This document discusses key concepts related to organizations and organizational effectiveness. It defines an organization as a group cooperating under executive leadership to accomplish common objectives. Organizational goals guide employee efforts toward strategic objectives like profit maximization. Organizational effectiveness measures how well an organization achieves its intended outcomes across key areas. Effectiveness refers to goal attainment while efficiency means low resource waste. Characteristics of effective organizations include having a structure, objectives, and means to control performance toward goals. People play roles like investors providing return, customers providing ideas, and employees seeking satisfaction.