Gender * Gender = Sex?Biological sexFemale/MaleGenetics: chromosomes, XX, XYHormones: Estrogen, TestosteroneBrain chemistry * Female Brain & Male Brain * Concept of ContinuumRe: Biological Sex – Genotype/Phenotype * We All Start Out FemaleMore female sperm in a man’s bodyAt conception, the fertilized egg is proto-female (sex differentiation occurs after 7-8 weeks, not visible with ultrasound until 18-20 weeks)More female babies are bornMore female babies live beyond 1 yearFemales have longer life expectancy * Population Figures51% of world’s population is female49% is maleWhy? * Gender IdentityThe gender with which a person identifiesA psychological feelingMore useful to conceptualize a continuum * Gender Identity Independent of Sexual OrientationAll people, regardless of their sexual orientation, deal with issues of genderGender identity does not create sexual orientationMasculine and feminine heterosexuals, homosexuals, bisexuals, transgendered people can identify w/ any sexual orientation Selected Gender TermsGender Binary/Non-BinaryGender Identity Gender FluidGender Identity Dysphoria CisgenderGender Role PangenderGender Stereotype TransgenderGender Role Socialization IntersexGender Role Conflict Binary vs. Non-BinaryBinary - Concept that gender identity can only be conceptualized in terms of Masculinity/Femininity (belief that there are only two genders and that one's sex or gender assigned at birth will align with traditional social constructs, expression, and sexuality) Non-Binary - Non-binary gender identity is just one term used to describe individuals who may experience a gender identity that is neither exclusively male or female or is in between or beyond both genders (some use term Gender Queer) jackie behn (jb) CisgenderPeople whose gender identity matches their sex assigned at birth. For example, someone who identifies as a woman and was assigned female at birth is a cisgender woman. The term cisgender is the opposite of the word transgender. PangenderPangender is a term for people who feel that they identify with all genders available to them. TransgenderTerm used to describe a broad range of people who experience and/or express their gender somewhat differently from what most people expect. It is an overarching term that includes those with gender characteristics that don't correspond with those traditionally ascribed to the person's sex. * TransgenderMedical term describing people whose gender and sex do not line up and who can seek medical treatment to bring their bodies and gender identities into alignment Christine Jorgensen, Had sex reassignment surgery in 1951 (Used term transexual then) * Renee RichardsDr. Renée Richards is an American ophthalmologist and former tennis player who had some success on the professional circuit in the 1970s, and became widely known following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, when she fought to c ...

1. Gender
*
Gender = Sex?Biological sexFemale/MaleGenetics:
chromosomes, XX, XYHormones: Estrogen, TestosteroneBrain
chemistry
*
Female Brain & Male Brain
*
Concept of ContinuumRe: Biological Sex – Genotype/Phenotype

2. *
We All Start Out FemaleMore female sperm in a man’s bodyAt
conception, the fertilized egg is proto-female (sex
differentiation occurs after 7-8 weeks, not visible with
ultrasound until 18-20 weeks)More female babies are bornMore
female babies live beyond 1 yearFemales have longer life
expectancy
*
Population Figures51% of world’s population is female49% is
maleWhy?
*
Gender IdentityThe gender with which a person identifiesA
psychological feelingMore useful to conceptualize a continuum
*

3. Gender Identity Independent of Sexual OrientationAll people,
regardless of their sexual orientation, deal with issues of
genderGender identity does not create sexual
orientationMasculine and feminine heterosexuals, homosexuals,
bisexuals, transgendered people can identify w/ any sexual
orientation
Selected Gender TermsGender Binary/Non-
BinaryGender Identity Gender FluidGender
Identity Dysphoria CisgenderGender Role
PangenderGender Stereotype
TransgenderGender Role Socialization
IntersexGender Role Conflict
Binary vs. Non-BinaryBinary - Concept that gender identity can
only be conceptualized in terms of Masculinity/Femininity
(belief that there are only two genders and that one's sex or
gender assigned at birth will align with traditional social
constructs, expression, and sexuality)
Non-Binary - Non-binary gender identity is just one term used
to describe individuals who may experience a gender identity
that is neither exclusively male or female or is in between or
beyond both genders (some use term Gender Queer)
jackie behn (jb)

