NICE Guidance. BMJ 2008; 337:a2538 Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 37. Radioterapia corporal estereotáxica (SBRT)  Cyberknife y otros.  Tumores pequeños.  Ventajas: - Menos daño a tejido adyacente. - Efectiva en tumores radio resistentes.  Dosis: Dosis única alta. - 26 – 24 Gy. Local disease control after decompressive surgery and adjuvant high-dose single-fraction radiosurgery for spine metastases. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(1):87
  • 38. Acute Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression - Definitive - Mechanical instability of the spine or non-radiosensitive histology and life expectancy greater than 3 months No mechanical instability of the spine and high radiosensitivity histology or short life expectancy Surgery (corpectomy + stabilization), followed by radiation therapy Radiotherapy
  • 39. Pronóstico  La supervivencia mediana de pacientes con múltiples metástasis óseas y compresión epidural neoplásica es menor a 6 meses.  La supervivencia (y calidad de vida) aumenta si se logra preservar la locomoción autónoma. Page  39
  • 40. Referencia recomendada Page  40 Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
  • 41. Sindrome de lisis tumoral Page  41 Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 42. Sindrome de lisis tumoral HiperKalemia Eflujo de potasio Hiperfosfatemia Catabolismo de purinas Arritmias Imbalance calcio / fósforo Depleción de volumen Liberación ácido nucleico Hiperuricemia Precipitación de cristales de urato Insuficiencia renal aguda Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 43. Sindrome de lisis tumoral Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778 Definición de laboartorio de SLT – Cairo-Bishop Variable Valor Δ del basal Ácido úrico > 8 mg/dL ↑ 25% Potasio > 6 mg/L ↑ 25% Fósforo > 1.45 mMol/L ↑ 25% Calcio < 1.75 mMol/L ↓ 25% NOTA: 2 o más cambios de laboratorio que dentro de 3 días antes o 7 días después de quimioterapia citotóxica Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 44. Sindrome de lisis tumoral Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778 Cánceres asociados a SLT en adultos Linfoma no Hodgkin 28% Leucemia mieloide aguda 27% Leucemia linfoide aguda 19% Leucemia linfoide crónica 10% Mieloma múltiple 3.9% Enfermedad de Hodgkin 1.6% Tumores sólidos 1% Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 45. Sindrome de lisis tumoral Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778 Factores de riesgo para SLT Tipo de tumor Linfoma de Burkitt Linfoma linfoblástico Linfoma difuso de células grandes Leucemia linfoide aguda Tumores sólidos (alta proliferación y respuesta rápida a tratamiento) Masa tumoral Enfermedad voluminosa (>10 cm) Incremento LDH (> 2 x LSN) Leucocitos > 25000/uL Función renal Falla renal pre-existente Oliguria Ácido úrico basal >7.5 mg/dL Terapia eficaz citorreductiva Variable Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 46. Sindrome de lisis tumoral Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778 Estratificación de riesgo de SLT Tipo de tumor Alto riesgo Riesgo Intermedio Bajo Riesgo Linfoma No Hodgkin Burkitt, linfoblástico, Leucemia linfoide aguda Linfoma difuso de células grandes Linfoma indolente Leucemia linfoide aguda >100k/mm3 50-100k/mm3 <50k/mm3 Leucemia linfoide aguda >50k/mm3 Monoblástica 10-50k/mm3 <10k/mm3 Leucemia linfoide crónica 10-100k/mm3 Fludarabina Demás Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 47. Definición y gradación clínica del SLT – Criterios de Cairo-Bishop Grado Complicación 1 2 3 4 5 Creatinina <1.5 x LSN 1.5-3 x LSN 3-6 x LSN >6 x LSN Muerte Arritmias No requiere tratamiento Tratamiento no urgente Sintomática o requiere de dispositivo Con peligro para la vida Muerte Convulsiones Ninguna Una generalizada, controlada con anticonvulsiva nte; hasta varias focales, infrecuentes, que no afecten las actividades diarias Convulsiones con alteración de la consciencia. Convulsiones pobremente controladas. Convulsiones con pobre respuesta al tratamiento Status epilepticus, convulsiones de difícil control - prolongadas Muerte LSN: Límite superior de lo normal Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778 Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 48. Catabolismo de purinas Hipoxantina Xantina Ácido úrico Alantoína Xantina oxidasa Xantina oxidasa Urato oxidasa / Rasburicase Alopurinol Alopurinol Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 49. Prevención • Si tiene riesgo intermedio o alto. • Hidratación: - 2 – 3 Lt/m2/día - Vigilar gasto urinario (>2 ml/kg/h) • Alcalinización de la orina: - Previene deposición de cristales de urato. - Precipita deposicón de cristales de fosfato de calcio. - HCO3: Sólo si hay acidosis metabólica. Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol 2008
