This is introduction to IoT and some results form project IoT field. https://iot-polje.fer.hr

1. Introduction to IoT & Project IoT Field
Prof. Mario Kušek
University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Zagreb, Croatia
Internet of Things Laboratory (IoTLab@FER)
mario.kusek@fer.hr
http://www.iot.fer.hr/
Croatia
Work IoT Out
International IoT workshop organized by EESTEC LC Zagreb.
Oct 23, 2023 1

2. Outline
• Introduction to IoT
• Networking technologies
• Project: IoT Field
Oct 23, 2023 2

3. What is ”thing"?
• Object from physical world (physical object with build in sensors and/or
actuators) or virtual object
• Internet Connected Object (ICO)
• Has unique identificator and is connected to the Internet
• Communicates and generate data (reading from environment)
• Can receive data/commands from network
• Can execute commands – actuate (electrical or mechanical)
• Can receive data from other ICO, process them and send for processing to cloud
Oct 23, 2023 3

4. Number of things connectet to the Internet
Source: Cisco Internet of Things Infographic (2016)
Oct 23, 2023 4

5. Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices installed base
worldwide from 2015 to 2025 (in billions)
Internet of Things - number of connected devices worldwide 2015-2025
15,41
17,68
20,35
23,14
26,66
30,73
35,82
42,62
51,11
62,12
75,44
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Connected
devices
in
billions
Oct 23, 2023 5

6. How we come to IoT?
Internet
miniaturization of electronics,
lower energy consumption
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
mobile networks (4G)
& smart phones
Oct 23, 2023 6

7. Internet of Things (IoT): definition
lTU-T Recommendation Y.2060, 06/2012:
• A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced
services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) Things based on,
existing and evolving, interoperable information and communication
technologies.
• Through the exploitation of identification, data capture, processing and
communication capabilities, the IoT makes full use of things to offer services to
all kinds of applications, whilst ensuring that security and privacy requirements
are fulfilled.
• In a broad perspective, the IoT can be perceived as a vision with technological
and societal implications.
Oct 23, 2023 7

8. Applications
Smart
Home
Smart Lighting
Smart Appliances
Intrusion Detection
Smoke/Gas Detectors
Energy Management
Smart
City
Smart Parking
Waste Management
Smart Lighting
Emergency Response
Enviro
nment
Weather Monitoring
Air Pollution Monitoring
Noise Pollution Monitoring
Forest Fire Detection
Retail Inventory Management
Smart Vending Machines
Smart Payments
Logistics Fleet Tracking
Shipment Monitoring
Remote Vehicle Diagnostics
Route Generation and Scheduling
Industry Machine Diagnosis
Object Tracking and Process Automation
Agriculture Smart Irrigation
Crop Monitoring
For comic book fans:
http://iotcomicbook.org/original-edition/
Oct 23, 2023 8

9. Source:
Statista,
Market Pulse
Report IoT,
April 2017
Oct 23, 2023 9

10. How to integrate „things” and provide user
applications?
• IoT platforms integrates „things” mange them and continuously acquire data
• „things” (devices): often has limited resources and usually connected to the Interent by
gateways
• Large distributed system
• Processing large amount of data (often in real time)
• Integrates and saves data from different sources
• For application developers offer:
• Searching for things (sensors/actuators)
• Access to data
• There are more then 400 platforms
Oct 23, 2023 10

11. IoT environment
• A smart environment integrates number of networked devices using a unique
programming platform to offer the user innovative applications (mobile or
web applications), e.g. smart home/office/factory, smart campus, etc.
• cloud: storing and processing data from a smart environment
• today, predominantly isolated solutions from a single IoT service provider are
available, which sets up and integrates infrastructure in a "smart
environment", data from the smart environment is collected in the cloud,
smart environment is managed from the cloud, and offers the user mobile /
web applications to manage their own smart environment
Oct 23, 2023 11

