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HUMAN RESILIENCE 41
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MHSR 690 Graduate Capstone Paper
Human Resilience
Adetolani Adeosun
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
(Why can you not add “Communal Conflict in Myanmar here?)
.
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of
Master of Science in Human Security and Resilience
April 12thDecember 9, 202018
Abstract
Human security is an essential aspect of the life of a person and
this is because it dictates the current security state of a person
from different perspectives. A person is either secure or
insecure. When the aspect of human security is promoted, one
becomes secure, but when it is frustrated (denied?), one
becomes insecure. The research paper will be looking into two
essential aspects, and they are: human security and resilience.
Some of the different types of human security will be discussed
with the aim of enhancing understanding of the aspect of human
security. At the same time, the factors that affect human
security will be looked into from different perspectives.
Environmental security is also essential when it comes to the

topic of security, and this is because it also affects human
security in one way or another. In this respect, the paper will
also be looking into environmental security, some of its causes,
and the effects of environmental security. The paper will wrap
up by connecting human security and resilience. In this case,
the research will indicate the importance of employing
resilience in human security. At the same time, the paper will be
testing the skills of conducting a personal research..
Executive Summary
Survival among human beings is an aspect that has been present
for many yearssince the beginning of human existence and
consciousness?. Risks in the world are part and parcel of the
lives of people, and the exposure to the risks leaves one with no
other choice but to look for different ways to overcome. At the
same time, even after being hit by a disaster or being brought
down by a challenge, the aspect of resilience is always evident
in the life of a person. Resilience and security are two aspects
that should go hand in hand. The reason behind it is because
security can be promoted in a much better way if the people
who are handling the security of a nation are resilient enough
not to deal and overcome any challenge.
Methodology
Different methods of collecting data about different research
topics are always at the exposure of the researcher. However,
the most paramount aspect is the realization of the most
effective method of collecting data. The methodology of this
research paper has been aligned with the nature of the research
topic as well as the type of results that are needed. It is
essential to note that the research has looked into the aspect of

human brain functions and how the human brain of a human
being helps the humans being to overcome the challenges that
might be in place (Dunn Cavelty, Kaufmann, & Søby
Kristensen, 2015). In this respect, it is evident that the process
of collecting raw data would be wanting and more resources
must be driven into it. Therefore, the following methods will be
employed in this research.;
Discussions and lessons
Discussions are part and parcel of an academic process, and
they help in coming up with conclusions that can be helpful. A
good example can be seen when a discussion is of help among
the students. After the contribution of different students,
conclusions on a specific case are made, and the conclusions
help to dictate the nature of a situation. This method will be
used to collect information on the research topic because it
helps in providing diverse and well-discussed findings (Dunn
Cavelty et al. 2015). Discussions among intellectually gifted
people result into conclusions that are founded on the bases of
facts and supported by concrete evidence (Korc, Hubbard,
Suzuki, & Jimba, 2016). It is for this reason that discussions
will be used to help in the process of collecting essential da ta
that will help in knowing more about the topic of human
resilience.
Lessons are categorized into two different categories. The
first category is associated with the lessons that human beings
get after going through a specific issue in life. For exampl e,
after the 9/11 bombingsattacks, it is evident that there are
lessons that all citizens went through. One of the lessons that
are associated with the topic of the human resilience is that no
matter how hard the nation is hit, the citizens get a way
ofmanage to overcoming overcome the problem, and iInstead of
whining and complaining, they overcome the trauma and
continue with their lives (Korc et al. 2016). The second type of
lesson is associated with academics. Educators have a primary
responsibility of attending to the students, and it is at this point

that they provide the support that is essential to the students
academically. The classroom lessons are based on facts and
research findings, and therefore the data that is provided can be
used to support the current research.
Systematic analysis
Systematic analysis is a method that has been in use for many
years when it comes to collecting data for research. The method
focuses on the collection of secondary data. In this method,
different steps will be observed with the aim of upholding
ethical guidelines in research. The first step will be searching
for data that is related to the topic of human resilience (Dunn
Cavelty et al. 2015). It is essential to note that the material that
is used in any given research must be in line with the research
topic and questions. The collection of the materials will make
sure that additional information for the research will be
collected (Korc et al. 2016). The targeted materials will be
books, peer-reviewed journals, reports, and research findings
from legitimate and certified institutions.
Credibility in any research is essential. When the credibility of
the data that has been collected to support the claims is
questionable, the research might suffer because the findings
might not be helpful in any way. It is for this reason that the
systematic review methodology must look deep into the
credibility of the sources that are available for research. The
credibility of information is associated with the credibility of
the authors. In the process of looking for the secondary
materials, the authority of the authors will be tested to make
sure that the data can be used to file the findings.
World events
The events that take place in the world provide essential
information that can be used in this research. One of the factors
that are essential to consider is that the resilience and security
of a human being are affected by the events that take place.
Therefore, it is evident that by understanding the events that

