5. Hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer
Tipos de hipercalcemia asociada a cáncer
Tipo Frecuencia Metástasis
óseas
Agente
causal
Tipo de tumor
Hipercalcemia humoral
asociada a malignidad
80% Rara PTHrP Escamocelulares, renales,
ovario, endometrio, mama
Osteolítica 20% Universal Citokinas Mama, mieloma, linfoma
Vitamina D <1% Rara Vitamina D Linfoma
Hiperparatiroidismo
ectópico
<1% Variable PTH Variable
Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525.
doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
6. Page 6
Hipercalcemia asociada a malignidad
Anorexia,
náuseas,
pérdida de
peso,
debilidad,
constipación y
alteraciones
en el estado
mental
Calcificación
metastásica (en
órganos)
Coma
Arritmias
Severidad (calcio sérico)
Náuseas y vómito severos,
deshidratación, disfunción
renal, estado confusional
severo con pérdida de la
conciencia
. Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies.
Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525.
doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
10. To treat or not to treat
“Most patients who experience hypercalcemia
of malignancy are in the last few weeks of their
lives, as shown by a median survival of 35 days
and a 2- year mortality of 72% in those with
aerodigestive squamous cancer, and it is also
predictive of early death in patients presenting
with multiple myeloma”
Wagner J, Arora S. Oncologic Metabolic Emergencies. Emerg
Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(3):509-525.
doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.04.003.
18. Acute Spinal Cord Compression
“Diseases that cause acute
spinal cord compression
constitute a special category
because they originate in the
spinal column and narrow the
spinal canal.”
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
19. Acute Spinal Cord Compression
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
“Trauma, tumor,
epidural abscess,
and epidural
hematoma”
20. Acute Spinal Cord Compression
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
Complete transverse myelopathy (lesion affecting both sides and anterior and posterior spinal cord at one or more segments)
Bilateral paralysis below lowest affected segment of spinal cord, Loss or reduction of all sensation below affected level of spinal
cord (sensory level), Sphincter dysfunction with urinary or bowel urgency, retention, or incontinence, Segmental loss of reflexes at
affected level, Hyperreflexia and Babinski signs
Spinal shock (acute destruction of spinal cord at one or more cervical or upper thoracic segments)
Paralysis of limbs below the affected segment of the spinal cord, Hypotonia and areflexia of limbs below the level of the lesion, No
Babinski signs, Loss of sphincter function, Reduced autonomic function below affected level, Systemic hypotension
Central cord syndrome (predominant gray-matter damage, typically involving cervical spine, from trauma)
Weakness and reflex loss in arms; less severe weakness or no weakness in legs, Reduced pain and thermal sense in arms, typically
with hyperesthesia, sparing sensation of vibration and proprioception in arms and legs, Variable hyperreflexia in legs
Hemicord (Brown–Séquard) syndrome
Paralysis, hyperreflexia, and reduced sensation of vibration on one side of body, Babinski sign on paralyzed side, Loss of pain and
thermal sense on opposite side,
Conus medullaris syndrome (cord compression at the level of L1–L2 vertebral bodies)
Weakness of feet and legs, Variable reflexes in legs, Early loss of sphincter function, Loss of sensation at sacral and lower lumbar
(perineal) dermatomes; sensory level at or below waist, Variable Babinski signs
Cauda equina syndrome (compression between L2 and S1 vertebral bodies)
Sciatic or other radicular pain, Areflexic weakness of feet and legs, depending on level of compression, Sphincter dysfunction,
Reduced sensation from saddle region and legs up to groin
21. Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression
1. Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(14):1358-1369.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1516539.
“Spinal metastases are common in cancer, but they cause
spinal cord compression only when they extend from the bone
into the epidural
Space. Aching back pain and tenderness on percussion over
the affected site are typical and may precede neurologic
features by several weeks. Pain may be worse when the patient
is supine and causes awakening from sleep.
The spinal cord syndrome evolves over a period of hours or
days and includes hyperreflexia and Babinski signs but is
infrequently characterized by sphincter dysfunction alone.
With bony destruction and pathologic vertebral compression
fracture, the spinal column becomes unstable, leading to more
severe back pain.”
29. Resonancia Nuclear Magnética
- Sensibilidad: 100%
- Con contraste (preferible), pero también es
altamente eficaz sin contraste.
- Se debe evaluar TODA la columna (Cervical,
Dorsal, Lumbar y Sacra)
- Coexistencia de múltiples sitios de compresión
epidural en 30% de las compresiones
epidurales
Compresión epidural aguda neoplásica - Diagnóstico
33. Acute Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression
- Definitive -
Mechanical
stability of the
spine
Tumor
radiosensitivity
34. Radiosensible Radiosensibilida
d variable
Radioresistente
Linfoma. Próstata Melanoma.
