Immunity
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The immune system has evolved over hundreds of millions of years in complexity from simple unicellular organisms to complex multi-cellular organisms. As organisms grew more complex, their immune systems also became more advanced to defend against infection. The vertebrate immune system inherited properties from invertebrates but developed further abilities like adaptive immunity, MHC molecules, and long term immune memory. The mammalian immune system, including the human immune system, is highly sophisticated and complex, developing before birth to recognize non-self and protect against pathogens.
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Immunity in english
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3tfqlf__moHj8s4W7w6HQQ
YOU CAN JOIN FACEBOOK GROUP FOR MORE SUCH VIDEOS BY THIS LINK- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG - https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
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Twitter-https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#immunity,#acquiredimmunity,#innateimmunity,#activeimmunity, #passiveimmuniyt,#childhealthnursing#anm,#gnm,#bscnursing
immune systems
This document summarizes key concepts about the immune system. It describes the innate immune system as the first line of defense, including physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. The acquired immune system is activated if pathogens evade the innate response, and results in pathogen-specific immunity and immunological memory. Major cells involved are B and T lymphocytes. Vaccinations work to induce an immune response without causing disease.
Unit 2 immune systems
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses the physical and internal barriers that make up the innate immune system and help fight off pathogens. The innate system provides an immediate response including phagocytosis and inflammation. The acquired immune system activates slower but produces a pathogen-specific response through B and T cells. It provides both active and passive immunity and involves humoral and cell-mediated responses. The document also covers vaccinations which stimulate immunity through various methods like inactivated, attenuated, subunit, and virus-like particle vaccines.
Life Sciences FEt unit : immune systems-Professioal studies uploads
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses how the innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates through lymphocytes to develop pathogen-specific immunity either actively through exposure or vaccination, or passively from mother to child. The acquired response results in immunological memory and faster response upon reexposure.
Lsafet unit 2 immune systems
This document summarizes immune systems, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates lymphocytes to develop pathogen-specific immunity through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Vaccinations expose the immune system to antigens to develop active or passive immunity and memory cells to mount faster responses upon future exposure.
Immune system slides
The document discusses the immune system, which protects the body from disease. It has an innate immune system with physical barriers and cells like phagocytes and natural killer cells that are always present to fight microbes. If pathogens evade this innate response, vertebrates have an acquired immune system activated by the innate response. The acquired immune system adapts its response during infection to improve pathogen recognition, retain immunological memory, and launch faster, stronger attacks if the pathogen is encountered again.
First line of defense ( barrier mechanisms)
Immunity is the capability of organisms to resist harmful microorganisms. It involves both specific and nonspecific components. The document discusses three lines of defense in the immune system: physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes; defensive cells and proteins, inflammation, and fever; and the immune system. The first line of defense consists of physical and chemical barriers that prevent foreign agents from penetrating the body without targeting any specific pathogen. These barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, sweat, mucous, saliva, tears, and ear wax.
Paraprotex
This document summarizes information about Paraprotex, a food supplement that provides anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal protection. It discusses how parasites and infections are becoming more common worldwide due to factors like diet and immunity. Paraprotex aims to strengthen the immune system and change the body's environment to make it inhospitable for parasites and pathogens. The document also reviews mechanisms of immunity against various biological agents like parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. It describes both innate immune responses and acquired immune responses mediated by antibodies and T cells. It discusses how different pathogens elicit distinct immune responses and how parasites have evolved strategies for evading the immune system.
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Immunity in english
THIS SLIDE IS PREPARED BY SURESH KUMAR FOR MY STUDENT SUPPORT SYSTEM TO WATCH THIS VIDEO VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3tfqlf__moHj8s4W7w6HQQ
YOU CAN JOIN FACEBOOK GROUP FOR MORE SUCH VIDEOS BY THIS LINK- https://www.facebook.com/groups/241390897133057/
FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG - https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/
Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsupportsystem_nursing/
Twitter-https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08
#immunity,#acquiredimmunity,#innateimmunity,#activeimmunity, #passiveimmuniyt,#childhealthnursing#anm,#gnm,#bscnursing
immune systems
This document summarizes key concepts about the immune system. It describes the innate immune system as the first line of defense, including physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. The acquired immune system is activated if pathogens evade the innate response, and results in pathogen-specific immunity and immunological memory. Major cells involved are B and T lymphocytes. Vaccinations work to induce an immune response without causing disease.