4. CisgenderPeople whose gender identity matches their sex
assigned at birth. For example, someone who identifies as a
woman and was assigned female at birth is a cisgender woman.
The term cisgender is the opposite of the word transgender.
PangenderPangender is a term for people who feel that they
identify with all genders available to them.
TransgenderTerm used to describe a broad range of people who
experience and/or express their gender somewhat differently
from what most people expect. It is an overarching term that
includes those with gender characteristics that don't correspond
with those traditionally ascribed to the person's sex.
*
TransgenderMedical term describing people whose gender and
sex do not line up and who can seek medical treatment to bring
their bodies and gender identities into alignment
Christine Jorgensen, Had sex reassignment surgery in 1951
(Used term transexual then)
*

5. Renee RichardsDr. Renée Richards is an American
ophthalmologist and former tennis player who had some success
on the professional circuit in the 1970s, and became widely
known following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery,
when she fought to compete as a woman in the 1976 US Open
Laverne Cox
Emmy-nominated actress, documentary film producer +
prominent equal rights advocate
Caitlin Jenner
1976 and 2015
Most trans people are not famous…
Trans Individuals Can Face Horrendous Treatment,
Discrimination and
Deathhttps://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-trans-
and-gender-non-conforming-community-in-
2020https://www.hrc.org/resources/a-national-crisis-anti-
transgender-violence

6. https://time.com/5601227/two-black-trans-women-murders-in-
dallas-anti-trans-violence/
IntersexIntersex people are born with sex characteristics
(including genitals, gonads and chromosome patterns) that do
not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies.
*
Gender Identity DisorderGender dysphoria – being
uncomfortable with one’s assigned sexMost cultures disapprove
of cross-gender behavior which creates problems for the
individual
*
Gender RoleExpected behaviors for each gender Created by
both socially enforced rules and values, and individual
disposition
*

7. Gender Role StereotypeSocially determined behaviors for each
genderCaused by expectations of others andPressure to conform
by others
*
Gender & Colorhttp://histclo.com/gender/color.html
*
Gender Role SocializationProcess by which we learn our gender
rolesWhen does it begin?Lifelong
*
Influence of GroupsPrimary groups – small, intimate, we hold
membership, significant; Examples?Secondary groups – larger,
we hold membership, can be less significant but still important;
Examples?Reference groups – small or large, we don’t
necessarily have to hold membership; Examples?

8. Agents of Gender Role
SocializationParentsPeersSchoolMediaAny social
institution/group
*
Toys
*
SchoolGirls lower aspirations as they ageLink between
sexuality and achievement
*
MediaEspecially violence in
mediahttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16099971/
*

9. Types of Gender RolesTraditional/BipolarMales –
InstrumentalFemales – ExpressiveAndrogynousContemporary
*
Traditional/Bipolar Gender RolesRigid gender roles assigned to
each genderOpposites
*
Grandaddy of all Gender RolesBoys Don’t Cry!Basis of
relationships is emotionThat we differ in such dichotomous
ways regarding expression of emotion is detrimental to healthy
relationships
*

10. *
Stop Crying Or…
*
Unless You Win or Lose in Sports…
*
And, of course, it is acceptable for men to hug in sports
*
Then There’s The Group Hug…

11. *
Androgynous Gender RolesPossessing both male and female
gender roles/characteristics
*
Contemporary Gender RolesFlexibleNot limiting
*
Women can even run for President and V.P
And Men Can…
Consequences of Traditional/Bipolar Gender
RolesLimitingLowers self-esteemUs vs. Them