12. Architecture:
an example
User
IoT
Platform
Gateway
IoT
Application
Smart space
Cloud
User
Oct 23, 2023 12

13. Types of IoT platforms
Local Smart Space
Platform
Core
Platform devices
Local user
Cloud
Cloud front-end
Remote user
Lightweight
adapter
Local Smart Space
Lightweight
gateway
Platform devices
Local user
Cloud
Platform Core
Cloud front-end
Remote user
Fully local
platform
Fully cloud-based
platform
Oct 23, 2023 13

14. Different standards and standardization bodies
Web of Things at W3C
Izvor: IoT-EPI whitepaper, Advancing IoT Platforms
Interoperability, 2018.
Oct 23, 2023 14

15. Challenges (1/2)
• Heterogeneous devices and dana sources, different protocols
• interoperability, uniform access to all data should be ensured
• A large amount of data is continuously generated (Big Data) due to a large number of data
sources
• the need for scalable real-time data processing and filtering
• Large number of devices that need to be maintained
• enable finding devices, easily connect new devices to the Internet and self-configuring things in
"smart environments”
• Security and privacy
• major challenge for commercial solutions, security problems in the physical domain (potentially
endangering human life)
• Implementation of different business models, billing models
• at the initial stage, more at the level of the idea than the implementation
Oct 23, 2023 15

16. Challenges (2/2)
• Dynamic and customizable applications based on the user context
• Market fragmentation
• A new mobile app for every connected thing or smart environment
• Integration of various vertical solutions into a single IoT platform
• today, predominantly isolated solutions of a single service provider in the field
of IoT are available, which sets up and integrates infrastructure in a "smart
environment" and offers the user a mobile application for that environment
Oct 23, 2023 16

17. Open questions
• Security
• Symantec 2018 Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR): The number of attacks on IoT
devices increased 600 times in 2017 compared to 2016.
• Privacy
• There is an increased risk of privacy violations and loss of personal data, users are
increasingly becoming aware of the value of personal data and want to control who
uses their data (data sovereignty)
• Scalability
• It will not be possible without interoperable software solutions
• Decentralisation
• Trust (trust) becomes key for users, the trend of application of computing resources
"on the edge of the network" and block chain technology
Oct 23, 2023 17

18. Communication
Oct 23, 2023 18

19. Device communication
•Requirements
• the greater the range
• long-term battery life (low consumption, sleep mode)
• low cost of the device
• easy introduction into the system
• support for mass application
• small communication delay
Oct 23, 2023 19

20. IoT protocol stack
TCP/IP
Transportni
Aplikacijski
Pod. povez.
Fizički
Mrežni
IoT
TCP/UDP
COAP, MQTT
L2
IEEE 802.15.4
Wi-Fi, WLAN
NB-IoT,LTE-M
IPv4/IPv6
Sensors/devices
Network access
Device communication
Oct 23, 2023 20

21. Range
• Short
• IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth
• on the body (BAN – body area network)
• certified to be used in contact with the body
• IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communications (VLC) – FSO (free space optics)
• not applied in practice.
• Middle
• Wireless: IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.15.4, 802.15.4g/e, ZigBee, IEEE 802.11ah (at long border),
Z-wave, ...
• Wired: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet, IEEE 1901.2 Narrowband Power Line Communications (PLC)
• Long
• mobile network: 2G – 5G (NB-IoT)
• LPWA (Low-Power Wide-Area): LoRaWAN, Sigfox
• wired: IEEE 802.3xx optics (fiber), broadband (xDSL), IEEE 1901-2010 - Broadband over PLC
Oct 23, 2023 21

22. Frequency spectrum (1)
• Unlicensed spectrum (ISM – industrial, scientific and medical):
• 2.4 GHz use it:
• IEEE 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi
• IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth
• IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN
• Advantages:
• easier setup (no licenses required)
• higher capacity (bit rate)
• Drawbacks:
• interference (a lot of devices on these frequencies)
• closed space (walls, iron, ...) reduces the range
• higher consumption
Oct 23, 2023 22