Unit 2 immune systems
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Life Sciences FEt unit : immune systems-Professioal studies uploads
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses how the innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates through lymphocytes to develop pathogen-specific immunity either actively through exposure or vaccination, or passively from mother to child. The acquired response results in immunological memory and faster response upon reexposure.
Lsafet unit 2 immune systems
This document summarizes immune systems, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytosis and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates lymphocytes to develop pathogen-specific immunity through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Vaccinations expose the immune system to antigens to develop active or passive immunity and memory cells to mount faster responses upon future exposure.
Immune system slides
The document discusses the immune system, which protects the body from disease. It has an innate immune system with physical barriers and cells like phagocytes and natural killer cells that are always present to fight microbes. If pathogens evade this innate response, vertebrates have an acquired immune system activated by the innate response. The acquired immune system adapts its response during infection to improve pathogen recognition, retain immunological memory, and launch faster, stronger attacks if the pathogen is encountered again.
First line of defense ( barrier mechanisms)
Immunity is the capability of organisms to resist harmful microorganisms. It involves both specific and nonspecific components. The document discusses three lines of defense in the immune system: physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes; defensive cells and proteins, inflammation, and fever; and the immune system. The first line of defense consists of physical and chemical barriers that prevent foreign agents from penetrating the body without targeting any specific pathogen. These barriers include the skin, mucous membranes, sweat, mucous, saliva, tears, and ear wax.
Paraprotex
This document summarizes information about Paraprotex, a food supplement that provides anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal protection. It discusses how parasites and infections are becoming more common worldwide due to factors like diet and immunity. Paraprotex aims to strengthen the immune system and change the body's environment to make it inhospitable for parasites and pathogens. The document also reviews mechanisms of immunity against various biological agents like parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. It describes both innate immune responses and acquired immune responses mediated by antibodies and T cells. It discusses how different pathogens elicit distinct immune responses and how parasites have evolved strategies for evading the immune system.
Immune System
The document discusses the human immune system and how it protects the body from pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It describes both non-specific defenses like skin, mucous membranes and phagocytosis by white blood cells. It also describes specific immune defenses like B cells and T cells that provide long-lasting immunity. It outlines how antibodies are produced in response to antigens and how vaccines work to trigger immune memory. It also discusses HIV/AIDS and how HIV attacks T cells and weakens the immune system over time.
Immunity
This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate immunity, which is non-specific and provides immediate protection. Adaptive immunity is specific and takes time to develop, providing long-term protection through active natural or artificial immunity, as well as passive natural or artificial immunity. Community immunity is achieved when a sufficient portion of a population is immune, indirectly protecting those who are not.
01 phrd 309-immunology-first_class-1-18-12
This document provides an overview of the first lecture for the Immunology (PHRD-309) course. The lecture will cover innate immunity, specifically anatomy and antimicrobial peptides. The instructor is Dr. Insong James Lee and his contact information is provided. A pre-lecture survey on immunology background is presented. Key aspects of innate immunity that will be covered in the lecture are differentiated from adaptive immunity. Learning objectives are outlined and required reading from the textbook is assigned.
Immune System
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Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture #9
The document discusses nonspecific defense mechanisms, which provide immediate protection against pathogens as the first line of defense. It describes various physical and chemical barriers that block pathogen entry like the skin and mucous membranes. It also outlines cellular defenses such as phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens. Additionally, it examines soluble factors like complement proteins, lysozyme, and interferons that directly kill microbes or enhance immune responses.
natural resistance of body against infection
The first line of defense against infection includes physical and chemical barriers. The physical barriers are the skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, and openings of the body like the mouth, nose, eyes, etc. The chemical barriers include lysozyme in tears and saliva, gastric juice in the stomach, acidity on the skin, and substances in places like the vagina, digestive tract, and urinary tract. Together these barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body and provide protection against infection.