Mieloma. Mama RCC.
SCLC. Ovario NSCLC.
Seminoma Sarcomas.
Gastrointestinal
Tiroides
Radioterapia
Indicaciones:
- No candidato a cirugía.
- Después de cirugía.
Objetivo:
- Control del dolor.
- Control local del tumor.
Dosis: Variable.
- Generalmente pocas sesiones, altas dosis.
- 8 Gy (dosis única).
- 30-40 Gy (10 sesiones).
Short-course versus split-course radiotherapy in metastatic spinal cord compression: results of a phase III,
randomized, multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(15):3358.
35. Estado a la presentación % ambulatorio
después de
radioterapia
IC 95%
Ambulatorio 92% 89% - 95%
Ambulatoria con asistencia 65% 56% - 74%
Paraparético 43% 38% - 48%
Parapléjico 14% 10% - 17%
37. Radioterapia corporal estereotáxica (SBRT)
Cyberknife y otros.
Tumores pequeños.
Ventajas:
- Menos daño a tejido adyacente.
- Efectiva en tumores radio resistentes.
Dosis: Dosis única alta.
- 26 – 24 Gy.
Local disease control after decompressive surgery and adjuvant high-dose single-fraction radiosurgery for spine metastases.
J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;13(1):87
38. Acute Neoplastic Spinal Cord Compression
- Definitive -
Mechanical instability of the
spine or non-radiosensitive
histology and life expectancy
greater than 3 months
No mechanical instability of
the spine and high
radiosensitivity histology or
short life expectancy
Surgery (corpectomy +
stabilization), followed by
radiation therapy
Radiotherapy
39. Pronóstico
La supervivencia mediana de pacientes con múltiples metástasis
óseas y compresión epidural neoplásica es menor a 6 meses.
La supervivencia (y calidad de vida) aumenta si se logra preservar la
locomoción autónoma.
Page 39
40. Referencia recomendada
Page 40
Ropper AE, Ropper AH. Acute Spinal Cord
Compression. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med.
2017;376(14):1358-1369.
49. Prevención
• Si tiene riesgo intermedio o alto.
• Hidratación:
- 2 – 3 Lt/m2/día
- Vigilar gasto urinario (>2 ml/kg/h)
• Alcalinización de la orina:
- Previene deposición de cristales de urato.
- Precipita deposicón de cristales de fosfato de
calcio.
- HCO3: Sólo si hay acidosis metabólica.
Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an
evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol 2008
50. Prevención
• Alopurinol:
- No degrada el ácido úrico ya formado.
- 100 mg/m2 tid (max 800 mg/d).
- Iniciar 24 – 48 h antes de la QT y 7 días depsués.
• Rasburicasa:
- Degrada el AU ya formado a un compuesto más soluble.
- Ideal en pacientes con hiperuricemia de base.
- 0.2 mg/kg qd por 2 – 7 días.
Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an
evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol 2008
52. Tratamiento
• UCI / monitoreo cardíaco.
• Líquidos.
• Trastornos hidroelectrolíticos:
- Hiperkalemia
- Hipocalcemia sintomática.
• Rasburicasa (si no la recibía).
• Diálisis: oliguria / anuria
Hiper K persisntente.
Hipo Ca sintomática por hiperfosfatemia
The tumor lysis syndrome. Howard SC et al. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001. May;364(19):1844-54
63. Objetivos
• Identificar con confiabilidad la neutropenia febril en el contexto de tratamiento
con quimioterapia citotóxica.
• Conocer los factores de riesgo, enfoque diagnóstico de urgencias, y manejo
empírico inicial de la neutropenia febril.
70. Definition of neutropenia
• For practical purposes, a value lower than 1500 cells/µL is generally
used to define neutropenia.
• Mild neutropenia is present when the ANC is 1000-1500 cells/µL,
• Moderate neutropenia is present with an ANC of 500-1000/µL, and
• Severe neutropenia refers to an ANC lower than 500 cells/µL.
• “Agranulocytosis” refers to an ANC lower than 100 cells/µL.
79. Neutropenia Febril: Definición
Fiebre mayor de 38.3 grados centígrados durante 1 hora o
más o fiebre mayor de 38. grados centígrados en 1
ocasión.