have taken place, one would be in a better position to
understand the resilience of human beings (Korc et al. 2016).
However, this method of collecting data must consider some
factors. The first factor is the nature of the event that took
place. The reason why this factor is essential is that not all
events that take place help to understand the resilience of the
human being. The magnitude of an event has different effects on
human beings (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). A good example can
be taken in the terrorist attack that took place in the United
States in 2011. The magnitude of the attack exposed the people
of the United States and especially the ones who were affected
by psychological trauma to different levels of resilience. The
trauma is the one that can be used to dictate the resilience of the
people who were affected.
This method will help to know different things about the
resilience of a human being (Korc et al. 2016). The event that
will be used in this case is the Communal Conflict in
BurmaMyanmar, not Burma. MyanmarBurma has been
experiencing experienced a communal conflict from since 2012
that has involved Buddhists and the Muslims. (They are called
the Rohingyas) The tensions have been high, and this has led to
psychological trauma between the followers of the two different
religions. It is not just psychological. It is genocide. The
Rohingyas have almost no human security, In this respect, it is
evident that this event stands the test to becan be used as a way
to understand and look deeper into the issue of human
resilience.
The methods that have been listed above will be used to
provide data that is essential to this research. In the process of
collecting the data, different considerations will be made. The
first consideration will be the suitability of the data in this
research. The factors for consideration when it comes to
suitability will be relevance to the topic and the time that the
information was availed. The materials must be in line with the

research question and topic, and this is to make sure that the
research will be credible. Also, since the materials that will be
collected will be secondary data, it must be recently updated,
and that means that all the materials must be published within
the twenty-first century period.
The Concept of Human Security
The concept of human security is drawn from the primary idea
of freedom. Human security is defined as the freedom that a
human has from fear and wants (Korc et al. 2016). The reason
why wants and fear have been used in this case is that the two
tend to have a significant effect on the security of a person. In
this context, it is essential to look into some of the factors that
lead to fear (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). One of the factors that
lead to fear is war. When war comes in place, it is evident that
it replaces peace and therefore, it eliminates the security that
comes along with peace. At the same time, war limits the
freedom of people in the affected area thus affecting their
security by a significant percentage.
Freedom from wants can also be used to define security, and
this is because of the effects that come when one is not able to
meet his or her wants. In this case, a good example can be seen
in the African nations that suffer from the lack of enough food
to feed their population. Food is a basic necessity, and it,
therefore, means that when people do not have food, they live
food insecure lives. A human being is also created in a way that
he or she benefits from the resources that are present in the
world. Most of these resources are categorized as human wants,
and this is because human beings need them to exist. When the
resources are scarce, they affect the security of the human
being. However, when the resources are available in the right
quantity, or they are abundant, they promote human security.
The development of human security comes in place only under
one circumstance, and that is when the factors that affect human
security are looked into. When it comes to the aspect of

freedom from fear, peace is a developer of human security. The
reason behind it is because when there is peace, people feel
more secure than when there is no peace. In this context, it is
essential to quote different nations in the Middle East. In Dubai,
the human security from the aspect of freedom from fear is
high, and this is because the nation has not been on the list of
the nations that have been experiencing the terror attacks (Korc
et al. 2016). However, the same case cannot be said in nations
like Palestine. The reason behind it is because Palestine has
been experiencing terrorist attacks over the last years and that
has affected the aspect of human security from the perspective
of freedom from fear.
When it comes to the aspect of human security from the aspect
of wants, the case is not different from that of fear. The
development of human security in this context comes in place
when the human wants are met. In this context, the human wants
differ, and they depend on the type of people that are focused
on. The human wants can be intellectual, economic, and
material. Intellectual wants are referred to as the knowledge
that human beings need to feel as part and parcel of the society
(Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). For example, most of the people
who are educated would be confident when they are looking for
a job opportunity in an organization. The reason behind it is
because these are people who have the skills and knowledge that
is essential to get the job. However, uneducated persons are not
likely to even try to look for the position, and this is because
they feel insecure because they do not have what it takes to get
the jobs that might have been advertised.
Economic wants are associated with finances. Financial
insecurity is the term that is used to explain people who do not
have a reliable source of finance. From the perspective of
financial wants, the promoter of security is money. When
people engage in activities that make it easier for them to earn,
they become financially secure, and since the money is the
common denominator, it becomes the promoter of financial

security. When it comes to the aspect of material things, there
are two promoters which are money and tangible products. The
reason why money also applies to this case is that money is also
used to buy material things. When it comes to other tangible
things, there is the aspect of food and clothing (Korc et al.
2016). When people lack food, the security levels decrease, and
this is because a portion of food is a basic want that promotes
the security of a human being. Clothing is also a basic want,
and that means that its presence in the life of a person promotes
security, but its absence promotes insecurity.
The theory that is associated with the human security states that
human security is characterized by the availability of what the
human needs to live a free life. Freedom has been associated
with human security, and this is because when the human being
lacks anything, his or her level of security decreases. The
theory cannot be refuted, and this is because it explains the
practicality of the situation. The theory states that a human
being is likely to be content when he or she gets what he or she
needs. Therefore, in this case, the aspect of contentment comes
in place. The theory is practical because insecurity comes in
place when there is a lack of one thing or another.
The most common method of measuring human security is the
assessment of the threats and the promoters of human security.
In this case, some of the factors that affect human security are
assessed, and some of the threats to human security are assessed
as well. For example, when it comes to the aspect of food
security, an assessment of the availability of food takes place
with the aim of knowing how secure a nation or a population is.
It is for this reason that there are some nations which are
marked as insecure when it comes to food, and some are labeled
as secure. The assessment of threats is also essential in
measuring human security. A threat to human security can be a
conflict in a nation (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). The communal
conflict in Burma Myanmar is a good example. In such a case,