Unit 2 immune systems(1)
This document summarizes the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses the barriers that prevent pathogen entry and the components of the innate system that provide an immediate response, like phagocytes. The acquired system mounts a pathogen-specific response through B and T cells. It also covers the differences between these systems and gives examples of vaccination methods that stimulate immune memory.
Life sciences lesson2
The document describes the human immune system and how it protects the body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria. It discusses both the innate immune response, which provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytes, and the acquired immune response, which adapts over time to improve recognition and response. The acquired response results in immunological memory that allows faster responses upon reexposure to a pathogen. Key components of the immune system include white blood cells, antibodies, antigens, and the development of active immunity through vaccination or prior exposure.
Vaccine delivery system
This document discusses vaccine delivery systems, including uptake of antigens, single shot vaccines, and mucosal and transdermal delivery. It defines vaccines as biological preparations that improve immunity, and outlines the history from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine to modern vaccines. Traditional vaccines include killed and live attenuated versions for bacteria and viruses. Single shot vaccines aim to replace boosters with encapsulated antigens. Mucosal surfaces are a major entry point for pathogens, and mucosal vaccines aim to induce protective immunity at sites of entry using emulsions, strips, liposomes or nanoparticles. The skin is also a vaccine delivery site due to its size and accessibility, using technologies like microneedles or electroporation to enhance permeation
Human natural defence system
The document summarizes the host defenses against microbial pathogens. It describes the three lines of defense as: 1) physical and chemical barriers like skin and mucus, 2) innate immune responses involving phagocytes and inflammation, and 3) adaptive immune responses mediated by B and T lymphocytes and antibodies. Key aspects covered include the roles of leukocytes, lymph nodes, interferon, complement, and the specificity of adaptive immunity.
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The document discusses the human immune system. It describes how the innate immune system provides an immediate response to pathogens through physical barriers and cells. If pathogens breach these defenses, the adaptive immune system provides a targeted response through B cells and T cells. The adaptive system also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses. Vaccinations work by exposing the immune system to antigens to develop immunity without causing disease.
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This document discusses vaccine delivery systems. It begins by providing background on vaccines, how they work to stimulate the immune system, and their role in eliminating diseases. It then discusses different methods for vaccine delivery, including single shot vaccines that provide delayed antigen release, and mucosal and transdermal delivery using techniques like iontophoresis, sonophoresis, and transdermal nanoemulsions. The document concludes by listing references related to transdermal drug and vaccine delivery.
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This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate response through physical barriers like skin and mucus as well as internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response using B and T cells. The document also discusses active and passive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, and how vaccines work to stimulate immune response.
White blood cells, muller, brito p. 2013
White blood cells defend the body against disease and are comprised of lymphocytes and phagocytes. Phagocytes engulf and digest waste, bacteria, and foreign bodies to provide innate immunity as the body's first line of defense, while lymphocytes are smaller white blood cells that produce antibodies and aid immune responses to fight infection. The nucleus of lymphocytes is larger than in phagocytes, whose nucleus is lobed.
Science 3 viruses
Viruses can infect and multiply in host cells, disrupting their normal processes and causing disease. A virus consists of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating. Vaccines prepared from dead or weakened viruses can prevent disease by stimulating the immune system without causing illness. Interferon is a protein released by infected cells that slows or stops viral replication.
IMMUNITY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the natural or acquired resistance of an individual to pathogens. The immune system is a complex system that distinguishes self from non-self and provides defense against infectious agents. Immunology is the study of the immune system and immune responses. The immune system includes innate immunity, which provides a natural defense, and acquired immunity, which develops from exposure to pathogens. Key components of the immune system are antigens, antibodies, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and lymphoid organs that help the immune system function.
Types of immunity
This document summarizes different types of immunity. It describes innate immunity, which provides non-specific protection and includes anatomical, physiological, phagocytic, and inflammatory barriers. It also describes adaptive immunity, which provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through the humoral and cellular immune responses involving B cells, T cells, antibodies, and memory. Finally, it distinguishes between active immunity acquired through natural infection or vaccination, and passive immunity acquired through maternal antibodies or administration of antibodies from an outside source.