23. Frequency spectrum (2)
• Common frequencies below 1GHz for IoT applications:
• 169 MHz – for meters (electricity, water, gas, ...)
• permission is usually required
• 433 MHz, 868 MHz (EU), 915 MHz (USA)
• it can usually be used for various applications: IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.11ah, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, ...
• 779–787 MHz in China only
• for IEEE 802.15.4g and LoRaWAN
• Advantages:
• greater range
• lower energy consumption
• through walls communication
• Drawbacks:
• lower capacity
• some need permission
Oct 23, 2023 23

24. Power consumption
• Requirements different for different battery-powered devices:
• 10-15 years for meters (water and gas)
• 5-7 years for smart parking sensors
• 2-3 years for devices that can be regularly maintained (e.g. ETC)
• How to achieve this?
• wome parts of the device are switched off during operation
• devices "sleep" (do not consume energy or consume very little)
• wireless communications that consume much less energy
• optimized components that consume little energy
• When not powered by batteries, it's a problem.
• e.g. for Zagreb - meters 5-10W consumption, 300,000 households (water, electricity,
gas) ~ 700,000 meters 3,5 MW consumption
Oct 23, 2023 24

25. IEEE 802.15.4
• A standard that specifies wireless data transfer technologies for devices and
networks of limited capabilities with a focus on low power consumption
• low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs)
• PHY & Medium Access Control (MAC)
• Frequency band
• 868.0-868.6 MHz (EU), 902-928 MHz (USA), 2.4-2.485 GHz (worldwide)
• Max bit rate: 250 Kbps
• Max power: ~1mW-100mW
• Frame: 127 bytes
Oct 23, 2023 25

26. IEEE 802.15.4 - Standards
• First Standard 2003 (IEEE 802.15.4-2003), 2006, 2011, 2015
• Frequencies and speeds:
• 2,4GHz, 16 channels, 250kbps – whole world
• 915MHz, 10 channels, 40kbps – North and South America
• 868 MHz, Channel 1, 20kbps – Europe, Middle East, Africa
• Other standards:
• IEEE 802.15.4c-2009 – frequencies for China (314-316 MHz, 430-434 MHz, 779-787
MHz)
• IEEE 802.15.4d-2009 – frequencies for Japan (950 - 956 MHz)
• IEEE 802.15.4f-2012 – frequency 433 MHz
• IEEE 802.15.4e-2012 – Support for ISA100.11a
• IEEE 802.15.4g-2012 – Support for Smart Grid and 902 - 928 MHz frequencies
Oct 23, 2023 26

27. IEEE 802.15.4
• Base for other standards:
• ZigBee – defines multiple layers
• 6LoWPAN - Compressed IPv6 for IEEE 802.15.4
• ZigBee IP – the evolution of ZigBee to use 6LoWPAN and the RPL routing
protocol
• ISA100.11a – industrial automation (based on 6LoWPAN, IPv6 and UDP)
• WirelessHART – time-synchronized, self-organized and self-healing mixed
architecture
• Thread – based on 6LoWPAN/IPv6, a secure and reliable in-house mixed
network for in-house product control
Oct 23, 2023 27

28. ZigBee
• Over 300 companies participated in its standardization as part of the ZibBee
Alliance
• Based on IEEE 802.15.4
• Designed for applications that require low connection speed, low power
consumption, low delay, secure communication (128-bit AES encryption)
• The nodes can be activated from a dormant state in a few milliseconds
• Supports 65000 nodes per network
• The established network is very robust and fault-resistant
• Easy network management
• Speeds up to 250kb/s
Oct 23, 2023 28

29. ZigBee - applications
• Building automation – security, HVAC, lights, locks, ...
• Personal health – patient supervision, fitness
• Industrial automation – resource management, environmental control,
energy management
• Home management – safety, HVAC, lights, locks, lawn irrigation, ...
• Peripherals of your computer – mouse, keyboard, joystick
• Consumer electronics – remote controls for TV, VCR, DVD/CD
Oct 23, 2023 29