the assessment of the conflicts which are a threat to the human
security is done with the aim of knowing how bad it affects the
security of the people of Burma (Korc et al. 2016). When the
results show that the conflict is a threat to the people of
BurmaMyanmar, it becomes evident that human security in the
nation is threatened.
The contrast that is between the states centered security model,
and human security is that the two are separated by the effects
they have as well as the population they affect. In the human
security model, the effects are narrowed down to individuals.
For example, the nation might not be suffering from food
insecurity, but the citizens who do not have money to purchase
enough food might be suffering from this issue. When it comes
to state-centered security models, the concentration is on all
citizens and the state of the nation. For example, if the
government has the ability to feed the nation and the production
of food is high, despite the fact that there are some people who
cannot afford the food; the nation will be termed as food secure.
Human Security and Governance
The government of any nation has an effect on human security.
The reason behind it is because the citizens are under the
authority of the government. The government is involved in the
lives of the citizens in different levels. Education, food, and
shelter are some of the basic wants that human beings should be
provided with by the government. Therefore, it means that when
the government fails to provide the basic rights of the citizens,
it affects the security of the citizens. In education, there is the
aspect of intellectual security, and this is associated with the
level of education as well as the availability of education. In
many nations, the education sector is controlled by the
government (Korc et al. 2016). Therefore, it means that when
the government provides enough resources for education, the
citizens are skilled enough and when the citizens are skilled,
they become intellectually secure because they have all it takes
to be competitive in the national or global education sector.
The government also has the obligation of making sure that

there are available institutions for all citizens in all re gions.
The unfair distribution of resources and institutions in a nation
can lead to a lack of good educational institutions in some
areas. This leads to some of the citizens being intellectual
dwarfs, and this affects their intellectual security. For all
citizens to be on the same level when it comes to education, the
government has an obligation and an essential role to play and
failure to doing so, the government affects the intellectual
security of the affected persons. Therefore, the government has
an effect on intellectual security, and this is because the
government has a responsibility to provide resources and
institutions that promote intellectual security.
Politics and governance go hand in hand, and at the same time,
the politics of a nation have an effect on the security of the
citizens. A good example, in this case, can be seen in the case
of the uprising that took place in Egypt a few years ago. The
uprising was caused by the president who had been in the
leadership position for many years. The uprising led to many
deaths and injuries, and the nation became insecure from the
political perspective (Korc et al. 2016). In this context, it is
evident that the government of the nation affected the security
of the citizens because the reason why the citizens were
demonstrating was that of a government that wanted to lead the
people against their will. It is, therefore, appropriate to state
that the government of a country has an effect on the security of
the citizens and this is because the laws and rules that are
followed in the nation are made by the government (Dunn
Cavelty et al. 2015). Therefore, if the government implements
laws that are not favoring the people of the specific nation, the
people end up being insecure.
The economy of a country is affected by the government in
place, and some of the developed nations are a good example
(Ryff, 2014). The United States became an economic giant when
the whole world was going through a great recession, and the
president who was serving during this era was the one who
rescued the nation from an economic turmoil. President

Roosevelt came up with strategies that helped the people of the
United States to overcome the state of economic insecurity to a
state of economic security (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). He came
up with programs that helped in employing many of the young
people of the United States who did not have jobs. In this
respect, it is evident that the government of a nation has a
connection with the security of its citizens. When the
government engages in activities that help the people of the
nation from the economic perspective, the people become
financially secure (Korc et al. 2016). Even though not all people
in the United States are employed or are financially secure, it is
evident that if the former president did not intervene, the
financial security levels in the United States would be lower
than they are today.
When it comes to food security, the government of a nation
cannot evade the fact that it has a responsibility to make sure
that the population has enough food. This is one of the reasons
why the governments engage in activities that increase the food
production. A good example, in this case, is Israel. Despite the
fact that Israel is in an area that is semi-arid, it is one of the
nations that have been on the front line in providing advanced
methods of agriculture. The government of Israel makes sure
that the food needs of the population are taken care of.
However, if the government fails to provide food for the
citizens, it is more likely that the action would result in food
insecurity in the nation (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). With this
example, it is evident that there is a close relationship between
human security and governance. The reason behind it is because
the activities and involvements of the government affect the
human security levels in the specific nation.
Human Security and Conflict
Human security and conflict have effects on each other in
different ways. Human security can affect conflicts positively,
and conflicts come in place to affect human security. A good
example is Burma where there have been communal conflicts.
The conflicts in Burma have affected the human security from