Vaccine delivery systems
1) Vaccine delivery systems aim to improve the immune response to vaccines. Virosomes are a type of delivery system that are biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. They enable drug delivery into target cells and protect drugs from degradation. However, virosomes have short shelf lives and scaling up poses challenges.
2) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens in a way that stimulates antibody production without causing illness. Antibodies bind to antigens and help the immune system recognize and destroy pathogens. Vaccines contain antigens along with other ingredients like adjuvants to enhance the immune response.
3) There are various types of traditional and innovative vaccines that target different
Immune System
The immune system protects the body against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It has to distinguish foreign threats from the body's own healthy cells and tissues. Over time, the immune system adapts to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently through immunological memory and acquired immunity. Disorders can occur if the immune system is too active and attacks the body's own tissues, causing autoimmune diseases, or too inactive, resulting in recurring infections from immunodeficiency.
Introduction to immunity and its types
The document discusses the properties and overview of immune responses. It describes how immunity protects organisms from infectious diseases and foreign substances. The immune system consists of innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides early defense mechanisms while adaptive immunity develops increased defenses with repeated exposures through lymphocytes and antibodies that have exquisite specificity. Together, innate and adaptive immunity form an integrated host defense system.
immunology and microbiology topics notes
The document discusses immunity, which is the ability to resist infection or disease. There are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired (adaptive). Innate immunity is nonspecific and provides immediate protection through physical and chemical barriers. Acquired immunity develops after exposure to an antigen and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through antibodies and T cells. The immune system uses both types of immunity to protect the body by distinguishing self from nonself.
10. Human Health and disease.pptx
This document discusses several common human diseases including malaria, amoebiasis, and ascariasis. It provides details on the causative agents, symptoms, modes of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each disease. For malaria, it notes that the pathogen is Plasmodium and is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, chills, and vomiting. Diagnosis is via blood smear and treatment involves antimalarial drugs. Prevention focuses on mosquito control. For amoebiasis, it states the causative agent is Entamoeba histolytica spread through contaminated food/water. Symptoms are diarrhea and abdominal pain. Microscopic stool exam is used for diagnosis
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The document discusses the human immune system and how it protects the body from pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It describes both non-specific defenses like skin, mucous membranes and phagocytosis by white blood cells. It also describes specific immune defenses like B cells and T cells that provide long-lasting immunity. It outlines how antibodies are produced in response to antigens and how vaccines work to trigger immune memory. It also discusses HIV/AIDS and how HIV attacks T cells and weakens the immune system over time.
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This document discusses different types of immunity. It describes innate immunity, which is non-specific and provides immediate protection. Adaptive immunity is specific and takes time to develop, providing long-term protection through active natural or artificial immunity, as well as passive natural or artificial immunity. Community immunity is achieved when a sufficient portion of a population is immune, indirectly protecting those who are not.
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This document provides an overview of the first lecture for the Immunology (PHRD-309) course. The lecture will cover innate immunity, specifically anatomy and antimicrobial peptides. The instructor is Dr. Insong James Lee and his contact information is provided. A pre-lecture survey on immunology background is presented. Key aspects of innate immunity that will be covered in the lecture are differentiated from adaptive immunity. Learning objectives are outlined and required reading from the textbook is assigned.
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The immune system protects the body from pathogens through layered defenses. The innate immune system provides an immediate response, while the adaptive immune system responds to specific pathogens. Both systems must distinguish self from non-self molecules. Physical, chemical, and biological barriers comprise the first line of defense against infection, blocking pathogens from entering the body. These include mechanical barriers like skin, as well as secretions containing antimicrobial peptides and enzymes.
