I tried to write my own book. It is not yet complete, but I hope you learn something on the concept of reproduction.

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2. 2
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What do you call the manner by which an organism produces an offspring?
A. Growth
B. Reproduction
C. Adaptation
D. Homeostasis
2. In sexual reproduction, gametes are fused as part of the fertilization process. Which
of the following are gametes?
A. Nerve cell and adipose cell
B. Somatic cells
C. Lymphocyte and erythrocyte
D. Sperm and egg
3. Which of the following organisms undergo asexual reproduction?
A. Aspidoscelis tigris
B. Simiiformes catarrhini
C. Felis catus
D. Homo sapiens sapiens
4. What do you call the kind of asexual reproduction wherein the egg cell develops into
a new organism without being fertilized?
A. Fragmentation
B. Binary Fission
C. Budding
D. Parthenogenesis
5. What do you call the kind off organism which possesses both the male and female
reproductive organ and can reproduce on its own?
A. Marsupials
B. Osteichthyes
C. Hermaphrodites
D. Oocytes
Chapter 1 Pre-test: Reproduction
Note: Do not proceed to the next page without answering and checking the
pre-test. The answer key will be provided by your teacher.

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Each living organism abiding in this planet has the capacity to reproduce. This is
an important manner on how these species could be preserved so as to prevent
extinction. Only living organisms has can reproduce as it generates copies of the
genetic material that is transferred from one species to another. Reproduction can
either be sexual or asexual.
1.1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The term asexual reproduction1
is the process by which living organisms produce
its offspring without the fusion of gametes. This process is also termed as
agamogenesis2
since fertilization and meiosis will most likely not occur in the
process. There are different unicellular
prokaryotic and unicellular and/or
multicellular eukaryotic organisms
which undergo asexual reproduction
such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus aureus
Methanobrevibacter smithii, Hydra
oligactis (brown hydra), Candida
albicans (yeast), Aspidoscelis tigris
(Western whiptail lizard), and
Carcharhinus limbatus (blacktip shark) among others. Also, there are some
microorganisms such as Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS), a probiotic good
bacteria found in Yakult products as shown in Figure 1, reproduce asexually through
binary fission. This kind of bacteria found in Yakult is non-pathogenic since it does
1
https://byjus.com/biology/asexual-
reproduction/#:~:text=Asexual%20reproduction%20is%20a%20mode%20of%20reproduction%20in,i.e.%2C%20the
y%20are%20the%20clones%20of%20their%20parent.
2
https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Asexual-
Reproduction/196210#:~:text=A%20more%20stringent%20definition%20is%20agamogenesis%20which%20is,Man
y%20plants%20and%20fungi%20reproduce%20asexually%20as%20well.
Figure 1. Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in Yakult reproduces asexually
CHAPTER 1. REPRODUCTION
Learning Objective: differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction

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not cause any disease, instead, it aids in better digestion so as to avoid the occurrence
of diarrhea and constipation3
. The asexual reproduction of LcS found in Yakult helps
produce more good bacteria which protects the person that consumes it from the
acquisition of digestive disorders.
There are different ways an organism can reproduce asexually– binary
fission, multiple fission, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation,
regeneration, and parthenogenesis4
. Take note that each kind of asexual
reproduction differ in a sense
1.1.1. Binary Fission
The first kind of asexual reproduction is binary fission. Binary fission5
as
shown in Figure 2,
involves the formation of
two (2) identical daughter
cells after the parent cell
divides. Binary fission
involves 1) DNA
replication, 2) cell
growth, 3) DNA
segregation, and 4) cell
splitting in order to create
identical offsprings.
Unicellular prokaryotic organisms under archaebacteria and eubacteria reproduce
through binary fission. Sample organisms under archaebacteria that undergo binary
fission even on extreme environment are Methanocaldococcus jannaschi,
Methanopyrus kandleri, Ferroplasma acidophilum, Picrophilus oshimae, and
Thermoplasma volcanium while sample organisms under eubacteria that undergo
3
https://drhealthbenefits.com/food-bevarages/beverages/processed-beverages/health-benefits-of-
yakult#:~:text=Smooth%20the%20digestive%20system.%20One%20of%20the%20benefits,will%20be%20smooth%
20and%20you%20avoid%20digestive%20disorders.
4
https://factsandhistory.com/common-types-of-asexual-reproduction/
5
https://askinglot.com/do-eukaryotes-undergo-binary-
fission#:~:text=Do%20eukaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%3F%20They%20reproduce%20using,prokaryo
tes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%22%20rule%2C%20however%2C%20do%20exist.
Figure 2. Binary Fission of Paramecium