12. MentalityHostility Towards the OtherViolence
*
Earliest Cultural Variation’s Influence on Gender
StudiesMargaret Mead (1901-1978)Sex & Temperament in
Three Primitive Societies (New Guinea,1936)Is
aggressiveness/passivity universal?
*
ArapeshMen and women both passive, no war
Mundugumor, men and women both aggressive, warlike
TchambuliMen 'primped' and spent their time decorating
themselves while the women worked, hunted
Arapesh, Mundugumor, TchambuliArapesh, men and women
both passive, no warMundugumor, men and women both
aggressive, warlikeTchambuli, men 'primped' and spent their
time decorating themselves while the women worked, hunted

13. *
Other Cultural Variation Studies Related to GenderComparing
25 countries, Williams and Best (2000) ranked Japan 11th on
egalitarian attitudes toward gender roles.Japan values
traditional gender role ideologies. Men were considered more
important, more in control and more dominant than their female
counterparts.
*
Ranking of Countries from Contemporary to
TraditionalContemporary: Netherlands, SwedenAndrogynous:
France, England, Spain, PortugalTraditional: Afghanistan,
Pakistan, India, and…The U.S.
*
Regional Differences – U.S.Southern states have more
traditional gender role beliefsEast/West Coast, more
androgynous and contemporary gender role beliefs

14. *
CONSEQUENCES OF SCORING HIGH ON EITHER END OF
SEX ROLE INVENTORIESScoring high on either end of any
Sex Roles Inventory Questionnaire (Bem Sex Roles Inventory)
doesn’t just mean identifying with masculine or feminine
roles…It usually means a rejection of the otherThis often leads
to conflict, violence, etc.
Theories of SexualityBiological (Hormonal, Genetic, Brain
Chemistry)Psychological (Psychoanalytic, Learning/ Behavioral
Theory)SocioculturalBiopsychosocial
*
Gender vs. Sexual OrientationAlfred Kinsey (1894-1956)Kinsey
Scale (0 to 7), 1950s0-1 exclusively heterosexual6-7
exclusively homosexual
Most fall between 1 and 5 (bisexual)Continuum of attraction
and behavior
*

15. No Matter Who We Are, How We Identify Ourselves is the
Foundation of Ourselves
*
10/25/21, 8:53 PM Business Insights: Global
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Top Enterprise Resource Management System Firms Worldwide,
2016
Market Share Reporter
The industry was valued at $50.32 billion in 2016.
%
SAP SE 16.00

16. Intuit Inc. 9.00
Oracle Corp. 9.00
Microsoft Corp. 4.00
Other 62.00
"Top Enterprise Resource Management System Firms
Worldwide, 2016." "Oracle Corp." [online] from
https://research-doc.credit-suisse.com [Published September 5,
2017], from Internatiional Data Corp.
and Credit Suisse estimates.
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2019 Gale, a Cengage Company
http://www.gale.cengage.com/
Source Citation:
"Top Enterprise Resource Management System Firms
Worldwide, 2016." Market Share Reporter. Ed.
Robert S. Lazich and Virgil L. Burton, III. 29th ed. Farmington
Hills, MI: Gale, 2019. Business
Insights: Global. Web. 25 Oct. 2021.
URL
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DIY Tax Software Market, 2019
Market Share Reporter
DIY tax preparation represents about 49% of the 136.5 million
tax returns prepared during the year
(assisted preparation claimed the remaining 51%).
%
Intuit 55.00
H&R Block 14.00
Other 31.00
"DIY Tax Software Market, 2019." "At-Home Tax Prep Trend
Likely to Grow After Pandemic's Boost."
[online] from https://news.bloombergtax.com/daily-tax-
report/at-home-tax-prep-trend-likely-to-grow-
after-pandemics-boost [Published July 10, 2020], from

18. Bloomberg Intelligence.
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2022 Gale, a Cengage Company
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Source Citation:
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Virgil L. Burton, III and Robert S.
Lazich. 32nd ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2022. Business
Insights: Global. Web. 25 Oct. 2021.
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