Recuento absoluto de granulocitos menor de 500/mm3 o
recuento de leucocitos < 1000/mm3 cuando se espera que
el recuento de granulocitos es menor de 500/mm3.
81. Neutropenia
▪Frecuente entre el día 7 y 14 después de la
administración de quimioterapia citotóxica
▪20-30% requiere de hospitalización por neutropenia
febril
▪Mortalidad en paciente neutropénico hospitalizado:
10%
82. Neutropenia febril: Factores de riesgo
Edad avanzada Quimioterapia de
altísima toxicidad:
leucemias agudas
Neutropenia febril
previa
No uso de G-CSF Mucositis Pobre estado
funcional
Desnutrición EPOC Enfermedad
cardiovascular,
renal o hepática
MLM: 2018
84. Febrile neutropenia: signs and symptoms
• Low-grade fever
• Sore mouth
• Odynophagia
• Gingival pain and swelling
• Skin abscesses
• Recurrent sinusitis and otitis
• Symptoms of pneumonia (eg, cough, dyspnea)
• Perirectal pain and irritation
85. Diagnosis
• Complete blood count: Including a manual differential in
evaluating cases of agranulocytosis
• Differential white blood cell count
• Peripheral smear review by a pathologist
86. Neutropenia febril: Historia clínica inicial
Diagnóstico
oncológico, estadío
Quimioterapia
administrada, número de
ciclos
Fecha de inicio del
último ciclo
Establecer factores de
riesgo
Estado hemodinámico Hidratación
Buscar focos obvios de
infección: pneumonía,
meningitis, infección
urinaria, infección por
catheter
Establecer si hay
candidiasis, soplos
cardíacos, derrame
pleural, fondo de ojo,
inspección perianal
Evitar el tacto rectal
MLM: 2018
87. Fever/Infection Workup
• If a patient with neutropenia presents with fever, perform an infection
workup, including blood cultures for anaerobic and aerobic organisms.
• Obtain two sets of blood culture samples, 10-15 minutes apart, from
peripheral veins; obtain samples from each port of a catheter if the patient
has central venous access.
• Other laboratory studies used for a complete fever workup include the
following:
– Urinalysis
– Urine culture and sensitivity
– Culture of wound or catheter discharge
– Sputum Gram stain and culture
– Stool for Clostridium difficile
– Skin biopsy, if new erythematous and tender skin lesions are present
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be started within 1 hour of cultures.
89. Neutropenia and infection
• Bacterial organisms most often cause fever and infection in neutropenic
patients.
• Fungal organisms are also significant pathogens in the setting of
neutropenia.
• Historically, gram-negative aerobic bacteria (eg, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been most
common in these patients.
• However, gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus species
and Streptococcus viridans, have emerged as the most common pathogens
in fever and sepsis because of the increasing use of indwelling right atrial
catheters.
• After neutropenic patients receive treatment with broad-spectrum
antibiotics for several days, superinfection with fungi is
common. Candida species are the most frequently encountered organisms
in this setting.
91. Page 20
Gérmenes resistentes en neutropenia febril – tips clínicos
▪ Factores de riesgo para resistencia de los bacilos gramnegativos
- Haber recibido un betalactamico en los tres meses precedentes,
- Haber tenido uno de estos gérmenes previamente,
- Hospitalización reciente,
- Presencia de sondas o instrumentación.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Pseudomona
- Haber estado intubado por más de 72 horas,
- Úlceras crónicas y
- Pneumopatías crónicamente infectadas.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Staphylococcus meticilinoresistentes
(MARSA)
- Tener catéter,
- Haber recibido antibiótico betalactamico en los últimos tres meses
- Tener historia previa de haber tenido este germen antes.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
93. Febrile neutropenia: low-risk
• Low-risk patients are those with the following:
– Anticipated brief (< 7-d duration) period of neutropenia
– ANC greater than 100/µL and absolute monocyte count greater
than 100/µL
– Normal findings on chest radiograph
– Outpatient status at the time of fever onset
– No associated acute comorbid illness
– No hepatic or renal insufficiency
– Early evidence of bone marrow recovery
94. Antimicrobial prophylaxis and outpatient management of fever
and neutropenia in adults treated for malignancy: American Society of
Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline.
Flowers CR, Seidenfeld J, Bow EJ, et al. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Outpatient Management of Fever and
Neutropenia in Adults Treated for Malignancy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice
Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):794-810. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.8661
95. Febrile neutropenia: high-risk
• High-risk patients are those patients with any one of the
following:
– Anticipated, prolonged (>7-d duration), and profound
neutropenia (ANC < 100/µL) following cytotoxic chemotherapy
– Significant medical comorbidities, including hypotension,
pneumonia, new-onset abdominal pain, or neurologic changes
97. Febrile neutropenia: patient disposition
• High-risk patients should be admitted to the hospital for empiric
therapy and close observation.