30. Z-Wave
• It was developed by the private company Zensys (2005) Denmark
• they were bought by Sigma in 2008 and sold to Silicon Labs in 2018
• the only ones making chips
• Certification through Z-Wave Alliance - 1700 products from 300
manufacturers
• Application in a smart home
• Frequency <GHz (868 MHz Europe, 908 US)
• Maximum distance 30-100m (depends on obstacles) – Z-Wave Plus 167m
• Bit rate: 9.6-100 Kbps
• Use AES 128 encryption
• One device can be powered for 10 years with a coin-sized battery
Oct 23, 2023 30

31. Z-Wave
• Network topology: Mesh, max. 232 devices in one network
• Allows a maximum of 4 message transfers in a network
• Each network has its own Home ID — shared between devices
• Each device has its own Node ID.
• Types of devices:
• Controller – has Home ID set and cannot be changed – in the factory
• Primary and secondary controllers
• Slave – accept Home ID from the primary controller and the controller assigns them a Node ID
• Can be a router in a network
• Each node maintains a list of neighbours
• Sending methods: single, multicast, broadcast
• Network healing can be initiated where the topology is rearranged
Oct 23, 2023 31

32. LPWAN – Low Power Wide Area Network
• Low power consumption
• Devices can run on battery
• Long distance communication (~x km)
• Lower communication frequencies à increased distance
• Lower data rate
Oct 23, 2023 32

33. LoRa and LoRaWAN
• LoRa – defines the physical layer
• LoRaWAN – defines the protocol and architecture of the system
Oct 23, 2023 33

34. LoRa – node architecture
Izvor: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/eccc1a_ed71ea1cd969417493c74e4a13c55685.pdf
Oct 23, 2023 34

35. LoRaWAN – network architecture
Izvor: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/eccc1a_ed71ea1cd969417493c74e4a13c55685.pdf
Oct 23, 2023 35

36. ChirpStack
• LoRaWAN Network Server Open source stack
• components:
• ChirpStack Gateway Bridge
• for communication with gateway
• ChirpStack Network Server
• network server implementation
• ChirpStack Application Server
• application server implementation
• ChirpStack Gateway OS
• to perform the entire stack on the gateway running on the Raspberry Pi
• based on Linux
Oct 23, 2023 36

37. ChirpStack - architecture
Oct 23, 2023 37

38. LoRa – device classes
• Class A
• Best for battery power
• All devices on the network support this mode
• Sending data to the device is possible only after successful sending
• Use ALOHA mechanism
• Class B
• Receiving over a scheduled period of time
• Receives a sync signal from GW
• Class C
• Continuously has an open receiving window
• Receiving is stopped only when data is sent
Oct 23, 2023 38

39. Implementations
• Commercial:
• Operators provide the network and charge for it:
• OiV (Croatia), KPN (Netherlands), Orange (French), Unidata (Italy), …
• Unidata (partner in the project symbIoTe) - operator of LoRaWAN network in Italy
• https://www.i-scoop.eu/internet-of-things-guide/iot-network-lora-lorawan/
• Public:
• Anyone can get involved and provide access
• Up-to-date list https://www.thethingsnetwork.org
• Private:
• Anyone can start their own private network
Oct 23, 2023 39

40. LoRaWAN implementation in IoT lab at FER
IoT-polje
IoT-device
(LoRa)
RabbitMQ
message broker
InfluxDB
serial database
AMQP
MQTT
+ TLS
MQTT
+ TLS
LoRaWAN
IoT-device
(NB-IoT/
LTE-M)
4G/5G network
provider
microservices
for ingesIon
and data
transformaIon
MQTT
+ TLS
HTTP
+ Flux
LoRaWAN
gateway
LoRaWAN
network
server
LoRa
network
provider
LoRaWAN
applicaIon
server
self-hosted
installaIon
IoT-device
(LoRa) LoRaWAN
AMQP
MQTT
+ TLS
gRPC
MQTT
Oct 23, 2023 40

41. Data collection and actuation
with appliances in the urban
garden
Oct 23, 2023 41
water
tank
water
level
sensor
water
pump
electromagnetic
valve
water
flow
meter
STM32
LoRaWAN
modul
soil moisture sensor

