Antibiotic resistant, Biofilm production, Bacteria

1. Mahesh Prakash Bhatta
(Email:-Bhatta_mahesha@yahoo.com)
CHALLENGES IN MICROBIOLOGY
WORLD
Microbiology includes all the prospective related to microorganism, but
this topic discusses about medical microbiology and it’s relation to
patients. Medical microbiology is vague term but it correlates with
bacteriology worlds, its problems relating to patients, treatment scenario
and exacerbated conditions
Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that lack a nuclear membrane,
are metabolically active and divide by binary fission. Medically they are
a major cause of disease .Superficially; bacteria appear to be relatively
simple forms of life. In fact, they are sophisticated and highly adaptable.
These organisms exist widely in both parasitic and free-living forms. They
are ubiquitous and have a remarkable capacity to adapt to changing
environments.
There are many insurmountable problems existing in bacteriological
world and the major cause of problems is human being itself. If we are
not going to change our attitude today then future is worse when those
bacteria will destroy human life. Those bacteria going to dilapidate our
body and give us pain so today, I am going to reveal many of challenges
and show how to fight against them
1.Development of multi-drug-resistance bacteria
(Antibacterial agents inhibit the growth of bacteria and may rapidly kill
them by disrupting one or more of their essential cellular functions. For

2. example, depending on the type of antibacterial agent, the mechanism of
activity may result in:
• Inhibition of the production of proteins or cell wall materials;
• Inhibition of DNA replication;
• Disruption of cell membrane activities that maintain chemical
balance)
Different bacteria have different morphologicalfeatures so different
types of antibacterial agents are developed to kill different bacteria.
Challenge: - many of bacteria are, firstly, killed by single drug with low
spectrum but due to the miss use of drug, bacteria are developing
resistance against the drugs. Those bacteria which are not killed during
first treatment undergo the mutation. Those bacteria are able to survive in
changing environment and so their replicate.
Prevention: - take full dose of antibacterial agent (DRUG); choose
antibacterial agent referred in laboratory report.
2. Biofilm and medical negligence to ward it
It’s one of the most important property found in bacteria. Bacteria are
going to developed flagella and bind to each other and then secrete
polysaccharides that make one highly resistant layer called bio film.
antibiotics that is given to patient for treatment of the infection cannot
cross the cell membrane to kill the bacteria , but the antibiotics kill those
bacteria which lacks the biofilm layer so patient is ostensibly cured for
some days /some weeks .after some days, some of the new bacteria comes
out through the biofilm layer and again cause infection.

3. So at that point out medical system of treatment is failed to treat patient
properly .In medical system of Nepal, we just give antibiotics to patient
at the concentration that able to kill the bacteria outside the biofilm layer
even we don’t know about is the patient suffering through biofilm
infection this is the main cause of recurrent infection
Challenge: -Due to such treatment scenario, soaring develop of resistance
in bacteria day by day. Most important things are that we are never able
to eradicate those infection form body by conventional method we just
developed resistance in bacteria and make them insurmountable.
Prevention:- We have to developed method of testing, in the patient
suffering from biofilm and measure Minimum Biofilm
Eradication Concentration (MBEC) before prefer the antibiotics .
REFERENCE
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8120/
 http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/0909_TE
R_The_Bacterial_Challenge_Time_to_React.pdf
 https://ispub.com/IJWH/6/2/4784
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8120/
 DAVIES, D. 2003. Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial
agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2, 114-122.
 HATT, J. K. & RATHER, P. N. 2008. Role of Bacterial Biofilms in
Urinary Tract Infections. In:ROMEO, T. (ed.) Bacterial Biofilms.
Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
 JOSHI, R., SINGH, D. R. & SHARMA, S. 2011. Lower urinary tract
infection and bacterial colonization in patient with double J ureteral
stent. J Nepal Health Res Counc, 9, 165-8.

4.  NV, A., NILEKAR & W, C. 2012. biofilm production among
uropathogens and antibiogram. indian journal of microbiologist, 24,
45-56.