  • 50. Prevención • Alopurinol: - No degrada el ácido úrico ya formado. - 100 mg/m2 tid (max 800 mg/d). - Iniciar 24 – 48 h antes de la QT y 7 días depsués. • Rasburicasa: - Degrada el AU ya formado a un compuesto más soluble. - Ideal en pacientes con hiperuricemia de base. - 0.2 mg/kg qd por 2 – 7 días. Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol 2008
  • 51. S. Lisis tumoral Hidratación Alcalinización orina Alopurinol/Rasburic ase Cr / Ca / P / K, etc HemodiálisisAntiarrítmicos Anticonvulsivantes Coiffier B. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2767-2778 Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 52. Tratamiento • UCI / monitoreo cardíaco. • Líquidos. • Trastornos hidroelectrolíticos: - Hiperkalemia - Hipocalcemia sintomática. • Rasburicasa (si no la recibía). • Diálisis: oliguria / anuria Hiper K persisntente. Hipo Ca sintomática por hiperfosfatemia The tumor lysis syndrome. Howard SC et al. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001. May;364(19):1844-54
  • 53. Sindrome de vena cava superior Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 54. Page  54 Sindrome de vena cava superior  Neoplásica (90%)  Ca pulmón – 85%  Linfoma – 8%  Células germinales  Carcinoma de mama  No neoplásico (10%)  T. Benignos / bocio  Trombosis  Aneurisma de aorta  Mediastinitis fibrosante Causas  Insidiosa  Disnea  Sensación de peso en cabeza y cuello  Edema de cara, cuello y miembros superiores  Distensión venosa de cuello  Circulación colateral  Plétora / cianosis Clínica  Rayos X de tórax  Normal  Ensanchamiento mediastinal  Derrame pleural  TAC de tórax  Colapso de vena cava superior  Edema de tejidos blandos  Circulación colateral  Masa Imágenes Emergencia oncológica Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 55. Sindrome de Vena Cava Superior Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 56. Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2004
  • 57. Sindrome de vena cava superior – Clasificación de Yu Grado % 0 – Asintomático 10 Dx radiológico. 1 – Leve 25 Edema / cianosis 2 – Moderado 50 Disfaga / tos / alteración movimiento cabeza u ojos / alteración visual. 3 – Severo 10 Edema cerebral (Cefalea / mareo) Edema laríngeo leve / moderado. Disminución reserva cardíaca (síncope con movimiento) 4 – Amenaza vida 5 Edema cerebral severo (confusión) Edema laríngeo severo (estridor). Compromiso hemodinámico (síncope, hipotensión) 5 - Fatal <1 Muerte.
  • 58. Page  58 Sindrome de vena cava superior  Diuréticos  Cabeza elevada  Oxígeno Paliativo  Tratamiento de la neoplasia  NSCLC: Radioterapia  SCLC: Quimioterapia  Linfoma: Quimioterapia  No neoplásico  Trombosis: anticoagulación / fibrinolisis +/- retirar el catéteter Específico  Obstrucción traqueal Peligro inminente Manejo Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 59. Stent vena cava superior.  Restaura flujo venoso.  Percutáneo por yugular, subclavia o femoral.  Indicaciones: - Severo. - Paliación.  Antiplaquetarios.
  • 60.
  • 61. Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011 RT  Plétora, edema facial y de cuello  Ingurgitación venosa, circulación colateral  Ensanchamiento mediastinal  Colapso vena cava superior, masa - NSCLC Sindrome de vena cava superior
  • 63. Objetivos • Identificar con confiabilidad la neutropenia febril en el contexto de tratamiento con quimioterapia citotóxica. • Conocer los factores de riesgo, enfoque diagnóstico de urgencias, y manejo empírico inicial de la neutropenia febril.
  • 66. Page 5 Emergencias oncológicas ▪ S. Vena cava superior ▪ Compresión epidural ▪ Taponamiento cardíaco ▪ Obstrucción de víscera ▪ Aérea ▪ S. Pilórico ▪ Intestinal ▪ Biliar ▪ Urinaria ▪ Hipertensión endocraneana Mecánicas ▪ Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad ▪ Sindrome de secreción inapropiada de hormona antidiurética ▪ Acidosis láctica ▪ Hipoglicemia ▪ Insuficiencia adrenal Metabólicas ▪ Neutropenia febril ▪ Sindrome de lisis tumoral ▪ Reacciones infusionales ▪ S. Hemolítico-urémico ▪ Colitis neutropénica ▪ Cistitis hemorrágica Asociadas al tratamiento Reto diagnóstico y terapéutico Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 67. Temario Hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer Neutropenia febril Compresión medular S. Lisis tumoral S. Vena cava superior Creado por: Mauricio Lema Medina - LemaTeachFiles© - 2011
  • 70. Definition of neutropenia • For practical purposes, a value lower than 1500 cells/µL is generally used to define neutropenia. • Mild neutropenia is present when the ANC is 1000-1500 cells/µL, • Moderate neutropenia is present with an ANC of 500-1000/µL, and • Severe neutropenia refers to an ANC lower than 500 cells/µL. • “Agranulocytosis” refers to an ANC lower than 100 cells/µL.