42. Mobile network
Standards and standardization bodies
• ITU – International Telecommunication Union
• They define the goals and standards for devices that will be labelled with 4G or 5G
• 3GPP
• Consortium defining technologies and upgrades
• Everything is organized into releases:
• Rel 8-9: LTE (2008, 2009)
• Rel 10-12: LTE Advanced (2011, 2012, 2015)
• Rel 12: LTE-M (Cat 0)
• Rel 13-14: LTE Advanced Pro (2016, 2017)
• Rel 13: LTE Cat-M1 (eMTC), NB-IoT (LTE Cat-NB ili NB1)
• Rel 14: Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), improvements for MTC, NB-IoT (NB2)
• Rel 15: (2019) – improvements for MTC, 5G Vehicle-to-x service (V2X)
• Rel 16: (2020) – 5G expansion (advanced V2X, Industrial IoT, URLLC), 5G Efficiency (power consumption)
Oct 23, 2023 42

43. LTE Cat 0 – Release 12
• Reduced bit rates to 1Mbps
• Half-duplex communication
• Introduces Power Save Mode (PSM)
• Device can enter into a deep sleep and quickly wake up and connect
• Can wake up and send data once a day
• Maximum sleep period 12.1 days (depends on the network e.g. 2 or 4 hours)
Oct 23, 2023 43

44. LTE Cat-1 – Release 8
• Primarily used in the USA for M2M communication
• Higher speeds: 10Mbps (download), 5Mbps (sending)
• Can transmit audio and video
• Lower power consumption than 4G-LTE
• Can be switched to 3G or 2G
Oct 23, 2023 44

45. LTE Cat-M1 (eMTC or LTE-M) – Release 13
• eMTC – enhanced Machine Type Communication
• Reduced bandwidth from 20MHz to 1.4Mhz simpler devices, lower
consumption
• Reduced power output by 50%
• Speeds of 375 kbps or 1 Mbps
• Application: V2V, sound
• Added mechanisms for the possibility of short sleep devices (10.24s) radio
consumes 15μA on average
• PSM from Cat-0 applies here as well
Oct 23, 2023 45

46. NB-IoT (LTE Cat-NB or NB1) – Release 13
• Goals:
• 10 years battery life with a capacity of 5 Wh
• Additional coverage of space (+20 dB)
• Module Price: ~$5
• Important changes:
• Channel width only 180kHz à reducing module costs and power consumption
• No audio or video transmission
• There is no mobility between the cells
• Maximum signal loss (MCL – max. coupling loss) 164 dB which is similar to LoRaWAN
and Sigfox
• Communication passes in basements and tunnels
• Increased range by 7x outdoors
• Transmission speed: ~26kbps downlink, ~62kbps uplink
• Theoretically, it allows you to connect up to 200,000 devices per cell
Oct 23, 2023 46

47. NB-IoT (NB2) – Release 14
• Major upgrades:
• more precise positioning: OTDOA and E-CID
• added multicast
• improved mobility
• possible reconnection when we are connected, it is not necessary to go into idle
mode
• increased maximum speeds:
• 127kbps downlink, 159kbps uplink
• support for multiple (15) operators à increased device density 1M/km2
• new power class 14dBm à requires less battery
Oct 23, 2023 47

48. NB-IoT – the first installations 2017
• DT – launched in 8 EU countries (Germany, Netherlands, Austria,
Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia)
• Applications: tracking things, smart parking, smart meters
• T-Mobile US, Ericsson, Qualcomm
• Applications: collection of sensor data (temp., humidity, gases, ...), flood
alarming
• U-blox, PinMyPet, Huawei and operator Vivo: animal tracking
• China Mobile, ZTE – 200-site network testing
• Telia Norway – pilot project to track 1000 sheep in Norway
Oct 23, 2023 48

49. How to choose protocol?
• Choosing protocol and technology depends on different constraints
like:
• Use case
• Indoor or outdoor
• Range
• Type of power
• Place (country and their regulations)
• Subscription or self hosted
• …
Oct 23, 2023 49