different perspectives. The first perspective is associated with
the freedom of fear (Korc et al. 2016). When there is fear
instilled in people due to the events that are taking place in a
certain region, the security of the people is affected. The
conflict has been between two different religious groups.
Because the religious groups have been attacking each other, it
is no doubt that the believers from each side fear what might
happen next. The aspect of being uncertain of what will happen
next due to the conflicts shows that conflicts have an adverse
effect on the security of humans.
Conflicts affect the financial security of a region or people
affected. In this respect, the case of Burma also serves as a
good example. The activities that have been taking place in
Burma have been limited. The reason behind it is associated
with the fact that the people who live in the cities which are
affected cannot go on with their daily activities. This has led to
the deterioration of financial security. Financial insecurity is
promoted by actions that affect the business environment. Chaos
and conflicts are enemies to a peaceful working environment.
With this in mind, it is evident that the conflicts have been
making it extremely difficult for the people of Burma to engage
in activities that help them to earn (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015).
Therefore, it is evident that the conflicts that may be present in
a region are likely to affect human security in that specific area.
Conflicts also have their ways of affecting the human
security from the material perspective. When there are conflicts,
different operations in the affected area stop and this is because
the people in the area cannot be effective without being affected
by the conflicts (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). A good example, in
this case, can be seen in the production of food and clothing.
Food is essential, and it affects human security by a significant
percentage. For a nation to provide enough food to its citizens,
it must have an environment that fosters the activities that are
associated with the production of food. However, when there is
conflict, it becomes a challenge to make sure that the

production of food is taken to a higher level or maintained at a
suitable level (Korc et al. 2016). When the product of food
reduces, the nation starts being insecure in terms of food
production and that goes a long way in affecting food security
(D'Agostino, 2015). The production of clothes is also affected
by conflicts, and this is because some of the factories are not in
the best position to oversee the operations that promote the
manufacturing of clothes. At the end of the day, the people who
depend on the clothes are affected, and this is only because the
chaos that took place have affected the production of clothes.
Conflicts also come in place to affect human security from the
social aspect as well as the national security aspect. When it
comes to the social aspect, it is no doubt that conflicts create a
barrier between people who were interacting and socializing
without a problem. For example, the opposing sides get to start
seeing each other as an enemy despite the fact that these might
have been people who were living together and sharing
resources. The conflicts erode the morals that motivate others to
be obligated to being good brothers and sisters, and this affects
the social ties between the opposing sides (Korc et al. 2016).
The national security is essential, and this is because, without
security at the national levels, a nation cannot prosper despite
the efforts that it puts in place. The overall national security of
a nation is affected by the conflicts because the actions of the
opposing sides frustrate peace in the respective nation. In this
respect, it is evident that conflicts have a dire effect on national
peace.
Human security also has a way of affecting conflicts.
However, this might be far-fetched and associated with the
decision making process of the people in a certain region. When
people know the value of human security, it is rare for them to
promote conflicts (Dunn Cavelty et al. 2015). Therefore, when
the signs of conflicts are evident, the people try to make sure
that they do all they can to frustrate the conflicts. In this case,
the value of human security must take center stage to inspire the
people to avoid the conflicts in every possible way.

Causes of Communal Conflict
Before looking into the causes of communal conflicts, there is a
dire need to understand the concept of communal conflict.
Communal conflict is violence or disagreements that emerge
across communal lines or ethnic groups. In this respect, it is
evident that communal conflict is narrowed down to
disagreements that occur between people who come from
different ethnic groups. Therefore, it is evident that communal
conflicts take place between people who are in the same nation
but they are divided based on their ethnicities (Korc et al.
2016). The causes of communal conflicts are associated with
factors that promote disagreements across people of different
communities. The following are the causes of communal
conflicts.
Boundaries struggles and land disputes
Different nations have their different ways of making sure that
people in their respective nations live in harmony. Some nations
believe that some areas belong to specific members of specific
communities and therefore if the areas are given to other ethnic
groups, the action may result into conflicts between the persons
who have been awarded the geographical area and the
community members who believe that the area only belongs to
them. In this respect, it is evident that when there are no clear
guidelines on who owns specific portion of land, conflicts
emerge. Land disputes also result in conflicts (Korc et al.
2016). The reason behind it is because there are people who
believe that certain land should only belong to them and
therefore when the land is offered to another group of people,
they take offense in that and what leads is war and violence.
Socio-economic and political power struggles
Struggle for natural resources that promote the economy of the
community members is one of the reasons why people might
engage in conflict. In any given nation, there are laws that are
supposed to guide the nation on how the resources and
especially the natural resources should be divided among the