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binary fission are Venenivibrio stagnispumantis, Thermotoga maritima, Nitrospira
moscoviensis, Chlorobium limicola, and Bacillus alcalophilus. There are also some
unicellular eukaryotic organisms that undergo binary fission such as Paramecium
and Entamoeba histolytica (amoeba).
1.1.2. Multiple Fission
Multiple Fission6
is a kind of asexual reproduction wherein a parent cell
produces multiple identical daughter cells. The process of producing offspring is
quite similar to binary fission, but the multiplicity of offsprings in multiple fission
ensures the preservation of its species in one setting. Plasmodium vivax and
Plasmodium falciparum which causes malaria divides through multiple fission.
1.1.3. Budding
The next kind of
asexual reproduction is
budding7
which
involves the formation
of a bud from the parent
organism which
eventually detaches
after some time in order
to pave a way for it to
live on its own. The
common organisms that
form buds in order to
reproduce are Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Hydra. Figure 3 shows the
budding process of Hydra as it releases a fully mature bud that eventually develops
into an adult hydra.
6
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-is-multiple-fission-how-does-it-occur-in-an-organism-explain-briefly-
name-one/
7
https://byjus.com/biology/budding/
Figure 3. Budding Process of Hydra

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1.1.4. Gemmule Formation
The process of gemmule
formation8
are common in
sponges under phylum Porifera
such as Cliona Celata (boring
sponge) and Spongia officinalis
(bath sponge). In this process,
gemmules (internal buds) are
released by the parent in order for
it to develop into a new sponge.
Gemmules can be classified into
Single or double-layered coats
which are enclosed by either
mononucleate or binucleate cells
and triple-layered coats which are
enclosed by binucleate cells. Gemmules as shown in Figure 4 have its inner
membrane which is the protoplasmic part, spicule which helps the gemmule to deal
with hostile environmental conditions, micropyle outer coat which helps gemmules
to float, archaeocytes that contains the glycoprotein or lipoprotein substances that
serve as food supplies, and outer pneumatic layer which is enclosed by the
endospore where spicules are attached.
1.1.5. Fragmentation
There is also a way wherein a species of
organism reproduces asexually by means of
amputating and splitting the organism into
fragments which is also known as
fragmentation9
. The fragments later on
develop into a new organism such as the one
that takes place in flatworms such as planaria as
shown in Figure 5, and annelid worms.
8
https://www.vedantu.com/biology/gemmules
9
https://byjus.com/biology/fragmentation/
Figure 4. Structure of Gemmules
Figure 5. Fragmentation in Planaria
MICROPYLE
INNER
MEMBRANE
ARCHAEOCYTES
SPICULES

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1.1.6. Regeneration
Regeneration10
is the process of amputating
a part of an organism that develops into a new
organism of the same species. This is commonly
occurring in the radially symmetrical starfish such as
in Asterias rubens (sea star) as shown in Figure 6.
1.1.7. Parthenogenesis
The last kind of asexual which will be discussed on this module is
parthenogenesis. The term parthenogenesis11
indicates the sudden development of
an organism from an
unfertilized egg. Since
parthenogenesis tend to
occur in bees, the diploid
(2n) queen bee was able
to generate the drone
(male honey bee)
without undergoing
fertilization. Drones
appears to lack stingers
and eats food only if the
worker bee assists them in doing so. Parthenogenesis can either be facultative,
natural complete, natural incomplete, and artificial. Facultative parthenogenesis
occurs in sharks, Komodo dragons, and crayfish wherein not all of its species
produce asexually and if it undergoes parthenogenesis, one (1) egg was fertilized by
the three (3) extra cells which acted as the surrogate sperm after the female organism
underwent meiosis. This indicates that the genetic composition of the organism came
solely from the mother or the female organism. Say for instance, the Carcharhinus
10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_regeneration#:~:text=Regeneration%20phases%201%20Repair%20phase.
%20Immediately%20following%20amputation%2C,regenerative%20phase.%20...%203%20Advanced%20regenerati
ve%20phase.%20
11
https://byjus.com/biology/parthenogenesis/#:~:text=Parthenogenesis%20is%20important%20for%20the%20foll
owing%20reasons%3A%201,organisms%20is%20caused%20by%20parthenogenesis.%20More%20items...%20
Figure 6. Regeneration in star fish
Figure 7. Parthenogenesis in Bee

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limbatus (blacktip shark)12,13
named Tidbit was found to carrying a baby shark
without intercourse with another shark. This is due to the fact that it underwent
facultative parthenogenesis. This indicates that the offspring produced Tidbit
contains purely her genetic material. Natural complete parthenogenesis occurs
when the species of microorganisms rely on self-reproduction and species of its kind
are all females. Cnemidophorus uniparens14
(grassland whiptail lizard) species tend
to reproduce through natural complete parthenogenesis since all of its species are all
female and it relies on self-fertilization in order to reproduce species of its own kind.
In terms of natural incomplete parthenogenesis, it has natural generation and
parthenogenesis generation like that of bees, aphids, ants, and wasps. Lastly,
artificial parthenogenesis occurs in organisms using chemicals and other physical
means.
1.2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The sexual reproduction process involves the fusion of gametes- egg cell
and sperm cell. Organisms which undergo sexual reproduction may either be
oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous15
. Oviparous mode of sexual reproduction
enables the organism to lay eggs. Chicken, and other species of birds are oviparous
organisms as shown in Figure 8. Ovoviviparous are organisms which produces egg
inside has no placenta nor umbilical cord. The hatching of the egg occurs inside the
body of the mother then the offspring will be
released after it matures. Thamnophis sirtalis
(garter snake), Trioceros jacksonii (Jackson’s
chameleon), and Hippocampus sp. (sea horse) are
all ovoviviparous organisms. Viviparous organisms
are organisms that bear live young. Humans and
other mammals are viviparous organisms.
12
https://www.livescience.com/7585-shark-pregnant-males-required.html
13
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/
14
https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/whiptail-
lizard/#:~:text=Desert%20grassland%20whiptail%20lizard%20%28Cnemidophorus%20uniparens%29%20which%2C
%20as,parthenogenic%20species%20in%20which%20all%20specimens%20are%20female.
15
https://warbletoncouncil.org/animales-oviparos-viviparos-ovoviviparos-
250#:~:text=Depending%20on%20how%20they%20reproduce%2C%20animals%20can%20be,the%20ovoviviparou
s%20the%20eggs%20remain%20inside%20the%20mother.
Figure 8. Viviparous Chicken that lay egg