  • 71. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Horas 37 38 39 40 38.5 Temperatura(gradosCelsius) No fiebre
  • 72. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 37 38 39 40 38.5 Horas Temperatura(gradosCelsius) No fiebre
  • 73. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 37 38 39 40 38.5 Horas Temperatura(gradosCelsius) Fiebre
  • 74. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 37 38 39 40 38.5 Horas Temperatura(gradosCelsius) Fiebre
  • 75. Quimioterapia Citotóxica Quimioterapia Citotóxica Días 1 7 15 22 Recuentodegranulocitos(ANC)1000/mm3 0.5 1.0 1.5
  • 76. Quimioterapia Citotóxica Quimioterapia Citotóxica Días 1 7 15 22 Recuentodegranulocitos(ANC)1000/mm3 0.5 1.0 1.5 Nadir
  • 77. Quimioterapia Citotóxica Quimioterapia Citotóxica Días 1 7 15 22 Recuentodegranulocitos(ANC)1000/mm3 0.5 1.0 1.5 WBC: 3000/mm3 ANC: 1150/mm3 Linfocitos: 1000/mm3 Monocitos: 50/mm3 WBC: 1920/mm3 ANC: 750/mm3 Linfocitos: 800/mm3 Monocitos: 380/mm3
  • 78. Fiebre >38℃ x>1h o pico >38.3℃ ANC ≤ 500 (o llegando) Quimioterapia citotóxica Falla medular Neutropenia febril Leucemias agudas Anemias aplicas Leucopenia autoinmune Mielodisplasia… Leucemias agudas Anemias aplicas Leucopenia autoinmune Mielodisplasia…
  • 79. Neutropenia Febril: Definición Fiebre mayor de 38.3 grados centígrados durante 1 hora o más o fiebre mayor de 38. grados centígrados en 1 ocasión. Recuento absoluto de granulocitos menor de 500/mm3 o recuento de leucocitos < 1000/mm3 cuando se espera que el recuento de granulocitos es menor de 500/mm3.
  • 81. Neutropenia ▪Frecuente entre el día 7 y 14 después de la administración de quimioterapia citotóxica ▪20-30% requiere de hospitalización por neutropenia febril ▪Mortalidad en paciente neutropénico hospitalizado: 10%
  • 82. Neutropenia febril: Factores de riesgo Edad avanzada Quimioterapia de altísima toxicidad: leucemias agudas Neutropenia febril previa No uso de G-CSF Mucositis Pobre estado funcional Desnutrición EPOC Enfermedad cardiovascular, renal o hepática MLM: 2018
  • 84. Febrile neutropenia: signs and symptoms • Low-grade fever • Sore mouth • Odynophagia • Gingival pain and swelling • Skin abscesses • Recurrent sinusitis and otitis • Symptoms of pneumonia (eg, cough, dyspnea) • Perirectal pain and irritation
  • 85. Diagnosis • Complete blood count: Including a manual differential in evaluating cases of agranulocytosis • Differential white blood cell count • Peripheral smear review by a pathologist
  • 86. Neutropenia febril: Historia clínica inicial Diagnóstico oncológico, estadío Quimioterapia administrada, número de ciclos Fecha de inicio del último ciclo Establecer factores de riesgo Estado hemodinámico Hidratación Buscar focos obvios de infección: pneumonía, meningitis, infección urinaria, infección por catheter Establecer si hay candidiasis, soplos cardíacos, derrame pleural, fondo de ojo, inspección perianal Evitar el tacto rectal MLM: 2018
  • 87. Fever/Infection Workup • If a patient with neutropenia presents with fever, perform an infection workup, including blood cultures for anaerobic and aerobic organisms. • Obtain two sets of blood culture samples, 10-15 minutes apart, from peripheral veins; obtain samples from each port of a catheter if the patient has central venous access. • Other laboratory studies used for a complete fever workup include the following: – Urinalysis – Urine culture and sensitivity – Culture of wound or catheter discharge – Sputum Gram stain and culture – Stool for Clostridium difficile – Skin biopsy, if new erythematous and tender skin lesions are present • Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be started within 1 hour of cultures.
  • 88. Infectious agents frequently involved in febrile neutropenia
  • 89. Neutropenia and infection • Bacterial organisms most often cause fever and infection in neutropenic patients. • Fungal organisms are also significant pathogens in the setting of neutropenia. • Historically, gram-negative aerobic bacteria (eg, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been most common in these patients. • However, gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus viridans, have emerged as the most common pathogens in fever and sepsis because of the increasing use of indwelling right atrial catheters. • After neutropenic patients receive treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics for several days, superinfection with fungi is common. Candida species are the most frequently encountered organisms in this setting.