citizens and the communities (Doppelt, 2017). When the
government or the people in leadership fail to observe these
laws, conflicts are likely to erupt, and they are likely to be
initiated by the community members who have been oppressed.
At the same time, different ethnic groups feel much represented
and powerful when one of theirs is in power (Korc et al. 2016).
Therefore, the ethnic group members might engage in any
possible action to make sure that one of theirs gets to clinch to
power so that they can feel as part and parcel of the
government.
High level of illiteracy
Illiteracy and conflicts go hand in hand. People who are
illiterate see violence as the only way to resolve their issues. In
this respect, it is evident that when a population has a lot of
people who did not go through school, it is more likely that the
people of the region may see violence as the only and best way
to resolve conflicts (Seddon et al. 2018). Education is essential
in every stage of life, and this is because it does not only help
people to build their careers, but it also helps people to know
the best ways to deal with conflicts. Therefore, when one is not
well educated, it is evident that the person might be in dire need
of skills that are essential in the process of conflict resolution.
Frustration and aggressive displacements
Frustration can be categorized into different classes. The
members of an ethnic group can be frustrated because one
community offends some of the members of their ethnic group
and this leads to conflicts (Van Kessel, MacDougall, & Gibbs,
2016). At the same time, the frustration might come as a result
of the government prioritizing one ethnic group over the other.
In this respect, the disadvantaged group tends to take offense
and engage in activities that promote violence in the society
(Korc et al. 2016). Aggressive …

MHSR 690 Graduate Capstone Paper
Proposal
Topic: Human Resilience: Building Mental and
Emotional Strength
Adetolani Adeosun
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of
Master of Science in Human Security and Resilience
03/29/2020
Abstract Comment by Hans-Joachim Ruff-Stahl: On new page
please.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the fight for
survival and major traumatic events shape us humans, mentally,
psychologically and emotionally. Human Resilience and
Security focuses on our basic needs as humans and what we
need to feel secure and live our day to day lives. It also deals
with how external factors like the federal government, NGOs,
NPOs and Organizations like WHO have roles to play in this
process by providing the necessary resources to help people to
work to achieve the ultimate goal of food security, job security,
economic security, health security and so on. This goal is a
teamwork effort: everyone has to play their part. This paper’s
research methodology would be based on discussions and
lessons learnt from research conducted from past classes and
papers in relation to this course and new material or events that
have happened in the world today to give an overall summary of
Human Resilience and Security.
I will look at the abstract after the rest of your proposal is

acceptable.
Comment by Hans-Joachim Ruff-Stahl: bold Comment by
Adetolani Adeosun: I don’t know what you mean by bold, it is
bold
Statement of the Paper
The road to resilience is a tenacious one. Human security was
quickly mainstreamed throughout much of the world. Human
security successfully made people the referent object of the
security paradigm. By 1994, the world’s peak supranational
body, the United Nations (UN), had accepted human security as
the driving force behind all of its work. The UN’s Development
Programme’s (1994), Human Development Report defined
Human Security as , Page 3 of 11 ‘sSafety from chronic threats
such as hunger, disease, and repression as well as protection
from sudden and harmful disruptions in the pattern of daily
life.’ It was quickly accepted that human security is influenced
by environmental degradation, pandemics, economic disruption,
population displacements, urbanization, famine, energy
shortages, human rights, cultural diversity, nationality
identification and recognition.

Burma today, which is known Myanmar, is currently undergoing
transition and reform, human security needs and challenges are
severe, as they strive for an inclusive and equitable social and
economic development in hand with political stability and
national reconciliation. Trust among the different interest and
ethnic groups is crucial for moving forward with human security
issues. There is a chance for inclusivity and participatory
practices to be achieved in Myanmar’s pursuit of human
security in the national development plans. The human security
and development approach to assistance programs in Myanmar
is thus worth consideration. ASEAN and development partners
can help build constructive engagement plan and provide
resources in helping Myanmar through recovery.
The goal of the paper is to compare Burma’s state of human
security to an acceptable human security model thats is more
comprehensive and preventive responses by the United Nations,
cutting across sectors, developing contextually relevant
solutions, and adopting partnerships to help realizse a world
free from fear, want and indignity. By applying the human
security approach model approved by the UN, which has a well -
established track record and proven value. The Burmese
government can strengthen resilience to climate change and
natural disasters; promote peaceful and inclusive societies;
address the underlying causes of persistent poverty; and bolster
the transition from humanitarian crisis to longer term
sustainable development.
’ Corrie Ten Boom, a dutch native who survived the survived
the Ravensbrück concentration camp, just to turn around to
become the epitome of forgiveness which followed with acts of
kindness by creating rehabilitation centers for former guards.
Others who went through a similar or even worse experience
who got separated from family members died broken and bitter
over insignificant or even imagined slights. It always come
down to the individual to decide who you want to be. We as
humans react to such circumstances with a surge of strong
emotions and a sense of uncertainty. The human mind is a very