9. 9
References:
• BYJUS (2022). Asexual reproduction - types, advantages, disadvantages, examples. Retrieved
March 25, 2022, from https://byjus.com/biology/asexual-
reproduction/#:~:text=Asexual%20reproduction%20is%20a%20mode%20of%20reproduction%2
0in,i.e.%2C%20they%20are%20the%20clones%20of%20their%20parent
• Facts and History. (2021). Common types of asexual reproduction. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from
https://factsandhistory.com/common-types-of-asexual-reproduction/
• Heben, et al. (2017). 13 proven health benefits of Yakult Probiotic Drink. DrHealthBenefits.com.
Retrieved March 25, 2022, from https://drhealthbenefits.com/food-
bevarages/beverages/processed-beverages/health-benefits-of-
yakult#:~:text=Smooth%20the%20digestive%20system.%20One%20of%20the%20benefits,will
%20be%20smooth%20and%20you%20avoid%20digestive%20disorders
• https://askinglot.com/do-eukaryotes-undergo-binary-
fission#:~:text=Do%20eukaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%3F%20They%20reproduc
e%20using,prokaryotes%20undergo%20binary%20fission%22%20rule%2C%20however%2C%2
0do%20exist
• https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/what-is-multiple-fission-how-does-it-occur-in-an-organism-
explain-briefly-name-one/
• https://www.vedantu.com/biology/gemmules
• https://byjus.com/biology/fragmentation/
• https://byjus.com/biology/budding/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_regeneration#:~:text=Regeneration%20phases%201%20Re
pair%20phase.%20Immediately%20following%20amputation%2C,regenerative%20phase.%20...
%203%20Advanced%20regenerative%20phase.%20
• https://byjus.com/biology/parthenogenesis/#:~:text=Parthenogenesis%20is%20important%20for
%20the%20following%20reasons%3A%201,organisms%20is%20caused%20by%20parthenogen
esis.%20More%20items...%20
• https://www.livescience.com/7585-shark-pregnant-males-required.html
• https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/asexual-lizards/
• https://allyouneedisbiology.wordpress.com/tag/whiptail-
lizard/#:~:text=Desert%20grassland%20whiptail%20lizard%20%28Cnemidophorus%20uniparen
s%29%20which%2C%20as,parthenogenic%20species%20in%20which%20all%20specimens%2
0are%20female.
• https://warbletoncouncil.org/animales-oviparos-viviparos-ovoviviparos-
250#:~:text=Depending%20on%20how%20they%20reproduce%2C%20animals%20can%20be,t
he%20ovoviviparous%20the%20eggs%20remain%20inside%20the%20mother.
• TermPaperWarehouse. (2008). Asexual reproduction. Retrieved March 25, 2022, from
https://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Asexual-
Reproduction/196210#:~:text=A%20more%20stringent%20definition%20is%20agamogenesis%
20which%20is,Many%20plants%20and%20fungi%20reproduce%20asexually%20as%20well

10. 10
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is the process wherein organisms reproduce without the fusion of gametes?
A. Sexual reproduction
B. Asexual reproduction
C. Recreation
D. Reincarnation
2. What is the product of binary fission?
a. One (1) identical daughter cell
b. Two (2) identical daughter cells
c. Three (3) or more identical daughter cells
d. None of the above
3. Which of the following organisms don’t undergo parthenogenesis?
a. Komodo dragon
b. Shark
c. Chicken
d. Lizard
4. What do you call the kind of asexual reproduction wherein organism develops from
an unfertilized egg?
a. Fragmentation
b. Regeneration
c. Budding
d. Parthenogenesis
5. Do you think all birds are oviparous?
a. Yes, I agree because all birds lay eggs.
b. No, I don’t agree because not all birds carry live young.
c. No, I don’t agree because not all birds lay eggs.
d. Yes, I agree because all birds carry live young.
Chapter 1 Posttest: Reproduction

11. 11
II. ESSAY
1. What do you think are the differences between asexual and sexual
reproduction?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. What are the different kinds of asexual reproduction? What makes
each kind different from one another?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. What are the different kinds of sexual reproduction? What makes each
kind different from one another?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Note: The answer key to the posttest will be provided by your
teacher.

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