• Low-risk patients may be candidates for oral empiric therapy and
may qualify for outpatient management. However, these patients
require very close outpatient monitoring and assessment. They
should be seen in the office daily for at least 72 hours.
98. Management
• Remove any offending drugs or agents in cases involving drug
exposure: If the identity of the causative agent is not known, stop
administration of all drugs until the etiology is established
• Use careful oral hygiene to prevent infections of the mucosa and
teeth
• Avoid rectal temperature measurements and rectal examinations
• Administer stool softeners for constipation
• Use good skin care for wounds and abrasions: Skin infections
should be managed by someone with experience in the
treatment of infection in neutropenic patients
99. Dietary measures
• Neutropenic patients should follow the following dietary restrictions:
• Avoid raw and undercooked meat or well water
• Commercial fruit juices, beer, milk, and milk products should be
pasteurized
• Aged cheese and cheese-based dressings should not be used
• Avoid unwashed raw fruits and vegetables; these may contain large
numbers of bacteria. All food should be cooked. Fresh flowers should
be avoided as well
• Outdated products and all moldy products should not be consumed
• In patients with periodontitis and stomatitis, a soft or full liquid diet is
indicated. Spicy and acidic foods should be avoided until recovery is
complete.
101. Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia
• A companion ASCO/IDSA guideline contains recommendations
on outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in patients with
cancer.
• The guideline recommends using clinical judgment and the
Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)
scoring system or Talcott's rules to identify patients who may be
candidates for outpatient management.
• In patients with solid tumors who have undergone mild- to moderate-
intensity chemotherapy, who appear to be clinically stable, and who
are in close proximity to an appropriate medical facility that can
provide 24-hour access, the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile
Neutropenia (CISNE) may be used as an additional tool to determine
the risk of major complications.
102. Outpatient management of febrile neutropenia
• Low-risk patients
• Regimens include the following:
– Amoxicillin-clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg PO
q8h plus ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h
– Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily
– If penicillin allergic, substitute clindamycin 300 mg PO q6h for
amoxicillin-clavulanate
105. Antibiotics
• Start specific antibiotic therapy to combat infections. This often
involves the use of fourth-generation cephalosporins or equivalents.
Fever may be treated as an infection, as follows :
• Cefepime, meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, or piperacillin-tazobactam can
be used empirically as a single agent
• Gentamicin or another aminoglycoside should be added if the neutropenic
patient’s condition is unstable or the individual appears septic
• Vancomycin should be added if infection with methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus or a Corynebacterium species is suspected
106. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• First-line monotherapy: This must include an agent with
antipseudomonal activity.
• Quinolones and aminoglycosides are not acceptable as monotherapy.
• The following antibiotics are appropriate as monotherapy:
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h
• No single agent has shown superiority in the empiric treatment of
febrile neutropenia.
107. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Second-line dual therapy:
• The use of dual therapy in high-risk patients is indicated for complicated cases
(hypotension or pneumonia) or suspected or proven antimicrobial resistance.
• Appropriate antibiotic regimens in this setting include the following:
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside
• Aminoglycoside options:
• Gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV q8h or 5 mg/kg q24h or
• Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day or
• Tobramycin 2 mg/kg q8h
108. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Indications for the empiric addition of vancomycin (15 mg/kg IV q12h)
to drug regimens listed above:
• Clinically suspected serious catheter-related infections (eg, bacteremia,
cellulitis)
• Known colonization with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococci
or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
• Blood culture positive for gram-positive bacteria
• Hypotension
• Severe mucositis, if prior fluoroquinolone prophylaxis provided
109. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Additions to initial empiric therapy that may be considered for
patients at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms:
• MRSA – Vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) – Linezolid or daptomycin
• Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing gram-negative bacteria
– A carbepenem (eg, meropenem)
• Carbapenemase-producing organisms (eg, Klebsiella
pneumoniae carbapenemase) – polymyxin-colistin or tigecycline
110. Anti-fungal therapy in febrile neutropenia
• Antifungal agents can be withheld in a specific subset of high-risk febrile
neutropenic patients.
• These patients include those who remain febrile after 4-7 days of broad-spectrum
antibiotics but are clinically stable and without clinical or radiographic signs of
fungal infection. In low-risk patients, the risk of fungal infection is low; therefore,
empiric antifungal agents should not be used routinely.