fragile and powerful instrument. It can also be one of the most
persistent tools ever used depending on the user. While being an
unpredictable and powerful tool, it is also capable of creating
unimaginable things such as ideas, beauty, and acts of genius
acts. The point I am trying to make is stressing the capability
what our minds are capable of, it all comes down to the will of
us whether as individuals or as a team.
Corrie Ten Boom is one of many stories of people who has
triumphed through adversity. The Rohingya people of Myanmar
(Burma) are generations of stories of refugees who have been
afflicted with high level of trauma and remain resilient despite
little access to special mental health services or other basic
human needs to live a healthy life, many of the refugees are
very anxious about the future, the ongoing crisis merits a robust
response from the local level all the way to a global level, to
exert pressure on the Myanmar (Burma) government to to stop
its campaign against the Rohingya.
Topic of Focus
I Intend to focus my paper on the Communal Conflict in Burma,
and why I think the government and its people should follow the
example set by the people of Sri Lanka in ceasing communal
conflict, rebuilding and working together to achieve peace and
grow as one country.
The question I want to ask and as I work on this paper, I hope to
answer, is that Why hasn’t Burmese government adopted Sri
Lanka’s route of ceasing communal conflict, since the situation
is similar?

Program Outcomes
that you will address. The MHSR program Learning Outcomes
are as follows:
PO-01 Concept of Human Security – Identify the concept of
human security, its development, theoretical underpinnings, key
measurements, and contrast to state-centered security models.
The concept of Human Security revolves around 6 top priorities
for every human to feel safe and secure to go about their day to
day lives away from the government. The concept of human
security is to protect people from threats both traditional (the
military, the government) and the non-traditional threats like
food security, medical security, economic security,
environmental security and social security. Human security like
I mentioned means safety from chronic threats such as hunger,
disease, and repression, and it meant protection from sudden
and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life. The
development of human security emphasizes the sustainability of
the concept of human development is greater than it was before
in areas that were lacking, by improving, only then can one
create improvement plans and opportunities for growth. Key
measurements to the concept of human security would be a

change in the preexisting condition showing improvement by
measuring the variables and the condition that these indicators
portray; the variables in this case would be by measuring the
changes in the economic, food, environmental, health, personal,
community and political security of Burma. State centered
security models causes the Burmese government to step with
constructive and democratizing methods that would cause
government regulation to prevent the dominant social class from
having a monopoly on power, which would protect vulnerable
populations and ensure access to vital infrastructure.
PO-02 Human Security and Governance – Assess the
relationship between human security and governance at various
levels.
Our Expectations of our leaders is to govern those governed
with their best interest in mind, by providing or giving access to
services that the people need in order to lead a safe and healthy
life. Governance is an ongoing relationship between individuals
and insitutionsinstitutions, whether private or public which
looks to reconcile conflicting interests in order to protect the
weak, through the rule of law, from unjust exploitation, and
introduce security for all. Governance is also a process through
which collective good and goods (including security) are
generated, or their production facilitated, so that all are better
off than they would be acting individually. In other to have
human security, there has to be unbiased governance at all
levels of government. The best way to assess this relationship is
by understanding how human security is affected by governance
at every level of government, which involves research into how
the Burmese government has been unsuccessful and with that,
we can provide a solution to the problems and threats that
human security is faced with by the lack of government
involvement or ineffective government leadership.
For Example: Hurricane Maria had a devasting effect on Puerto
Rico, the United States government which is responsible for all
50 states and its surrounding lands didn’t responding promptly

and didn’t provide the necessary response and over a year later
the Island still hasn’t recovered and still don’t have full power
restored to the residents and last I heard the body count is still
climbing. This is an example of how we must find ways to be
self sufficient of the government because they won’t be able to
always provide the support needed to help provide human
security, in my experience, national security works hand in hand
with Human Security but always takes precedent.
PO-03 Human Security and Conflict – Analyze the relationship
between human security and conflict and its impact on the
stability of the international system.
In countries like Burma, Sri Lanka, countries like those have
had ongoing on unrest between ethnic groups which has caused
instability in the socio-economic welfare of these countries,
which is not good for economic, social and national security
because ethic groups don’t feel safe, they would act in defense
or attack first to protect themselves. Human security in Burma
is concerned with safeguarding and expanding people’s vital
freedoms. It requires both shielding people from acute threats
and empowering people to take charge of their own lives.
Needed are integrated policies that focus on people’s survival,
livelihood, and dignity during downturns as well as in
prosperity. Everyone is affected when there is civil unrest.,
depending on which countries have economic/security interest
in the region, they tend to interveneWhile the country’s
Burma’s elites are enjoying the benefits of profitable oil, gas,
mining and timber exports, the population’s economic security
is still very poor because of an insufficient national
infrastructure and framework, unpredictable government trade
policies, health structures that are becoming progressively
worse, low levels of literacy and general education and
corruption that appears to all observers to be systemic. Due to
State’s failure to provide better levels of human security for its
population is resulting in the smuggling of people for sexual
exploitation, forced labour and child soldiering. The
population’s security is being repeatedly abused by the Burmese