  • 90. Page 17 Etiologìa infecciosa neutropenia febril - Clínica SOMA Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 91. Page 20 Gérmenes resistentes en neutropenia febril – tips clínicos ▪ Factores de riesgo para resistencia de los bacilos gramnegativos - Haber recibido un betalactamico en los tres meses precedentes, - Haber tenido uno de estos gérmenes previamente, - Hospitalización reciente, - Presencia de sondas o instrumentación. ▪ Factores de riesgo para Pseudomona - Haber estado intubado por más de 72 horas, - Úlceras crónicas y - Pneumopatías crónicamente infectadas. ▪ Factores de riesgo para Staphylococcus meticilinoresistentes (MARSA) - Tener catéter, - Haber recibido antibiótico betalactamico en los últimos tres meses - Tener historia previa de haber tenido este germen antes. Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 93. Febrile neutropenia: low-risk • Low-risk patients are those with the following: – Anticipated brief (< 7-d duration) period of neutropenia – ANC greater than 100/µL and absolute monocyte count greater than 100/µL – Normal findings on chest radiograph – Outpatient status at the time of fever onset – No associated acute comorbid illness – No hepatic or renal insufficiency – Early evidence of bone marrow recovery
  • 94. Antimicrobial prophylaxis and outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. Flowers CR, Seidenfeld J, Bow EJ, et al. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Outpatient Management of Fever and Neutropenia in Adults Treated for Malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):794-810. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.8661
  • 95. Febrile neutropenia: high-risk • High-risk patients are those patients with any one of the following: – Anticipated, prolonged (>7-d duration), and profound neutropenia (ANC < 100/µL) following cytotoxic chemotherapy – Significant medical comorbidities, including hypotension, pneumonia, new-onset abdominal pain, or neurologic changes
  • 97. Febrile neutropenia: patient disposition • High-risk patients should be admitted to the hospital for empiric therapy and close observation. • Low-risk patients may be candidates for oral empiric therapy and may qualify for outpatient management. However, these patients require very close outpatient monitoring and assessment. They should be seen in the office daily for at least 72 hours.
  • 98. Management • Remove any offending drugs or agents in cases involving drug exposure: If the identity of the causative agent is not known, stop administration of all drugs until the etiology is established • Use careful oral hygiene to prevent infections of the mucosa and teeth • Avoid rectal temperature measurements and rectal examinations • Administer stool softeners for constipation • Use good skin care for wounds and abrasions: Skin infections should be managed by someone with experience in the treatment of infection in neutropenic patients
  • 99. Dietary measures • Neutropenic patients should follow the following dietary restrictions: • Avoid raw and undercooked meat or well water • Commercial fruit juices, beer, milk, and milk products should be pasteurized • Aged cheese and cheese-based dressings should not be used • Avoid unwashed raw fruits and vegetables; these may contain large numbers of bacteria. All food should be cooked. Fresh flowers should be avoided as well • Outdated products and all moldy products should not be consumed • In patients with periodontitis and stomatitis, a soft or full liquid diet is indicated. Spicy and acidic foods should be avoided until recovery is complete.
  • 101. Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia • A companion ASCO/IDSA guideline contains recommendations on outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in patients with cancer. • The guideline recommends using clinical judgment and the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) scoring system or Talcott's rules to identify patients who may be candidates for outpatient management. • In patients with solid tumors who have undergone mild- to moderate- intensity chemotherapy, who appear to be clinically stable, and who are in close proximity to an appropriate medical facility that can provide 24-hour access, the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile Neutropenia (CISNE) may be used as an additional tool to determine the risk of major complications.
  • 102. Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia • Low-risk patients • Regimens include the following: – Amoxicillin-clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg PO q8h plus ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h – Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily – If penicillin allergic, substitute clindamycin 300 mg PO q6h for amoxicillin-clavulanate
  • 104.
  • 105. Antibiotics • Start specific antibiotic therapy to combat infections. This often involves the use of fourth-generation cephalosporins or equivalents. Fever may be treated as an infection, as follows : • Cefepime, meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, or piperacillin-tazobactam can be used empirically as a single agent • Gentamicin or another aminoglycoside should be added if the neutropenic patient’s condition is unstable or the individual appears septic • Vancomycin should be added if infection with methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus or a Corynebacterium species is suspected
  • 106. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • First-line monotherapy: This must include an agent with antipseudomonal activity. • Quinolones and aminoglycosides are not acceptable as monotherapy. • The following antibiotics are appropriate as monotherapy: • Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h or • Cefepime 2 g IV q8h or • Meropenem 1 g IV q8h or • Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h • No single agent has shown superiority in the empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia.
