Practical Research 2: Quantitative Research Explained

Nature of
Inquiry and
Research
Lesson 1

describe characteristics,
strengths, and weaknesses
of quantitative research;
Illustrates the importance of
quantitative research across
fields
Differentiates kinds of
variables and their uses
contrast kinds of quantitative
research.
The Nature of Inquiry and Research
Our Learning Goals After this discussion, you are expected to have the
ability to…

Quote Slide
“Success is not final; failure is not
fatal: It is the courage to continue
that counts”
~ Winston S. Churchill

Let’s look back
✔How would you define
practical research?
✔ Why is it important for a SHS
student to know the process
of conducting research?
✔Give some examples
of opportunities or topics to
both of your interests and
your SHS strand

Defining Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting information in order to
increase our understanding of a phenomenon about
which we are interested or concerned
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).

Research is a systematic and objective
creation of knowledge.
(Creswell, 2013)
works with a system or
method
unbiased; all angles
presented
a creative
process
Defining
Research Pose a question
Collect data to
answer to the
question
Present the
answer

Add to existing knowledge.
Improve practice.
Inform policies
Solve problems, not emergencies.
Why DO
RESEARCH?

Definition of Quantitative
Research
“Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data
that are analyzed using mathematically based methods
(in particular statistics)”
(Aliaga and Gunderson, 2000)

Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
It is reliable and objective
It uses statistics
It reduces a complex
problem

Research
It tests theories or
hypotheses
It assumes that the sample is
representative of the population

Research
The subjectivity of its methodology
is a secondary concern
It deals with the details of
the subject

Strengths and Weaknesses
of Quantitative Research
Testing and validating
already constructed
theories about how
and why phenomena
occur
Can generalize a
research finding when
it has been replicated
or when the data ae
based on random
samples of sufficient
size. Useful in
studying large number
of people
Data collection is
relatively quick and
analysis of data is
relatively less time
consuming.
Provides precise,
quantitative,
numerical data.
Results are relatively
independent of the
researcher
Inadequacy of
numbers for total
picture and depth
of analysis
Less than 100%
accuracy in
sampling,
instrument
construction and
administration
Assumptions in
statistical
methods
Knowledge produced
may be too abstract
and general for direct
application to specific
local situations,
contexts and
individual

Quantitative
vs. Qualitative Research
STANDARDS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Mental Survey of
Reality
Results from social
interactions
Cause-effect
Relationships
Explained by people’s objective
desires
Researcher’s
Involvement
Subjective; sometimes
personally engaged
Expression of Data,
Data Analysis, and
Findings
Verbal language (words,
visuals, objects)
Research Plan Takes place as the research
proceeds gradually
Exists in the physical world
Revealed by automatic
descriptions of circumstances or
conditions
Objective; least involvement
Numerals, statistics
Plans all research aspects
before collecting data

Quantitative
vs. Qualitative Research
STANDARDS QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Behavior toward
research aspects/
conditions
Desires to preserve the natural
setting of research features
Obtaining knowledge Multiple methods
Purpose Makes social intentions
understandable
Data-analysis
technique
Thematic codal ways,
competence-based
Style of expression Personal, lacks of formality
Sampling technique More inclined to purposive
sampling or use of chosen
samples
Control or manipulation of
research conditions by the
researcher
Scientific Method
Evaluates objectives and
examines cause-effect
relationships
Mathematically based methods
Random sampling as the most
preferred
Impersonal, scientific, or
systematic

TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

Quantitative Research Designs
Studying
relationships
Describing
characteristics
Manipulating
conditions and
studying effects
Correla
tional
Experi
mental
Descriptive
Non-
experimental
research

Descriptive
Research
Sometimes called
survey research, it aims
to describe
systematically the facts
and characteristics of a
given population or area
of interest, factually and
accurately
A cross-sectional
survey collects
information from a
sample coming from
various groups that has
been drawn from a
predetermined
population.
Examples:
What are the study habits of
SHS students in MCA
Imus?
What factors affected the
SHS track choice of SHS
students?
Consider your chosen
research interest or
topic. Come up with a
research question that
falls under
descriptive research.
Your Turn

Correlational
Research
aims to describe and
measure the degree of
association between two
or more variables or sets
of scores.
Explanatory
research design
determines the
extent to which two
variables (or more) co-
vary.
Prediction research
design seeks to identify
variables that will predict
an outcome or criterion.
Examples:
Does wearing school
uniform have any
relationship with
students’ ability to
participate?
Is there a relationship
between phone brand
and Facebook usage
among teens?
Consider your chosen
research interest or
topic. Come up with a
research question that
falls under
correlational
research.
Your Turn

Experimental
Research
attempts to influence a
particular variable
tests hypotheses about
cause-and-effect
relationships
Independent
variable
Dependent
variable
Types
True experiments
EG: R O1 x O2
CG: R O1 x O2
Quasi-experiments
EG: O1 x O2
CG: O1 x O2

Revealed by automatic descriptions of circumstances or
conditionsVARIABLES

Revealed by automatic descriptions of circumstances or
conditions
VARIABLES
A variable is any factor or
property that a researcher
measures, controls,
and/or manipulates.
FACTOR
TRAIT
CONDITION

Revealed by automatic descriptions of circumstances or conditions
VARIABLESCLASSIFICATIONS OF
CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
NOMINAL VARIABLES
Data values are non-numeric
group labels
Ex. Marital status, gender,
nationality
INTERVAL VARIABLES
Data values are ranged in a real
interval . Arbitrary Zero points
Examples
Temperature and Intelligent
Quotient
ORDINALVARIABLES
Order of categories but there
is no measurable distance
between categories
Ex. Attitude of scores,
degree of satisfaction
RATIO VARIABLES
Highest level of
measurement that has all the
characteristics of the interval
pus a true zero point
Ex. Age in Years and Income

EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
cause or determine or
influence the dependent
variable
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES
usually affected by the
manipulation of the independent
variable. Presumed outcome of
the influence of the independent
variable.

INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES
CAUSE
Direct Relationship between the
independent and dependent
variables

INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
DEPENDENT
VARIABLES
Indirect Relationship between the
independent and dependent
variables
INTERVENING
VARIABLES

I. Classify the following variables
I. 1. Sex
II. 2. Emotional Intelligence
III.3. Honor Lists
IV.4. Length
V. 5. Spiritual Practices
6. Level of Addiction
7. Absences
I. 8. Values
II. 9. Mortality Rate
III.10. Degree of Agreement

II. Read the title and identify what type of
experimental variable is being referred to
RESEARCH TITLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The Effect of Types of Audio-
visual Materials to the
Problem-Solving Skills in
Mathematics
Various Study Habits, and
their Effects on the Level of
Performance in Management
Subject
Effect of Types of Soil and
Fertilizer on the Growth of
Papaya Tree
Types of Feeds and Salinity
Level: Their Effects on the
Growth of Tilapia in
Fishponds

1 2 3 4
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Practical Research 2: Quantitative Research Explained

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