Military who routinely force villagers to participate in labor
projects without pay’ including the use of children, from
constant abuse, stems revolution and civil wars which leads to
destruction of properties and everyone’s safety is at risk which
finally leads to instability in the region, as an oil rich region, it
disrupts the rest of the worldstability of the international system
that reliesy on the oil.
6. PO-06 Cause of Communal Conflict – Demonstrate the ability
to synthesize, analyze and evaluate the causes of organized
communal conflict.
Communal Conflict is a conflict between one-state groups that
are organized along a shared communal identity. To
analyzeunderstand the causes of communal conflict in Burma,
we have to evaluate understand the reasons behind them like
what the community is low on as far as resources and that gives
us who wants to control the resources. Then next would be the
Government’s iInvolvement, which we all know is biased
always biased, as they would favor one political fraction over
the other based on influence and contributions to society.
Cooperation could also be a factor, as it is based on the
community’s involvement and the conditions for the
involvement of cooperation. By understanding and synthesizing
the causes of the reasons for ongoing communal conflict and the
reasons for the Burmese government’s lack or inability to bring
stability to the region, we can recommend solutions and support
from the outside like the west, NGOs, WHO and and the UN.
7. PO-07 Conflict Resolution Mechanisms – Understand,
evaluate, and analyze the availability and effectiveness of
mechanisms for resolving communal conflicts, including
diplomatic, economic, legal, military, and nation-building
measures.
There are several modes of resolving communal conflicts, but
before any methods of resolving conflict is applied, we have to
understand the nature of the communal conflict in Burma. , Bby
better understanding and analyzing this conflict, we can

evaluate what both sides need to come to a truce and, a
beginning ato healing process. Next, then we can analyze
sysnthesize how to which diplomatic modesthe various
measures we canusually go about to resume peace- keeping and
nation rebuilding measures. In Burma, tTthe arbitration route
while uses two appointed officials from both sides to parley,
mediate, adjudicate. Another method would be the use of
military as an actual use of force or a show of force, there is
difference as one involves the use of actual violence as a war or
battle and the other as a warning, to warn and intimidate that it
would act only if provoked. So one promotes actual intention
and one only intimidates. Legal and eEconomic kind of work
hand in hand as it all depends on if a treaty exist between both
communities, countries, or continents and if broken could lead
to sanctions either way. All of these methods are evaluated and
analyzed for the best possible outcome without making matters
even worse and to ensure that both sides adhere to the
agreement.
9. PO-09 Concept of Environmental Security – Develop a
working definition of environmental security.
Environmental Security is a connection between the
environment and the security of humans and nature, on one hand
it discusses how natural events like hurricane, tornadoes, storms
affect human security. Which creates a domino effect that
affects the livelihood of people as now they have to recover,
now depending on the assessment of damages, it could deplete
their natural resources or taint their existing resources. Based
on how much impact or damage is done, it could be a threat to
national security because the government and its citizens
depends on resources to functions and those resources could
affect human security which would lead to panic, mass hysteria
and also create an opportunity for another country or
organization to carry out its agenda. If resources are abundant
then the threats are less but if they are scarce, they star t to
exist. Natural disasters also threaten our way of life, these
disasters damage properties, our source of food, clean air, clean

water, infrastructure and natural resources. A perfect example is
the recent Australian fires, that affected the Australian
economy, homes were destroyed and Australian wildlife were
destroyed as well. Myanmar has reliesd heavily on natural
resource exploitation to sustain economic growth, and serious
environmental issues are emerging, underlying the importance
of transparent and robust Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) system. Air quality is also increasingly compromised, as
industrial and mining discharge, and urban waste bring new and
increasing environmental health issues. Rapid urban growth in
Myanmar generates additional pressures linked to solid waste
generation. All of those things affect environmental security as
those to live in the country depend on each of those things to
feed their families and live a healthy life. The concept of
environmental security is tethered to basic human needs to
survive as the world relies on the environment for basic needs
such as healthy food, clean water, clean air to breath to get by
everyday, we are going to find solutions to how to sustain
economic growth with its natural resources without
compromising the people’s basic needs and also improve
environmental assessment.
10. PO-10 Environmental Security-Related Effects – Identify
the ways that the natural environment and trends such as global
climate change and population growth contribute to political
and economic destabilization within a country or region, and
how such destabilization can lead to security concerns for the
United States.
Climate change leads to global infectious disease outbreaks also
causes major energy market disruptions, global economic crisis.
Most of us are familiar with the direct and indirect
consequences of these risks, such as rising sea levels, increased
frequency of severe weather events and global pandemics that
take human lives. Climate change has created an ongoing threat
that is contributing to natural disasters, conflicts over basic
resources, and refugee movements. Climate change is more like
a threat multiplier, interacting with other factors like disease,