  • 107. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • Second-line dual therapy: • The use of dual therapy in high-risk patients is indicated for complicated cases (hypotension or pneumonia) or suspected or proven antimicrobial resistance. • Appropriate antibiotic regimens in this setting include the following: • Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside or • Cefepime 2 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or • Meropenem 1 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or • Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside • Aminoglycoside options: • Gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV q8h or 5 mg/kg q24h or • Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day or • Tobramycin 2 mg/kg q8h
  • 108. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • Indications for the empiric addition of vancomycin (15 mg/kg IV q12h) to drug regimens listed above: • Clinically suspected serious catheter-related infections (eg, bacteremia, cellulitis) • Known colonization with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococci or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) • Blood culture positive for gram-positive bacteria • Hypotension • Severe mucositis, if prior fluoroquinolone prophylaxis provided
  • 109. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • Additions to initial empiric therapy that may be considered for patients at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms: • MRSA – Vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin • Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) – Linezolid or daptomycin • Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing gram-negative bacteria – A carbepenem (eg, meropenem) • Carbapenemase-producing organisms (eg, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) – polymyxin-colistin or tigecycline
  • 110. Anti-fungal therapy in febrile neutropenia • Antifungal agents can be withheld in a specific subset of high-risk febrile neutropenic patients. • These patients include those who remain febrile after 4-7 days of broad-spectrum antibiotics but are clinically stable and without clinical or radiographic signs of fungal infection. In low-risk patients, the risk of fungal infection is low; therefore, empiric antifungal agents should not be used routinely. • Empiric antifungal therapy: • Amphotericin B liposomal complex 3 mg/kg q24h or • Voriconazole 6 mg/kg q12h X 2 doses, then 4 mg/kg q12 h or • Posaconazole 200 mg PO q6h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q12h or • Itraconazole 200 mg IV q12h for 2d, then 200 mg IV or PO q24h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q24h thereafter or • Caspofungin 70 mg IV for 1 dose, then 50 mg IV q24h or • Micafungin 100-150 mg IV q24h or • Anidulafungin 200 mg IV for 1 dose, then 100 mg IV q24h • Patients already on antifungal prophylaxis should be switched to a different class if fever persists. • Continue therapy for 2 weeks if patient has stabilized and no infectious nidus is identified.
  • 111. Broad-spectrum bactericidal Antibiotic Aminoglycoside Vancomycin +/- +/- Cultures Antifungal agents 7 days G-CSF (¿?) Shortens neutropenia by 1 day If unstable (hypotension, pneumonia…) If MRSA o Corynebacterium a possibility Mainly, aerobic Profound, prolongued neutropenia Protracted fever Unstable agent Lung lesions…
  • 112. Prevention of neutropenia or infection
  • 113.
  • 114. CSF use • Primary prophylaxis with a CSF, starting with the first chemotherapy cycle and continuing through subsequent cycles, in patients who have an approximately 20% or higher risk for febrile neutropenia • Primary CSF prophylaxis in patients receiving dose-dense chemotherapy, when considered appropriate; consideration should be given to alternative, equally effective, and safe chemotherapy regimens not requiring CSF support when available • Secondary prophylaxis with a CSF for patients who experienced a neutropenic complication from a prior cycle of chemotherapy (for which primary prophylaxis was not received), in which a reduced dose or treatment delay may compromise disease-free or overall survival or treatment outcome (in many clinical situations, dose reduction or delay may be a reasonable alternative) • CSFs should not be routinely used for patients with neutropenia who are afebrile. • CSFs should not be routinely used as adjunctive treatment with antibiotic therapy for patients with fever and neutropenia. However, CSFs should be considered in patients with fever and neutropenia who are at high risk for infection-associated complications or who have prognostic factors predictive of poor clinical outcomes.
  • 115. Antibacterial / Antifungal prophylaxis • A joint guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA) recommends antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis for patients who are at high risk of infection, including patients who are expected to have profound, protracted neutropenia, which is defined as less than 100 neutrophils/µL for more than 7 days. • The guideline states that the preferable agent for antibacterial prophylaxis is an oral fluoroquinolone, while that for antifungal prophylaxis is an oral triazole or parenteral echinocandin.