Bohomolets Microbiology Lecture #9
The document discusses nonspecific defense mechanisms, which provide immediate protection against pathogens as the first line of defense. It describes various physical and chemical barriers that block pathogen entry like the skin and mucous membranes. It also outlines cellular defenses such as phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens. Additionally, it examines soluble factors like complement proteins, lysozyme, and interferons that directly kill microbes or enhance immune responses.
natural resistance of body against infection
The first line of defense against infection includes physical and chemical barriers. The physical barriers are the skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, and openings of the body like the mouth, nose, eyes, etc. The chemical barriers include lysozyme in tears and saliva, gastric juice in the stomach, acidity on the skin, and substances in places like the vagina, digestive tract, and urinary tract. Together these barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body and provide protection against infection.
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This document summarizes the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses the barriers that prevent pathogen entry and the components of the innate system that provide an immediate response, like phagocytes. The acquired system mounts a pathogen-specific response through B and T cells. It also covers the differences between these systems and gives examples of vaccination methods that stimulate immune memory.
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The document describes the human immune system and how it protects the body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria. It discusses both the innate immune response, which provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytes, and the acquired immune response, which adapts over time to improve recognition and response. The acquired response results in immunological memory that allows faster responses upon reexposure to a pathogen. Key components of the immune system include white blood cells, antibodies, antigens, and the development of active immunity through vaccination or prior exposure.
Vaccine delivery system
This document discusses vaccine delivery systems, including uptake of antigens, single shot vaccines, and mucosal and transdermal delivery. It defines vaccines as biological preparations that improve immunity, and outlines the history from Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine to modern vaccines. Traditional vaccines include killed and live attenuated versions for bacteria and viruses. Single shot vaccines aim to replace boosters with encapsulated antigens. Mucosal surfaces are a major entry point for pathogens, and mucosal vaccines aim to induce protective immunity at sites of entry using emulsions, strips, liposomes or nanoparticles. The skin is also a vaccine delivery site due to its size and accessibility, using technologies like microneedles or electroporation to enhance permeation
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The document summarizes the host defenses against microbial pathogens. It describes the three lines of defense as: 1) physical and chemical barriers like skin and mucus, 2) innate immune responses involving phagocytes and inflammation, and 3) adaptive immune responses mediated by B and T lymphocytes and antibodies. Key aspects covered include the roles of leukocytes, lymph nodes, interferon, complement, and the specificity of adaptive immunity.
Unit 2 immune systems
The document discusses the human immune system. It describes how the innate immune system provides an immediate response to pathogens through physical barriers and cells. If pathogens breach these defenses, the adaptive immune system provides a targeted response through B cells and T cells. The adaptive system also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses. Vaccinations work by exposing the immune system to antigens to develop immunity without causing disease.
Maneesh banyal vaccine delivery system
This document discusses vaccine delivery systems. It begins by providing background on vaccines, how they work to stimulate the immune system, and their role in eliminating diseases. It then discusses different methods for vaccine delivery, including single shot vaccines that provide delayed antigen release, and mucosal and transdermal delivery using techniques like iontophoresis, sonophoresis, and transdermal nanoemulsions. The document concludes by listing references related to transdermal drug and vaccine delivery.
Immune System slides
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate response through physical barriers like skin and mucus as well as internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response using B and T cells. The document also discusses active and passive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, and how vaccines work to stimulate immune response.
White blood cells, muller, brito p. 2013
White blood cells defend the body against disease and are comprised of lymphocytes and phagocytes. Phagocytes engulf and digest waste, bacteria, and foreign bodies to provide innate immunity as the body's first line of defense, while lymphocytes are smaller white blood cells that produce antibodies and aid immune responses to fight infection. The nucleus of lymphocytes is larger than in phagocytes, whose nucleus is lobed.
Science 3 viruses
Viruses can infect and multiply in host cells, disrupting their normal processes and causing disease. A virus consists of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating. Vaccines prepared from dead or weakened viruses can prevent disease by stimulating the immune system without causing illness. Interferon is a protein released by infected cells that slows or stops viral replication.
IMMUNITY AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the natural or acquired resistance of an individual to pathogens. The immune system is a complex system that distinguishes self from non-self and provides defense against infectious agents. Immunology is the study of the immune system and immune responses. The immune system includes innate immunity, which provides a natural defense, and acquired immunity, which develops from exposure to pathogens. Key components of the immune system are antigens, antibodies, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and lymphoid organs that help the immune system function.