50. Project IoT Field
Networked Devices and Big Data
Processing for the Digitalization of
Agriculture
Oct 23, 2023 50

51. Data-driven agriculture
• Goal: increase of crop yields and profitability
• Reduce the traditional inputs needed to grow crops: e.g., land use,
water, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides
• Major challenges: climate change, transition to organic farming
• Continuous monitoring of environmental parameters, soil and crop
status (in situ measurements)
• Data sources: sensors for continuous monitoring placed in the fields,
satellites or drones for remote sensing (intermittent sensing)
Oct 23, 2023 51

52. Interoperable IoT-ecosystem for agriculture
+ TLS
Messaging brokers, REST
servers, time series database
Gateways
Monitoring
system
Container orchestration
OpenStack cloud
Data
visualization
PromQL
Web and
mobile apps
HTTPS
Field sensors
environmental
parameters and
physiological
state of the
plants
Oct 23, 2023 52

53. System architecture
IoT-device
(LoRa)
RabbitMQ
message broker
InfluxDB
serial database
Grafana
data
visualizaCon
Prometheus
for monitoring
HTTP
+ PromQL
AMQP
MQTT
+ TLS
MQTT
+ TLS
LoRaWAN
IoT-device
(NB-IoT/
LTE-M)
4G/5G network
provider
microservices
for ingesCon
and data
transformaCon
MQTT
+ TLS
web/mobile
applicaCons
HTTP
Nginx
reverse
proxy
HTTPS
HTTP
+ Flux
LoRaWAN
gateway
LoRaWAN
network
server
LoRa
network
provider
LoRaWAN
applicaCon
server
self-hosted
installaCon
IoT-device
(LoRa) LoRaWAN
AMQP
MQTT
+ TLS
gRPC
MQTT
Keycloak authorizaCon
and idenCty server
HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
Kubernetes
for container
orchestraCon
OpenStack
cloud
HTTP
+ Flux
HTTP
HTTP
+ Flux
HTTP
+ Flux
microservices
for data
amalyCcs
microservice
for data
management
Neo4j graph
database
HTTP
+ Cypher
MongoDB
HTTP
Oct 23, 2023 53

54. Data collection
IoT-device
(LoRa)
RabbitMQ
message broker
InfluxDB
serial database
AMQP
MQTT
+ TLS
MQTT
+ TLS
LoRaWAN
IoT-device
(NB-IoT/
LTE-M)
4G/5G network
provider
microservices
for ingesIon
and data
transformaIon
MQTT
+ TLS
HTTP
+ Flux
LoRaWAN
gateway
LoRaWAN
network
server
LoRa
network
provider
LoRaWAN
applicaIon
server
self-hosted
installaIon
IoT-device
(LoRa) LoRaWAN
AMQP
MQTT
+ TLS
gRPC
MQTT
Oct 23, 2023 54

55. Our data sources: Urban garden @ FER
~60 MB data
collected in 8.5 months
Oct 23, 2023 55

56. Our data sources: Pinova Meteo
295 stations
~11 GB data
collected in 8
months
Oct 23, 2023 56

57. Open data sources • Copernicus ERA-5 Land
• Based on images
collected by Sentinel
satellites complemented
by in-situ measurements
• Microclimate data for the
predefined 9x9 km grid
• publishing delay ~3
months
• Agri4Cast
• Meteorological
observations from
weather stations
interpolated on a 25x25
km grid
Oct 23, 2023 57

58. Sensor for chlorophyll
fluorescence: indicator of
plant stress To be placed in 3 locations
in May 2022 (Osijek 1, 2
and Tovarnik)
In collaboration with
• Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Computer
Science and
Information
Technology Osijek
• Agricultural Institute
Osijek
Oct 23, 2023 58

59. Data interoperability
• Syntactic
• Enabled by ingestion and transformation microservices
• Defined message structure/format for 3 type of IoT-devices in ownership of
different organisations (FER, FERIT, Pinova d.o.o.)
• Semantic
• Data collection relations described with graph (dynamic context)
• Enables content flexibility in mobile application by selecting similar and/or
preferred content
Oct 23, 2023 59