• Empiric antifungal therapy:
• Amphotericin B liposomal complex 3 mg/kg q24h or
• Voriconazole 6 mg/kg q12h X 2 doses, then 4 mg/kg q12 h or
• Posaconazole 200 mg PO q6h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q12h or
• Itraconazole 200 mg IV q12h for 2d, then 200 mg IV or PO q24h for 7d, then 400 mg PO
q24h thereafter or
• Caspofungin 70 mg IV for 1 dose, then 50 mg IV q24h or
• Micafungin 100-150 mg IV q24h or
• Anidulafungin 200 mg IV for 1 dose, then 100 mg IV q24h
• Patients already on antifungal prophylaxis should be switched to a different class if
fever persists.
• Continue therapy for 2 weeks if patient has stabilized and no infectious nidus is
identified.
114. CSF use
• Primary prophylaxis with a CSF, starting with the first chemotherapy cycle and
continuing through subsequent cycles, in patients who have an approximately 20%
or higher risk for febrile neutropenia
• Primary CSF prophylaxis in patients receiving dose-dense chemotherapy, when
considered appropriate; consideration should be given to alternative, equally
effective, and safe chemotherapy regimens not requiring CSF support when
available
• Secondary prophylaxis with a CSF for patients who experienced a neutropenic
complication from a prior cycle of chemotherapy (for which primary prophylaxis
was not received), in which a reduced dose or treatment delay may compromise
disease-free or overall survival or treatment outcome (in many clinical situations,
dose reduction or delay may be a reasonable alternative)
• CSFs should not be routinely used for patients with neutropenia who are afebrile.
• CSFs should not be routinely used as adjunctive treatment with antibiotic therapy
for patients with fever and neutropenia. However, CSFs should be considered in
patients with fever and neutropenia who are at high risk for infection-associated
complications or who have prognostic factors predictive of poor clinical outcomes.
115. Antibacterial / Antifungal prophylaxis
• A joint guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology
(ASCO) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA)
recommends antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis for patients
who are at high risk of infection, including patients who are expected
to have profound, protracted neutropenia, which is defined as less
than 100 neutrophils/µL for more than 7 days.
• The guideline states that the preferable agent for antibacterial
prophylaxis is an oral fluoroquinolone, while that for antifungal
prophylaxis is an oral triazole or parenteral echinocandin.
117. Neutropenia febril: Manejo inicial
Hemograma
Creatinina
Urocultivo / antibiograma
Hemocultivos aerobios
x2 en sangre periférica
Cultivo de catheter
Otros exámenes PRN
Rayos X de tórax, ionograma, magenesio,
y albúmina…
MLM: 2018
118. Page 20
Gérmenes resistentes en neutropenia febril – tips clínicos
▪ Factores de riesgo para resistencia de los bacilos gramnegativos
- Haber recibido un betalactamico en los tres meses precedentes,
- Haber tenido uno de estos gérmenes previamente,
- Hospitalización reciente,
- Presencia de sondas o instrumentación.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Pseudomona
- Haber estado intubado por más de 72 horas,
- Úlceras crónicas y
- Pneumopatías crónicamente infectadas.
▪ Factores de riesgo para Staphylococcus meticilinoresistentes
(MARSA)
- Tener catéter,
- Haber recibido antibiótico betalactamico en los últimos tres meses
- Tener historia previa de haber tenido este germen antes.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
119. Neutropenia febril: Antibioticoterapia empírica
Iniciar antibiótico en forma
inmediata (en urgencias)
Cubrir bacilos gram positivos y
gram negativos (incluyendo
pseudomona)
Seleccionar los antimicrobianos
basados en perfil de riesgo
Incluir un beta-lactámico de
amplio espectro (ie,
Piperacilina/Tazobactam)
Considerar vancomicina en
situaciones especiales (Shock,
catheter)
Considerar carbapenem (Shock,
FR resistencia a gram
negativo)
MLM: 2018
120. Page 22
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ 1. Si el paciente tiene infección identificada y por germen conocido,
dar tratamiento de acuerdo al antibiograma (situación poco usual en
urgencias).
▪ 2. Paciente sin ningún factor de riesgo diferente a su enfermedad de
base: Piperacilina-tozobactam. Se puede dar también ceftriaxona ,
pero esto genera riesgo de aparición de BLEE.
▪ 3. Paciente que ya recibieron previamente piperazilina/tazobactam,
en condiciones hemodinámicas estables y sin historia de haber
tenido infecciones previas resistentes: Cefepime.
