Petrochemicals: Name, carbon range and uses of fractions of petroleum distillation – Octane number – Cetane number – Flash point. LPG and CNG: Composition and uses.

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3.  Introduction to Petroleum refining and
petrochemicals
 octane number and cetane number
 Flash point
 LPG and CNG: composition and uses
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5. • CRUDE OIL
Acid/ alkali
wash
• Pumped
through
coiled pipes
400o
• Vapors to a
fractionating
column
Fractions
collected
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7.  Petrochemicals
 Compounds prepared from petroleum/ natural gas
directly/indirectly
 Eg:-gasoline, lubricating oil, detergent, solvents,
explosives, dyes etc.
 Petroleum
 Petra-oleum
 Mixture of hydrocarbons, olefins, aromatics, heterocyclic
compounds
 Formation from marine organisms
 Natural gas
 Gaseous cover over petroleum deposits
 C1-C5
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9. Crude
naphtha
Petroleum
ether
Gasoline/petrol
Benzine
C5-C7
30-70 ᵒC
C7-C9
70-120 ᵒC
C9-C10
120-150
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*
Uses: Solvent
for rubber, fat,
oil etc.
Uses:
automobile
fuel, in dry
cleaning
Uses: in dry
cleaning

10.  catalytic cracking converts some of the less valuable fractions to
more valuable products.
 heating a mixture of alkanes in the presence of a catalyst
(usually aluminosilicates) that bring about the cleavage of large
molecules into smaller ones.
 When cracking is done in the presence of hydrogen
(hydrocracking), the product is a mixture of alkanes free of
sulfur and nitrogen impurities.
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11. Fuel quality-standards
Octane number and cetane number
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A better fuel has better anti knocking properties the anti knocking properties of a sample
of gasoline are measured in terms of a parameter called octane number or cetane rating
Octane number

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18.  Flash point is the lowest temperature
at which a liquid can form an ignitable
mixture in air near the surface of the
liquid. The lower the flash point, the
easier it is to ignite the material
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19. Fuel Flash point
Ethanol (70%) 16.6 °C (61.9 °F)
Gasoline (petrol) −43 °C (−45 °F)
Diesel (2-D) >52 °C (126 °F)
Jet fuel (A/A-1) >38 °C (100 °F)
Kerosene
>38–72 °C (100–
162 °F)
Vegetable
oil (canola)
327 °C (621 °F)
Biodiesel >130 °C (266 °F)
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20.  LPG is liquefied petroleum gas
 It is liquified at 15 ᵒC and a pressure of 1.7 to 7.5 bar
 Stored in pressurized the steel cylinders
 main components of LPG are propane and butane
(along with them some propane and butane)

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21. It is a domestic fuel for cooking purposes
Used scientific laboratories for heating purposes
automobile fuel
Fuel for heating purpose in industry
Also used as a refrigerant.
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22.  CNG is compressed natural gas
 stored in high pressure tanks at 200 to 250
atmosphere.
 The major component of CNG is methane
(60-90 %) along with some ethane propane
butane
 The main use of CNG is that it is used as a fuel
in locomotives usually used in automobiles
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23. ^
CNGTanks
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