Types of immunity
This document summarizes different types of immunity. It describes innate immunity, which provides non-specific protection and includes anatomical, physiological, phagocytic, and inflammatory barriers. It also describes adaptive immunity, which provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through the humoral and cellular immune responses involving B cells, T cells, antibodies, and memory. Finally, it distinguishes between active immunity acquired through natural infection or vaccination, and passive immunity acquired through maternal antibodies or administration of antibodies from an outside source.
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2) Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens in a way that stimulates antibody production without causing illness. Antibodies bind to antigens and help the immune system recognize and destroy pathogens. Vaccines contain antigens along with other ingredients like adjuvants to enhance the immune response.
3) There are various types of traditional and innovative vaccines that target different
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The document provides an overview of the human immune system, including its major components and functions. It discusses how the innate and adaptive immune systems work together to defend against pathogens. The immune system must balance fighting infections while avoiding attacks on the body's own tissues. When this balance is disrupted, it can lead to immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmunity, allergies, or transplant rejection. Vaccines stimulate adaptive immunity to generate immunological memory and protect against severe infectious diseases.
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This document provides an overview of vaccine drug delivery systems. It discusses various types of vaccines including traditional vaccines like killed, live attenuated, toxoid, and subunit vaccines as well as innovative conjugate, recombinant vector, and T-cell receptor peptide vaccines. It also describes single shot vaccines, transdermal vaccine delivery using microneedles and jet injectors, as well as mucosal vaccine delivery through intranasal, oral, oral cavity, and intrapulmonary routes. Design strategies for mucosal delivery including emulsion, liposome, polymeric nanoparticles, and virosome-based systems are also summarized.
Basics of immunology
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including:
1) It defines innate and adaptive immunity, and the types of natural, acquired, active, and passive immunity.
2) It describes the cells of the immune system including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
3) It discusses antibodies, cytokines, and how the immune system can fail to distinguish self from non-self, leading to autoimmune diseases.
Immunity lecture
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Immunology
This document provides an overview of immunology and the oral immunology of dental caries and periodontal diseases. It defines immunity and its types, including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the development and processing of lymphocytes, including T cells in the thymus and B cells in the liver and bone marrow. It explains the development of cell-mediated immunity, involving antigen presentation by macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells to helper T cells. It also briefly mentions the major histocompatibility complex and its role in antigen presentation. In summary, the document covers the key concepts of immunology as they relate to oral health conditions like dental caries and periodontal disease.
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Learning objectives:
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Immunity
- 1. Get help with your immune system here: https://bit.ly/betterimmunity One of the biggest threats to survival is infection. To continue existence and to overcome the threat of infection, organisms have developed passive and aggressive defense mechanisms. Host defense mechanisms have been evolved since the first organisms encountered each other, hundreds of millions of years ago. Even simple unicellular organisms like bacteria also possess defense mechanisms to get protected against their pathogens (phage virus) that can cause infections. Complexity of defense mechanism increases with the increased complexity of body, ensuing development of a complex system known as “immune system” in multi cellular organisms. Evolution of the immune system is a direct consequence of microbes-exerted selection pressure on multi cellular organisms. By tracing the evolution of invertebrate immune system, it can be seen that it largely followed bi-directional “predator-prey” relationships. The vertebrate immune system was to some extent inherited from invertebrates, whereas a part of it has advanced considerably in the course of its own evolution. Although certain vertebrate-specific properties such as immune recognition and immune memory have also been identified in invertebrates in rudimentary forms, it is particularly those qualities like progressive development of humeral and cellular adoptive immunity, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), variable class I and class II genes, precise mechanisms of immune recognition and long-term immune memory, reflect the fundamental evolutionary advancement of the vertebrate immune system. The mammalian immune system is an incredibly complex and intricate system that can recognize non-self and provide protection from a wide variety of pathogens. In humans, the immune system begins to develop in the embryo. By the time a baby is born, the immune system becomes a sophisticated collection of tissues, organs and enzymes. Even the skin is considered as a part of the immune system.