▪ 4. Pacientes con factores de riesgo para BLEE o antecedente de ser
portador de estas, dar imipenem o meropenem
Carlos Betancur, 2017
121. Page 23
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ 5. Paciente con criterios de enfermedad severa como inestabilidad
hemodinámica, compromiso multiorgánico o antecedente de germen
resistente: Iniciar Imipenem o Meropenem asociado a vancomicina.
▪ 6. Sospecha de Pseudomona multiresitiente o presencia de
carbapenemasas, se hará uso de colistina
▪ 7. En pacientes con alergia clara a la penicilina, se cambiara la
piperzilina tazobactam por cefepime.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
122. Page 24
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ Si el paciente tiene catéter central, siempre se debe asociar vancomicina,
hasta obtener los cultivos o evolución que se decidirá su suspensión.
▪ Se debe realizar el ajuste de las dosis de los antibióticos de acuerdo a la
función renal, recordando que la dosis de impregnación es la normal.
▪ Durante la evolución de pacientes, debe hacerse los ajustes del
tratamiento de acuerdo a la evolución y a cuando se aclare la fuente de la
infección y el micro-organismo aislado.
▪ La duración del tratamiento depende del origen de la infección, el germen
causal, y las condiciones clínicas del paciente y su respuesta al
tratamiento.
▪ Para pacientes con fiebre de origen desconocido se debe mantener la
terapia por lo menos hasta que pase sin fiebre 48 horas y que tenga
recuperación del conteo de neutrófilos a más de 500
Carlos Betancur, 2017
123. Page 25
Antibioticoterapia empírica
▪ El tiempo de defervescencia del paciente neutropénico puede durar 3-5 días.
▪ Si no hay otra razón para modificar el antibiótico (aparición de foco
específico o deterioro clínico sustancial), se puede continuar con la elección
inicial.
▪ La terapia empírica con antimicóticos se iniciará después de 5 días del
paciente continuar con neuotropenia, sin respuesta al manejo y sin aclararse
la causa de su no respuesta.
▪ Cubrimiento para candidemia con fluconazol si no hay factor de riesgo para
resistencia como haberla recibido previamente o con caspofungina si ya la
ha recibido o el paciente está en riesgo de muerte, o para Aspergillus con
voriconazol si hay síntomas y sospecha de este
▪ En paciente de alto riesgo como leucemia mieloide aguda y trasplante
medula ósea, se vigilaran con la prueba de galactoman, y el TACAR de tórax.
▪ No se hace terapia empírica antiviral.
Carlos Betancur, 2017
128. ANC
• Neutropenia is defined in terms of the absolute neutrophil count
(ANC).
• The ANC is calculated by multiplying the total white blood cell (WBC)
count by the percentage of neutrophils (segmented neutrophils or
granulocytes) plus the band forms of neutrophils in the complete
blood count (CBC) differential.
129. Definition of neutropenia
• For practical purposes, a value lower than 1500 cells/µL is generally
used to define neutropenia.
• Mild neutropenia is present when the ANC is 1000-1500 cells/µL,
• Moderate neutropenia is present with an ANC of 500-1000/µL, and
• Severe neutropenia refers to an ANC lower than 500 cells/µL.
• “Agranulocytosis” refers to an ANC lower than 100 cells/µL.
130. Febrile neutropenia: definition
• Neutropenia in the setting of cytotoxic chemotherapy is defined as an
absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 500/µL, or less than
1000/µL with an anticipated decline to less than 500/µL in the next
48-hour period.
• Neutropenic fever is a single oral temperature of 38.3º C (101º F) or a
temperature of greater than 38.0º C (100.4º F) sustained for more
than 1 hour in a patient with neutropenia.
131. Neutropenia and infection
• Bacterial organisms most often cause fever and infection in neutropenic
patients.
• Fungal organisms are also significant pathogens in the setting of
neutropenia.
• Historically, gram-negative aerobic bacteria (eg, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) have been most
common in these patients.
• However, gram-positive cocci, especially Staphylococcus species
and Streptococcus viridans, have emerged as the most common pathogens
in fever and sepsis because of the increasing use of indwelling right atrial
catheters.
• After neutropenic patients receive treatment with broad-spectrum
antibiotics for several days, superinfection with fungi is
common. Candida species are the most frequently encountered organisms
in this setting.
