Presentation at the Community of Practice Meeting at WaterAid, London on 26th April, 2012.

1. Benchmarking of Urban Sanitation
Pricing and Tariff Structure
in
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya,
Mozambique and Senegal

2. Study Purpose
Could tariffs be a vehicle for large scale
changes in urban sanitation?

3. Sanitation access statistics
proportion of Urban population served with
Improved Sanitation (%)
70.00
60.00
50.00
Burkina Faso
40.00
Cameroon
Ghana
30.00
Kenya
Mozambique
20.00
10.00
0.00
1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

4. Sanitation service coverage in the area of study
Country Total Population Urban Population Urban Population with Urban Population with
Improved Sanitation Un-Improved
Sanitation
Burkina Faso 17,000,000 4,420,000 1,458,600 2,961,400
Cameroon 20,000,000 11,600,000 6,496,000 5,104,000
Ghana 25,000,000 12,750,000 2,295,000 10,455,000
Kenya 41,500,000 9,130,000 2,465,100 6,664,900
Mozambique 24,000,000 9,120,000 3,465,600 5,654,400
Senegal 13,000,000 5,460,000 3,767,400 1,692,600
Total 140,500,000 52,480,000 19,947,700 3,2532,300
[1] Population in 2011 based on the latest estimates by UNFPA
[2] Estimated urban population based on the UNFPA report 2011
[3] Ghana estimates on un-improved facilities are low, as shared toilet facilities do not count as improved toilets as per JMP.
24/04/2012 4

5. Research Process
Inception Phase
Global Literature
Methodology Workshop
Detailed Fieldwork
Policy/ Practice
Engagement
Ministerial Statement Country Validation Workshop
Country Specific
Regional Workshop
Policy Briefs (WEDC)

6. Digital Literature Gaps
 Dominated by ‘Bank’
 Political processes of tariff setting
 Tariffs from users perspective
 Tariffs in government provision
 Tariffs in pit emptying
 Tariffs as a citizenship tool
 Tariffs and social security

7. Methodological Challenge for
Benchmarking
Regulated
Tariffs
> $$$
Less People
Non-Regulated
Tariffs
< $$$
More People
Context plus a mix of cases
– good and bad

8. Few Key Findings
 Connecting the on-sites
 Cost gaps
 Effectiveness of water utilities
 Effectiveness of governments
 Layers of institutions
 Technologies, standards, costs
 Citizens participation and rights
 Sewers versus on-site

9. Gates focus on change
 So where are the potential
business models?
 Do not write and publish
please! (change pathway?)
 Collaborative working for a
single change
 Local ownership is the key

10. Simplistic example of a new business
model - Public Toilets in Kumasi
Existing To Change
Popular and common Are they suitable for all?
Profit Making Are they excessive?
Attracts Investment Is the market restricted?
Government Accepts Do they globally announce?
Are the taxes excessive?
Space is Available Is it everywhere?
Pay excessive for Could we reduce?
emptying
Govt. owned, private Is it a good mix to reach scale?
and partnership

11. Findings in a nutshell
At scale and sustained effort is
needed to enable existing
business/ institutional models
and introduce new models to
reach scale and deliver
affordable services to the poor
– institutional failure!

12. Personal Change – an audit of our
fame and survival
 Publications
 Authorships
 Keynote
 Invitations
 Project funds
 High qualification
 Secure life
But ………