  • 117. Neutropenia febril: Manejo inicial Hemograma Creatinina Urocultivo / antibiograma Hemocultivos aerobios x2 en sangre periférica Cultivo de catheter Otros exámenes PRN Rayos X de tórax, ionograma, magenesio, y albúmina… MLM: 2018
  • 118. Page 20 Gérmenes resistentes en neutropenia febril – tips clínicos ▪ Factores de riesgo para resistencia de los bacilos gramnegativos - Haber recibido un betalactamico en los tres meses precedentes, - Haber tenido uno de estos gérmenes previamente, - Hospitalización reciente, - Presencia de sondas o instrumentación. ▪ Factores de riesgo para Pseudomona - Haber estado intubado por más de 72 horas, - Úlceras crónicas y - Pneumopatías crónicamente infectadas. ▪ Factores de riesgo para Staphylococcus meticilinoresistentes (MARSA) - Tener catéter, - Haber recibido antibiótico betalactamico en los últimos tres meses - Tener historia previa de haber tenido este germen antes. Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 119. Neutropenia febril: Antibioticoterapia empírica Iniciar antibiótico en forma inmediata (en urgencias) Cubrir bacilos gram positivos y gram negativos (incluyendo pseudomona) Seleccionar los antimicrobianos basados en perfil de riesgo Incluir un beta-lactámico de amplio espectro (ie, Piperacilina/Tazobactam) Considerar vancomicina en situaciones especiales (Shock, catheter) Considerar carbapenem (Shock, FR resistencia a gram negativo) MLM: 2018
  • 120. Page 22 Antibioticoterapia empírica ▪ 1. Si el paciente tiene infección identificada y por germen conocido, dar tratamiento de acuerdo al antibiograma (situación poco usual en urgencias). ▪ 2. Paciente sin ningún factor de riesgo diferente a su enfermedad de base: Piperacilina-tozobactam. Se puede dar también ceftriaxona , pero esto genera riesgo de aparición de BLEE. ▪ 3. Paciente que ya recibieron previamente piperazilina/tazobactam, en condiciones hemodinámicas estables y sin historia de haber tenido infecciones previas resistentes: Cefepime. ▪ 4. Pacientes con factores de riesgo para BLEE o antecedente de ser portador de estas, dar imipenem o meropenem Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 121. Page 23 Antibioticoterapia empírica ▪ 5. Paciente con criterios de enfermedad severa como inestabilidad hemodinámica, compromiso multiorgánico o antecedente de germen resistente: Iniciar Imipenem o Meropenem asociado a vancomicina. ▪ 6. Sospecha de Pseudomona multiresitiente o presencia de carbapenemasas, se hará uso de colistina ▪ 7. En pacientes con alergia clara a la penicilina, se cambiara la piperzilina tazobactam por cefepime. Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 122. Page 24 Antibioticoterapia empírica ▪ Si el paciente tiene catéter central, siempre se debe asociar vancomicina, hasta obtener los cultivos o evolución que se decidirá su suspensión. ▪ Se debe realizar el ajuste de las dosis de los antibióticos de acuerdo a la función renal, recordando que la dosis de impregnación es la normal. ▪ Durante la evolución de pacientes, debe hacerse los ajustes del tratamiento de acuerdo a la evolución y a cuando se aclare la fuente de la infección y el micro-organismo aislado. ▪ La duración del tratamiento depende del origen de la infección, el germen causal, y las condiciones clínicas del paciente y su respuesta al tratamiento. ▪ Para pacientes con fiebre de origen desconocido se debe mantener la terapia por lo menos hasta que pase sin fiebre 48 horas y que tenga recuperación del conteo de neutrófilos a más de 500 Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 123. Page 25 Antibioticoterapia empírica ▪ El tiempo de defervescencia del paciente neutropénico puede durar 3-5 días. ▪ Si no hay otra razón para modificar el antibiótico (aparición de foco específico o deterioro clínico sustancial), se puede continuar con la elección inicial. ▪ La terapia empírica con antimicóticos se iniciará después de 5 días del paciente continuar con neuotropenia, sin respuesta al manejo y sin aclararse la causa de su no respuesta. ▪ Cubrimiento para candidemia con fluconazol si no hay factor de riesgo para resistencia como haberla recibido previamente o con caspofungina si ya la ha recibido o el paciente está en riesgo de muerte, o para Aspergillus con voriconazol si hay síntomas y sospecha de este ▪ En paciente de alto riesgo como leucemia mieloide aguda y trasplante medula ósea, se vigilaran con la prueba de galactoman, y el TACAR de tórax. ▪ No se hace terapia empírica antiviral. Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 124. Neutropenia febril Infección identificada Sin Factor de Riesgo Con factor de riesgo InestableEstable Imipenem + Vancomicina Cefepime* Piperacilina/Tazobactam o Ceftriaxona* Rx apropiado GNR: Gram Negativos resistentes / MRSA: Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina * + Vancomicina si factor de riesgo para MRSA Factores de riesgo Para GNR: Hospitalización reciente; betalactámicos en los últimos 3 meses; historia de GNR Para MRSA: Catéter; betalactámicos en los últimos 3 meses; historia de MRSA Para Pseudomona: Intubación >72 horas; úlceras crónicas; pneumopatía crónicamente infectada Neutropenia febril no candidata a manejo ambulatorio: Selección antibiótico empírico MLMTeachFiles©-2011
  • 125. Page 27 Dosis de antibióticos Carlos Betancur, 2017
  • 128. ANC • Neutropenia is defined in terms of the absolute neutrophil count (ANC). • The ANC is calculated by multiplying the total white blood cell (WBC) count by the percentage of neutrophils (segmented neutrophils or granulocytes) plus the band forms of neutrophils in the complete blood count (CBC) differential.