132. Febrile neutropenia: signs and symptoms
• Low-grade fever
• Sore mouth
• Odynophagia
• Gingival pain and swelling
• Skin abscesses
• Recurrent sinusitis and otitis
• Symptoms of pneumonia (eg, cough, dyspnea)
• Perirectal pain and irritation
133. Diagnosis
• Complete blood count: Including a manual differential in evaluating
cases of agranulocytosis
• Differential white blood cell count
• Peripheral smear review by a pathologist
134. Fever/Infection Workup
• If a patient with neutropenia presents with fever, perform an infection
workup, including blood cultures for anaerobic and aerobic organisms.
• Obtain two sets of blood culture samples, 10-15 minutes apart, from
peripheral veins; obtain samples from each port of a catheter if the patient
has central venous access.
• Other laboratory studies used for a complete fever workup include the
following:
• Urinalysis
• Urine culture and sensitivity
• Culture of wound or catheter discharge
• Sputum Gram stain and culture
• Stool for Clostridium difficile
• Skin biopsy, if new erythematous and tender skin lesions are present
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be started within 1 hour of cultures.
135. Febrile neutropenia: high-risk
• High-risk patients are those patients with any one of the following:
• Anticipated, prolonged (>7-d duration), and profound neutropenia (ANC <
100/µL) following cytotoxic chemotherapy
• Significant medical comorbidities, including hypotension, pneumonia, new-
onset abdominal pain, or neurologic changes
136. Febrile neutropenia: low-risk
• Low-risk patients are those with the following:
• Anticipated brief (< 7-d duration) period of neutropenia
• ANC greater than 100/µL and absolute monocyte count greater than 100/µL
• Normal findings on chest radiograph
• Outpatient status at the time of fever onset
• No associated acute comorbid illness
• No hepatic or renal insufficiency
• Early evidence of bone marrow recovery
137. Febrile neutropenia: patient disposition
• High-risk patients should be admitted to the hospital for empiric
therapy and close observation.
• Low-risk patients may be candidates for oral empiric therapy and may
qualify for outpatient management. However, these patients require
very close outpatient monitoring and assessment. They should be
seen in the office daily for at least 72 hours.
138. Management
• Remove any offending drugs or agents in cases involving drug
exposure: If the identity of the causative agent is not known, stop
administration of all drugs until the etiology is established
• Use careful oral hygiene to prevent infections of the mucosa and
teeth
• Avoid rectal temperature measurements and rectal examinations
• Administer stool softeners for constipation
• Use good skin care for wounds and abrasions: Skin infections should
be managed by someone with experience in the treatment of
infection in neutropenic patients
139. Dietary measures
• Neutropenic patients should follow the following dietary restrictions:
• Avoid raw and undercooked meat or well water
• Commercial fruit juices, beer, milk, and milk products should be
pasteurized
• Aged cheese and cheese-based dressings should not be used
• Avoid unwashed raw fruits and vegetables; these may contain large
numbers of bacteria. All food should be cooked. Fresh flowers should
be avoided as well
• Outdated products and all moldy products should not be consumed
• In patients with periodontitis and stomatitis, a soft or full liquid diet is
indicated. Spicy and acidic foods should be avoided until recovery is
complete.
140. Antibacterial / Antifungal prophylaxis
• A joint guideline from the American Society of Clinical Oncology
(ASCO) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (ISDA)
recommends antibacterial and antifungal prophylaxis for patients
who are at high risk of infection, including patients who are expected
to have profound, protracted neutropenia, which is defined as less
than 100 neutrophils/µL for more than 7 days.
• The guideline states that the preferable agent for antibacterial
prophylaxis is an oral fluoroquinolone, while that for antifungal
prophylaxis is an oral triazole or parenteral echinocandin.
141. Antibiotics
• Start specific antibiotic therapy to combat infections. This often
involves the use of fourth-generation cephalosporins or equivalents.
Fever may be treated as an infection, as follows :
• Cefepime, meropenem, imipenem-cilastatin, or piperacillin-tazobactam can
be used empirically as a single agent
• Gentamicin or another aminoglycoside should be added if the neutropenic
patient’s condition is unstable or the individual appears septic
• Vancomycin should be added if infection with methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus or a Corynebacterium species is suspected
142. Outpatient management of febrile
neutropenia
• A companion ASCO/IDSA guideline contains recommendations
on outpatient management of fever and neutropenia in patients with
cancer.
• The guideline recommends using clinical judgment and the
Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)
scoring system or Talcott's rules to identify patients who may be
candidates for outpatient management.
• In patients with solid tumors who have undergone mild- to moderate-
intensity chemotherapy, who appear to be clinically stable, and who
are in close proximity to an appropriate medical facility that can
provide 24-hour access, the Clinical Index of Stable Febrile
Neutropenia (CISNE) may be used as an additional tool to determine
the risk of major complications.