food security, water security and poverty. Burma is inherently
prone to extreme weather events, including floods, cyclones,
tsunamis, heavy monsoon rains, floods, storm surges and
drought. Climate change, compounded by high levels of
poverty, high exposure to natural hazards, and low capacity to
respond to those hazards, could undermine the country’s
development efforts and economic progress if not addressed.
Major health risks in Burma include limited access to clean
drinking water, poor sanitation services and widespread food
insecurity. Poor living standards aid the spread of vector- and
waterborne diseases (e.g., diarrhea, cholera, malaria, dengue
and yellow fever). Climate change will create favorable
conditions for increased spread of these diseases.
Destabilization in Burma would affect the United States goal of
limiting China’s ability to impose its will on neighboring states.
11. PO-11 Sources of Resilience – Evaluate several definitions
and sources of resilience in both more and less developed
countries.
Everyone finds resilience through some outlet, there are
different sources in my opinion to find resilience or stay
resilient, some find it through internal or external factors.
When family and friends are together trying to get through hard
times or in the process of resettling, the process tends to be
more bearable and successful with the help of a support system,
as family is a big deal in the Burmese culture, having someone
to rely on has always been a source of resilience for both
developed and under developed countries. Institutional support
including access to supports/resources, the extent to which we
have opportunities to participate in diverse groups/roles in our
community and the extent to which our contributions are
recognized and valued. Interpersonal factors involves the
quality of our relationships with family, friends, mentors,
teachers and peers; Having family and a supportive community
is a huge source of resilience for the people of Burma who have
been resilient. Based on research, giving people a sense of
purpose has proven to provide os sense of direction which is

needed to be resilient. Understanding how to provide these
sources of resilience to the people of Burma in a way such as an
employment and educational program would be a step in the
right direction.
Based on research, i
Intrapersonal factors such as self-efficacy, autonomy, sense of
purpose, goal orientation, faith, sense of humor, creativity,
persistence and flexibility;
Coping/Social skills including active skills such as problem-
solving, teamwork, consequential thinking, impulse control.
Interpersonal factors involves the quality of our relationships
with family, friends, mentors, teachers and peers; Having family
and a supportive community is a huge source of resilience for
the people of Burma who have been resilient. When family and
friends are together trying to get through hard times or in the
process of resettling, the process tends to be more bearable and
successful with the help of a support system, as family is a big
deal in the Burmese culture, having someone to rely on has
always been a source of resilience for both developed and under
developed countries.
Institutional supports including access to supports/resources,
the extent to which we have opportunities to participate in
diverse groups/roles in our community and the extent to which
our contributions are recognized and valued. Having family and
a supportive community is a huge source of resilience for the
people of Burma who have been resilient.was mentioned the
most when discussing reasons for success in refugee individuals
(Choummanivong et al., 2014; Betancourt et al., 2014). When
the family and friends are together trying to get through hard
times or in the process of resettling, the process tends to be
more bearable and successful, as family is a big deal in the
Burmese culture.is focused on by both the refugees and by
resettlement services, it leads to a better experience of
resettlement (Weine, 2008). It is a source of comfort for refugee

families to move into a community and neighborhood that has
others that speak the same language (Mitschke et al., 2011) as
well as to have those families who have been there longer assist
them in navigating the systems present in the United States
12. PO-12 Resilience and Security – Describe why resilience
should be integral to U.S. national security strategy.
Resilience and Security is integral to our national security
strategy because it gives us the ability to prepare for and adapt
to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from
disruptions. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and
recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally
occurring threats or incidents and it works hand in hand with
security as it reduces the risk to critical infrastructure by
physical means or defense cyber measures to intrusions, attacks,
or the effects of natural or manmade disasters. When I started
learning about Burma, It really put things into perspective and
it helped me appreciate how we deal with adversities as
Americans, 9/11 brought us together as Americans, it made us
stronger., Devasting Hurricane Katrina did the same, it turned
strangers into friends, we started rebuilding and we recovered
and remained resilient. The people of Burma do notn’t have
that, we need to show them that, we need resilience and security
to be strong and show the world that no matter what, we can
bounce back, but we can also be an example to others.
17. PO-17 Independent Research Skills – Show familiarity with
research literature and analytical techniques, and conduct
research independently on one or more aspects of human
security and resilience.
The research will conducted based on my previous peer-
reviewed papers, news articles, published research along with
scholarly articles that I have read, that covering human security
and resilience. By surveying scholarly articles, books and other
sources relevant to the dire circumstance of human security in
Burma, the area of research, or theory, and by so doing,
providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of
these works. The literature reviews I will be using are designed

to provide an overview of sources I will explore while
researching human security in Burma and will be used to
demonstrate to my readers how my research fits into the larger
field of Human Security. Majority of the population living
within the borders of the Burmese State suffer from low levels
of human security. The moTo understand what a ‘low level’ of
human security is, we must first understand what human
security means. A discussion of the most important aspects of
this concept, as it applies in practice within Burma, will then be
considered. We will be doing a deep dive into the history of
Burma, how it went from a prosperous country to the state of
suffering that it is right now, with the goal of turning back
around into a prosperous country in the world today.. Several
Countries have been victims of conflicts, natural disasters, like
Sri Lanka who recently ended a communal conflict while Burma
is still fighting a communal war. How Puerto Rico is still
recovering are topics I would continue to discuss in this paper,
with every paper, volunteer trip and understanding of Human
Resilience and Security, the more I feel like I understand the
topic more. Knowledge is power and knowledge is benefici al to
a rebuilding nation. Comment by Hans-Joachim Ruff-Stahl:
You need to be more specific than that. Relate to your topic.

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