  • 129. Definition of neutropenia • For practical purposes, a value lower than 1500 cells/µL is generally used to define neutropenia. • Mild neutropenia is present when the ANC is 1000-1500 cells/µL, • Moderate neutropenia is present with an ANC of 500-1000/µL, and • Severe neutropenia refers to an ANC lower than 500 cells/µL. • “Agranulocytosis” refers to an ANC lower than 100 cells/µL.
  • 130. Febrile neutropenia: definition • Neutropenia in the setting of cytotoxic chemotherapy is defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 500/µL, or less than 1000/µL with an anticipated decline to less than 500/µL in the next 48-hour period. • Neutropenic fever is a single oral temperature of 38.3º C (101º F) or a temperature of greater than 38.0º C (100.4º F) sustained for more than 1 hour in a patient with neutropenia.
  • 131. Neutropenia and infection • Bacterial organisms most often cause fever and infection in neutropenic patients. • Fungal organisms are also significant pathogens in the setting of neutropenia. • Historically, gram-negative aerobic bacteria (eg, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been most common in these patients. • However, gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus viridans, have emerged as the most common pathogens in fever and sepsis because of the increasing use of indwelling right atrial catheters. • After neutropenic patients receive treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics for several days, superinfection with fungi is common. Candida species are the most frequently encountered organisms in this setting.
  • 132. Febrile neutropenia: signs and symptoms • Low-grade fever • Sore mouth • Odynophagia • Gingival pain and swelling • Skin abscesses • Recurrent sinusitis and otitis • Symptoms of pneumonia (eg, cough, dyspnea) • Perirectal pain and irritation
  • 133. Diagnosis • Complete blood count: Including a manual differential in evaluating cases of agranulocytosis • Differential white blood cell count • Peripheral smear review by a pathologist
  • 134. Fever/Infection Workup • If a patient with neutropenia presents with fever, perform an infection workup, including blood cultures for anaerobic and aerobic organisms. • Obtain two sets of blood culture samples, 10-15 minutes apart, from peripheral veins; obtain samples from each port of a catheter if the patient has central venous access. • Other laboratory studies used for a complete fever workup include the following: • Urinalysis • Urine culture and sensitivity • Culture of wound or catheter discharge • Sputum Gram stain and culture • Stool for Clostridium difficile • Skin biopsy, if new erythematous and tender skin lesions are present • Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be started within 1 hour of cultures.
  • 135. Febrile neutropenia: high-risk • High-risk patients are those patients with any one of the following: • Anticipated, prolonged (>7-d duration), and profound neutropenia (ANC < 100/µL) following cytotoxic chemotherapy • Significant medical comorbidities, including hypotension, pneumonia, new- onset abdominal pain, or neurologic changes
  • 136. Febrile neutropenia: low-risk • Low-risk patients are those with the following: • Anticipated brief (< 7-d duration) period of neutropenia • ANC greater than 100/µL and absolute monocyte count greater than 100/µL • Normal findings on chest radiograph • Outpatient status at the time of fever onset • No associated acute comorbid illness • No hepatic or renal insufficiency • Early evidence of bone marrow recovery
  • 137. Febrile neutropenia: patient disposition • High-risk patients should be admitted to the hospital for empiric therapy and close observation. • Low-risk patients may be candidates for oral empiric therapy and may qualify for outpatient management. However, these patients require very close outpatient monitoring and assessment. They should be seen in the office daily for at least 72 hours.
  • 138. Management • Remove any offending drugs or agents in cases involving drug exposure: If the identity of the causative agent is not known, stop administration of all drugs until the etiology is established • Use careful oral hygiene to prevent infections of the mucosa and teeth • Avoid rectal temperature measurements and rectal examinations • Administer stool softeners for constipation • Use good skin care for wounds and abrasions: Skin infections should be managed by someone with experience in the treatment of infection in neutropenic patients
  • 139. Dietary measures • Neutropenic patients should follow the following dietary restrictions: • Avoid raw and undercooked meat or well water • Commercial fruit juices, beer, milk, and milk products should be pasteurized • Aged cheese and cheese-based dressings should not be used • Avoid unwashed raw fruits and vegetables; these may contain large numbers of bacteria. All food should be cooked. Fresh flowers should be avoided as well • Outdated products and all moldy products should not be consumed • In patients with periodontitis and stomatitis, a soft or full liquid diet is indicated. Spicy and acidic foods should be avoided until recovery is complete.
  • 140. Antibacterial / Antifungal prophylaxis • A joint guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA) recommends antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis for patients who are at high risk of infection, including patients who are expected to have profound, protracted neutropenia, which is defined as less than 100 neutrophils/µL for more than 7 days. • The guideline states that the preferable agent for antibacterial prophylaxis is an oral fluoroquinolone, while that for antifungal prophylaxis is an oral triazole or parenteral echinocandin.