143. Outpatient management of febrile
neutropenia
• Low-risk patients
• Regimens include the following:
• Amoxicillin-clavulanate 500 mg/125 mg PO q8h plus ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO
q12h
• Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily
• If penicillin allergic, substitute clindamycin 300 mg PO q6h for amoxicillin-
clavulanate
144. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• First-line monotherapy: This must include an agent with
antipseudomonal activity.
• Quinolones and aminoglycosides are not acceptable as monotherapy.
• The following antibiotics are appropriate as monotherapy [7] :
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h
• No single agent has shown superiority in the empiric treatment of
febrile neutropenia.
145. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Second-line dual therapy:
• The use of dual therapy in high-risk patients is indicated for complicated cases
(hypotension or pneumonia) or suspected or proven antimicrobial resistance.
• Appropriate antibiotic regimens in this setting include the following:
• Piperacillin-tazobactam 4.5 g IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Cefepime 2 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Meropenem 1 g IV q8h plus an aminoglycoside or
• Imipenem-cilastatin 500 mg IV q6h plus an aminoglycoside
• Aminoglycoside options:
• Gentamicin 2 mg/kg IV q8h or 5 mg/kg q24h or
• Amikacin 15 mg/kg/day or
• Tobramycin 2 mg/kg q8h
146. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Indications for the empiric addition of vancomycin (15 mg/kg IV q12h)
to drug regimens listed above:
• Clinically suspected serious catheter-related infections (eg, bacteremia,
cellulitis)
• Known colonization with penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant pneumococci
or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
• Blood culture positive for gram-positive bacteria
• Hypotension
• Severe mucositis, if prior fluoroquinolone prophylaxis provided
147. In-patient antibiotic management of febrile
neutropenia
• Additions to initial empiric therapy that may be considered for
patients at risk for infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms:
• MRSA – Vancomycin, linezolid, or daptomycin
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) – Linezolid or daptomycin
• Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing gram-negative bacteria
– A carbepenem (eg, meropenem)
• Carbapenemase-producing organisms (eg, Klebsiella
pneumoniae carbapenemase) – polymyxin-colistin or tigecycline
148. Anti-fungal therapy in febrile neutropenia
• Antifungal agents can be withheld in a specific subset of high-risk febrile
neutropenic patients.
• These patients include those who remain febrile after 4-7 days of broad-spectrum
antibiotics but are clinically stable and without clinical or radiographic signs of
fungal infection. In low-risk patients, the risk of fungal infection is low; therefore,
empiric antifungal agents should not be used routinely.
• Empiric antifungal therapy:
• Amphotericin B liposomal complex 3 mg/kg q24h or
• Voriconazole 6 mg/kg q12h X 2 doses, then 4 mg/kg q12 h or
• Posaconazole 200 mg PO q6h for 7d, then 400 mg PO q12h or
• Itraconazole 200 mg IV q12h for 2d, then 200 mg IV or PO q24h for 7d, then 400 mg PO
q24h thereafter or
• Caspofungin 70 mg IV for 1 dose, then 50 mg IV q24h or
• Micafungin 100-150 mg IV q24h or
• Anidulafungin 200 mg IV for 1 dose, then 100 mg IV q24h
• Patients already on antifungal prophylaxis should be switched to a different class if
fever persists.
• Continue therapy for 2 weeks if patient has stabilized and no infectious nidus is
identified.
149. CSF use
• Primary prophylaxis with a CSF, starting with the first chemotherapy cycle and
continuing through subsequent cycles, in patients who have an approximately 20%
or higher risk for febrile neutropenia
• Primary CSF prophylaxis in patients receiving dose-dense chemotherapy, when
considered appropriate; consideration should be given to alternative, equally
effective, and safe chemotherapy regimens not requiring CSF support when
available
• Secondary prophylaxis with a CSF for patients who experienced a neutropenic
complication from a prior cycle of chemotherapy (for which primary prophylaxis
was not received), in which a reduced dose or treatment delay may compromise
disease-free or overall survival or treatment outcome (in many clinical situations,
dose reduction or delay may be a reasonable alternative)
• CSFs should not be routinely used for patients with neutropenia who are afebrile.
• CSFs should not be routinely used as adjunctive treatment with antibiotic therapy
for patients with fever and neutropenia. However, CSFs should be considered in
patients with fever and neutropenia who are at high risk for infection-associated
complications or who have prognostic factors predictive of poor clinical outcomes.