60. Edge data aquisition
• K3s
• Virtualization on the Edge
• Version of Kubernetes for Edge/IoT
RabbitMQ
message broker
AMQP/
TLS
LoRaWAN
gateway
LoRaWAN
network
server
LoRaWAN
applica;on
server
K3s on Edge
IoT-device
(LoRa) LoRaWAN
gRPC
microservice for
data transfer to
cloud
RabbitMQ
message broker
in cloid
AMQP
Oct 23, 2023 60

61. Data analytics
• Stream processing
• Receiving data from RabbitMQ message broker
• Batch processing
• Reading data form InfluxDB (times series database)
• Flux query language
• For each analysis can be run one or more microservices
Oct 23, 2023 61

62. MultiCloud architecture
• Main – client cloud model (pull)
• Main – client cloud model (push)
• Cloud federation
Oct 23, 2023 62

63. MultiCloud: main – client cloud model (pull)
IoT-device
(LoRa)
InfluxDB 6mes
serices
database
Grafana
visualiza6on
AMQP
RabbitMQ
message broker
LoRaWAN
inges6on and
transforma6on
microservice
MQTT
+ TLS
HTTP
Nginx
reverse
proxy
HTTP/
Flux
LoRaWAN
provider
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
main cloud client cloud
InfluxDB 6mes
series
database
Grafana
visualiza6on
inges6on
microservice
for data
transfer
HTTP
Nginx
reverse
proxy
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
AMQP +
TLS
Oct 23, 2023 63

64. MultiCloud: main – client cloud model (push)
IoT-device
(LoRa)
InfluxDB
6mes serices
database
Grafana
visualiza6on
AMQP
RabbitMQ
message broker
LoRaWAN
inges6on and
transforma6on
microservice
MQTT
+ TLS
HTTP
Nginx
reverse
proxy
HTTP/
Flux
LoRaWAN
provider
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
main cloud client cloud
InfluxDB
6mes serices
database
Grafana
visualiza6on
inges6on and
transforma6o
n microservice
HTTP
Nginx
reverse
proxy
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
AMQP +
TLS
RabbitMQ
message broker
push
(shovel)
Oct 23, 2023 64

65. MultiCloud: federation
IoT-device
(LoRa)
InfluxDB
6mes serices
database
Grafana
visualiza6on
AMQP
RabbitMQ
message broker
LoRaWAN
inges6on and
transforma6on
microservice
MQTT
+ TLS
HTTP
Nginx
reverse
proxy
HTTP/
Flux
LoRaWAN
provider
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
main cloud client cloud
InfluxDB
6mes serices
database
Grafana
visualiza6on
inges6on and
transforma6o
n microservice
HTTP
Nginx
reverse
proxy
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
HTTP/
Flux
AMQP +
TLS
RabbitMQ
message broker
federa9on
Oct 23, 2023 65

66. Mobile applications
• Data visualization
• from specific field (selecting by tags or station name)
• at any time (current readings, past values)
• Recommendation for farmer (future work)
• Analysis of data from previous years
• Recommendation for seeding time, irrigation, applying pesticides, fertilization,
…
• Forecast (future work)
• Calculating expected crop productivity
• Target platforms: Android, iOS, smart tv (Android), web
Oct 23, 2023 66

67. Mobile applications – UI
Oct 23, 2023 67

68. Expected project results (IoT-field)
§ Novel IoT solutions (software and hardware) for
dense monitoring of microclimate conditions and
physiological status of plants
§ Integrate all available data sources into an
interoperable IoT ecosystem for precision
agriculture
§ Use statistical methods and machine learning for
processing of data streams from those data
sources
§ Low-cost solutions for small farms
§ Various services for data-driven processing of
integrated microclimate and agronomic data
§ IoT-application (mobile app) for daily assessment of
crop condition and yield estimation
Oct 23, 2023 68

69. For more information:
http://www.iot.fer.hr/
https://iot-polje.fer.hr/iot-polje/en
https://www.linkedin.com/company/iotlabfer
Oct 23, 2023 69