  • 141. Antibiotics • Start specific antibiotic therapy to combat infections. This often involves the use of fourth-generation cephalosporins or equivalents. Fever may be treated as an infection, as follows : • Cefepime, meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, or piperacillin-tazobactam can be used empirically as a single agent • Gentamicin or another aminoglycoside should be added if the neutropenic patient’s condition is unstable or the individual appears septic • Vancomycin should be added if infection with methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus or a Corynebacterium species is suspected
  • 142. Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia • A companion ASCO/IDSA guideline contains recommendations on outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in patients with cancer. • The guideline recommends using clinical judgment and the Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) scoring system or Talcott's rules to identify patients who may be candidates for outpatient management. • In patients with solid tumors who have undergone mild- to moderate- intensity chemotherapy, who appear to be clinically stable, and who are in close proximity to an appropriate medical facility that can provide 24-hour access, the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile Neutropenia (CISNE) may be used as an additional tool to determine the risk of major complications.
  • 143. Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia • Low-risk patients • Regimens include the following: • Amoxicillin-clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg PO q8h plus ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h • Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily • If penicillin allergic, substitute clindamycin 300 mg PO q6h for amoxicillin- clavulanate
  • 144. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • First-line monotherapy: This must include an agent with antipseudomonal activity. • Quinolones and aminoglycosides are not acceptable as monotherapy. • The following antibiotics are appropriate as monotherapy [7] : • Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h or • Cefepime 2 g IV q8h or • Meropenem 1 g IV q8h or • Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h • No single agent has shown superiority in the empiric treatment of febrile neutropenia.
  • 145. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • Second-line dual therapy: • The use of dual therapy in high-risk patients is indicated for complicated cases (hypotension or pneumonia) or suspected or proven antimicrobial resistance. • Appropriate antibiotic regimens in this setting include the following: • Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside or • Cefepime 2 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or • Meropenem 1 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or • Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside • Aminoglycoside options: • Gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV q8h or 5 mg/kg q24h or • Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day or • Tobramycin 2 mg/kg q8h
  • 146. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • Indications for the empiric addition of vancomycin (15 mg/kg IV q12h) to drug regimens listed above: • Clinically suspected serious catheter-related infections (eg, bacteremia, cellulitis) • Known colonization with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococci or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) • Blood culture positive for gram-positive bacteria • Hypotension • Severe mucositis, if prior fluoroquinolone prophylaxis provided
  • 147. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile neutropenia • Additions to initial empiric therapy that may be considered for patients at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms: • MRSA – Vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin • Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) – Linezolid or daptomycin • Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing gram-negative bacteria – A carbepenem (eg, meropenem) • Carbapenemase-producing organisms (eg, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase) – polymyxin-colistin or tigecycline
  • 148. Anti-fungal therapy in febrile neutropenia • Antifungal agents can be withheld in a specific subset of high-risk febrile neutropenic patients. • These patients include those who remain febrile after 4-7 days of broad-spectrum antibiotics but are clinically stable and without clinical or radiographic signs of fungal infection. In low-risk patients, the risk of fungal infection is low; therefore, empiric antifungal agents should not be used routinely. • Empiric antifungal therapy: • Amphotericin B liposomal complex 3 mg/kg q24h or • Voriconazole 6 mg/kg q12h X 2 doses, then 4 mg/kg q12 h or • Posaconazole 200 mg PO q6h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q12h or • Itraconazole 200 mg IV q12h for 2d, then 200 mg IV or PO q24h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q24h thereafter or • Caspofungin 70 mg IV for 1 dose, then 50 mg IV q24h or • Micafungin 100-150 mg IV q24h or • Anidulafungin 200 mg IV for 1 dose, then 100 mg IV q24h • Patients already on antifungal prophylaxis should be switched to a different class if fever persists. • Continue therapy for 2 weeks if patient has stabilized and no infectious nidus is identified.
  • 149. CSF use • Primary prophylaxis with a CSF, starting with the first chemotherapy cycle and continuing through subsequent cycles, in patients who have an approximately 20% or higher risk for febrile neutropenia • Primary CSF prophylaxis in patients receiving dose-dense chemotherapy, when considered appropriate; consideration should be given to alternative, equally effective, and safe chemotherapy regimens not requiring CSF support when available • Secondary prophylaxis with a CSF for patients who experienced a neutropenic complication from a prior cycle of chemotherapy (for which primary prophylaxis was not received), in which a reduced dose or treatment delay may compromise disease-free or overall survival or treatment outcome (in many clinical situations, dose reduction or delay may be a reasonable alternative) • CSFs should not be routinely used for patients with neutropenia who are afebrile. • CSFs should not be routinely used as adjunctive treatment with antibiotic therapy for patients with fever and neutropenia. However, CSFs should be considered in patients with fever and neutropenia who are at high risk for infection-associated complications or who have prognostic factors predictive of poor clinical outcomes.