IoT introduction

1. Lectures on IoT © IOT-OPEN.EU Consortium
Project Ref. 2016-1-PL01-KA203-026471

2. Erasmus+ disclaimer
This project has been funded with support from the
European Commission. This publication reflects
the views only of the author, and the Commission
cannot be held responsible for any use which may
be made of the information contained therein.

3. Introduction
to the IoT

4. Lecture 1 Introduction
• Definition of IOT in a context of the modern
technology
• Overview of the enabling technologies behind the
IOT
• Mobility as a new paradigm of communicating
devices
• Hints for further readings on development boards,
kits and sites

5. Definition of IOT in a context of
the modern technology
Sensors
Embedded
systems
with net
Local
storage
Network /
Internet
Cloud Knowledge

6. So what is IoT then?
Actually …
hard to say
;-)
It is all
about
data:
MUST!
Communication is done
in M2M model
(Machine-to-Machine)
from sensing the
world
to data analytics

7. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#1)
•Key facts that have driven development of the IoT:
• Appearance of very cheap, low power computing systems:
• i.e. Arduino (and clones, STM, etc, – Atmel based)
• Single core, low memory (~kB-MB)
• Price: 2-30 $
• Various peripherals including networking (wired, wireless)
• Wide connectivity capabilities (including standards, i.e. USB, flash
storage, COM, SPI, I2C, etc.).
• Very low power consumption (~mA), low voltage (3.3V-5V)

8. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#2)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT:
• Low cost of manufacturing relatively complex embedded
systems:
• Raspberry and clones (Arm processors), Intel Edisson:
• Multicore processor, 0.256-6GB, network onboard (WiFi,
BT/BLE, wired).
• Wide comm. protocols (USB, COM but also having GPIOs).
• Integrated rich UI/UX capabilities - graphic coprocessor and
video out (analog, digital).
• Price 25-100$.
• Low power (5-10 W), low voltage (5V/12V).

9. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#3)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT:
• Internet
• Wireless and wired networks are present almost everywhere.
• Low cost of data transfer for cellular networks and their
performance (3G/4G/5G).
• Prepaid plans around 5EUR/month nonlimited 3G/4G access.
• Prepaid plans for texting (SMS).
• Unlimited plans.
• Grid and Mesh network models covering whole cities.
• UPC WiFi network
• Orange
• City operated

10. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#4)
•Key facts that have driven development of the IoT:
• Addressing network growth:
• Transformation from IP v4 to IP v6:
• IP v6 address space delivers 3.4×10^38 of unique addresses (48 bits).
• Has lower packet header processing overhead.
• IP v4 address space delivers “only” 4294967296 of unique addresses
(32 bit).
• This is partially true due to the NAT phenomena but …
• Business Insider projects over 22,5 billion IoT (only IoT) devices running by
2021 where each should possess separate IP address ;-).

11. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#5)
•Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• Data science
• Cloud services for storage:
• Personal clouds (home/SMB NAS systems)
• Global clouds (offered by hosting providers):
• Microsoft Azure
• Google
• Amazon
• (many, many more)

12. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#6)
•Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• Data science (cont):
• HPC and cloud services for analytics:
• You can “rent” i.e. Azure analytic services (HDInsight / Hadoop).
• Many universities have their HPCs.
• You can event have access for large farms like Pixar’s one.
• Wide acceptance of Business Intelligence tools (out of
corporations).

13. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#7)
•Key facts that have driven development of the IoT
(cont.):
• New programming paradigms:
• Distributed and parallel computing
• Multicore processors
• Multiprocessor systems
• GPU processing i.e. nVidia CUDA
• Dedicated FPGA based solutions
• Cloud based resources

14. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#8)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• New programming paradigms (cont):
• SoA model.
• Microservices.
• Agile development model and cross-space collaboration.
• Public repositories (i.e. Github) and related WEB 2.0 content.
• Easy and cheap access to training new technology skills via MOOC
(EDX, Coursera) <- we’re in.

15. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#9)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• Humankind self-awareness:
• Fitness
• Stay healthy, look good
• Beware what you eat and how much energy you need
• Monitor your activity, count calories ;-)
• Browse your training progress
• Share your achievements over social media (FB, Twitter,
Endomondo, etc.)

16. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#10)
• Key facts that have driven development of the
IoT (cont.):
• Humankind self-awareness (cont.):
• We no longer want to spent our life cleaning
house, taking care about heating, closing
windows, shopping food, etc.:
• Intelligent house.
• Autonomous vacuum cleaners.
• Internet fridge.

17. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#11)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• Humankind self-awareness (cont.):
• Security and safety, i.e.:
• Health monitoring and activity monitoring for elderly.
• Automatic rescue call when car accident occurs:
• Opel OnStar costs around 79 £ per 12 month.
• Ecology and energy harvesting:
• Green energy.
• Prosumers – you can own your small power plant ;-)

18. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#12)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• Mobile devices:
• Treat them as data source but also as UI/UX / data interface.
• Naturally wireless.
• Integrates easily with IoT infrastructure.
• Wide acceptance of surveillance and monitoring:
• We share our (even sensitive) data through social media
anyway.

19. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#13)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• Industry 4.0 (4th
industrial evolution):
• Automation of the common tasks – M2M.
• Data collecting towards better flexibility of the production
chain and higher gain:
• Better understanding of the value-chain thus optimization
capabilities.
• Introduction of CPS (Cyber-Physical-Systems)
• Here is pure Industrial IoT!

20. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#14)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT (cont.):
• Development of the semantic based communication and
semantic oriented data representation:
• Now between devices.
• i.e. XML (XHTML), CoAP
• No detailed protocol description is needed for the machine – just
semantic rules to understand the meaning and context
• NLP - Natural Language Processing

21. Overview of the enabling
technologies behind the IOT (#15)
• Key facts that have driven development of the IoT :
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning:
• Not only smart but also intelligent
• Autonomous-Autonomic: self* object
• Cognitive: able to learn, understand and decide
• NLP - Natural Language Processing

22. Now couple of scenarios ;-)
…welcome to the IoT world…

23. IoT Scenario
• Delivery
•Has to deliver orders
•Needs route
•Has mobile navigation
integrated with cloud
services
•Is absent (working).
•Has mobile that traces
his activity (i.e. way
home).
Customer
M2M
Courier
•Customer’s mobile identifies
one finished working and is on
a way back home.
•Notifies Courier’s mobile to let
it adopt route to catch
customer present at home.

24. IoT Scenario
• Industry (4.0)
•Embedded
systems developer
•Creates a stack of
components (i.e.
Arduino shields)
•Needs enclosure
•Devices
•Identify structure of
components used
•Notify cloud on how the
device is juxtaposed
•Cloud
•Validates tests are
finished and
development is over
•Orders correct
enclosure to the 3D
printer

25. IoT Scenario
• Health care
Elderly
patient
monitoring
service
System traces elderly
activity and forwards
it to the cloud
Cloud detects
anomalies
System alerts medical
(and eventually rescue)

26. IoT Scenario
• Smart home #1
Intelligent
home
System traces activity
at home and monitors
condition
Intelligent home
management
systems checks
safety conditions
Closes windows when
to cold or raining.
Switches off kettle etc.

27. IoT Scenario
• Smart home #2
Energy harvesting
Intelligent
home
Current weather data
Solar Panels
Schedule energy
intensive household
tasks
Weather forecast

28. Some scenarios
• Fitness
Workouts
Smartwatch /
smart band
monitors activity
and performance
Local cloud
Monitors progress
Adapts workout
plan
Global cloud
Monitors health
Consults food
and sport
specialist
Local devices
Internet fridge
orders food with
correct protein
level

29. IoT Scenario
• Smart city #1
Intelligent
transportation
Commuters
(trace via mobile)
Bus traffic
(amount,
directions) to
cloud
Learn crowd
behavior
(data mining)
Adopt schedule
and lines
(dynamic, static)
Feedback
information to
commuters

30. IoT Scenario
• Smart city #2
City intelligence
Investment
Control
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31. IoT Scenario
• Industry 4.0
Christoph Roser at http://www.allaboutlean.com AllAboutLean.com
M2M
Machines optimize value chain
through re-organization of the
production process
Maximize income
Through value chain
analysis you can limit
costs and lower time to
market
Energy
Optimize energy use
over the time

32. Mobility as a new paradigm of
communicating devices
Wireless networks
are/can be present
almost everywhere.
That is M2M
Mobility involves wireless
communication.
Standardization enables
devices of various kinds to
intercommunicate one
another:

33. Mobility as a new paradigm of
communicating devices
We need to go out of scope of existing
communication schemas:
•Let the devices create new connection structures
themselves.
•Let they behave like meet and greet with anonymous
identities.
•Let they understand one another without knowing exact
communication protocol.

34. Wireless mobile devices
802.11x standard Speed (max), note it is theoretical
and it is Bits, not Bytes.
Operating frequency
802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz
802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz
802.11n 300 Mbps 5 GHz
150 Mbps 2.4 GHz
802.11ac 1 Gbps 5 GHz
Common wireless WiFi standards for communication bring
following juxtaposition:

35. Wireless mobile devices
Standard Max speed - note: theoretical (upload) Note
SMS - UDP like
CSD 9.6 kbps
HSCSD 14.4 kbps
GPRS (2.5G) 21.4 kbps
42.8 kbps
EDGE (2.75G)
EGPRS (2.75G)
59.2 kbps
118.4 kbps
HSPA (3G) 2 Mbps
HSPA+ (3.5G) 5.8-168 Mbps Depends on revision, 168 not yet widely
implemented. Usually up to 22 Mbps
LTE (4G) 50-75 Mbps
Common wireless GSM standards for communication bring following
juxtaposition:

36. Wireless mobile devices
• Now assume throughput around 75% of the maximum speed for
2.4GHz 802.11g network (the most popular in low computing IoT
devices i.e. ESP8266):
• 54 Mbps *0.75/8 ~= 5MBps
• Assuming unit sensor generates stream of around 5 kBps (i.e. rich
http response including headers, data once a second):
• amount of devices connected to one WiFi router is ~1000 devices.
• Above example does not assume any margin for errors and is
very approximate.

37. Wireless mobile devices
• This leads to the conclusion that using standard WiFi,
IP4/IP6 networks is cheap, possible, but protocols like http
over classical TCP/IP network are far “too fat” for IoT
devices mostly due to the headers overhead and text
(non-binary) transmission.
• On the other hand, text protocols (i.e. XML, XHTML) are
subject of simplified NLP processing.

38. Wireless mobile devices
• Transferring large amount of (overhead) data
requires power.
• Observe your mobile phone battery drain when
using WiFi and packet data extensively.

39. Wireless mobile devices
• Low power, efficient protocols for WPAN (Wireless
Personal Area Networks) can be adapted for IoT as
WSAN (Wireless Sensor Actor Networks):
• 6LoWPAN (originates from IoT)
• Bluetooth 4.x (BLE)
• Low level IEEE 802.15.4-2006 (actually 6LoWPAN is built on top of it)
• ZigBee (originates from IoT)
• UWB (various implementations, including Wireless USB)
• RF 433 MHz, 868 MHz

40. The end ;)