Implementation Of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) In Transmissio...
FACTs_Final_Presensation
1. Practical Implementation of FACTs On A Model
Transmission Line For Performance
Improvement
Supervised By:
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fayyaz Khan
United International University (UIU)
Presented By:
Saifur Rahman 021 111 056
MD.Rakib Mohan 021 111 004
Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain 021 111 117
MD.Jabaidur Rahman 021 101 107
2. CONTENTS
What is FACTs?
Objectives of FACTs
Types of FACTS Controllers
Transmission line Parameters & Design of FACTS
Controllers
Advantages of FACTS Controllers
Conclusion
Reference
3. What is FACTs?
FACTs is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission
Systems. FACTS uses solid state switching devices to
control power flow through a transmission network , So that
the transmission network is loaded to its full capacity.
FACTs idea was put forward by Prof. Hingorani of EPRI,
USA in 1988 .
A line can be loaded up to its full thermal limit by FACTs.
Power transfer can be increased thru an old line by FACTs.
4. History Of FACTs
Flexible AC Transmission Systems Technology (FACTS)
was first proposed by the Dr Narain G. Hingorani in 1988
of Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ), USA .
The first FACTS installation was at the C. J. Slatt Substation
near Arlington, Oregon.
This is a 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was
developed by EPRI, the Bonneville Power Administration
and General Electric Company.
C. J. Slatt Substation near Arlington, Oregon., USA
(Google Map view)
5. OBJECTIVES OF FACTS
To increase the power transfer capability of
transmission systems
To keep power flow over designated routes.
Secure loading of transmission lines nearer to
their thermal limits.
Prevention of cascading outages by contributing
to emergency control.
Damping of oscillations that can threaten security
or limit the useable line capacity.
6. Advantages Of FACTS
Increase of transfer of power without adding new transmission line.
Transmission cost is minimized.
Smooth steady state and dynamic control.
Active damping of power oscillations.
Increase of reliability
Improvement of system stability and voltage control.
Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation .
Control of power flow in transmission corridors by controlling line
impedance ,angle and voltage.
Optimum power flow for certain objectives .
Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities,
including short term and seasonal.
7. Overview Of Our Work
Source
Transmission line
L
O
A
D
1
3
4
1 Source
2 Transmission Line
3 FACTS Intelligence System
(i) Series Compensation
(ii) Shunt compensation
4 Load
Design and
implementation
of FACTS
Intelligence
System
2
Series
Compen
sation
Shunt
Compens
ation
(i) (ii)
8. Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
FACTS compensation are classified as
Series Compensation
Shunt Compensation
Combined series-series compensation
Combined series-shunt compensation
TALA
Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor in New Delhi, India
Beauly Substation , UK
9. Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
Series Compensation
It could be a variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, or a
power electronic based variable source of main frequency,
subsynchonous and harmonic frequencies to serve the desired
need.
Inject a voltage in series with the line .
If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the current, controller
supplies or consumes reactive power.
Any other phase, involves control of both active and reactive
power.
10. Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensation (TCSC)
TCSC : TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator ,which consists
of a series capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor – controlled reactor in
order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.
Basic module of TCSC
11. TCSC
The equivalent
impedance, Zeq, of
this LC combination
is expressed as
If ωC−(1/ ωL) > 0; The
combined reactance is
Capacitive.
If ωC−(1/ ωL) < 0; The
combined reactance is
Inductive.
12. Benefits of TCSC
Current control
Damping Oscillations
Transient and Dynamic stability
Voltage stability
Fault current limiting
13. Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
Shunt compensation
It could be a variable impedance (capacitor ,reactor , etc.) or a
power electronic based variable source or combination of both .
Inject a current in the system.
If the current is in phase quadrature with the voltage ,controller
supplies or consumes reactive power.
Any other phase ,involves control of both active and reactive
power.
14. Types Of Shunt Compensation
Shunt compensation are of 2 types :
1) inductive shunt compensation
2) capacitive shunt compensation
inductive shunt compensation :
If Vr > Vs ; usually happens due to no load or less load or leading load
capacitive shunt compensation:
If Vr < Vs ; usually happens due to high load or lagging load
15. FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Line specification:
Line=370 km (230 mile)
Conductor name = “Rook”
Flat horizontal Spacing =7.25 m (23.8 ft)
Load Specification:
𝑃𝑅 = 125 MW
𝑉𝑅 = 215 KV
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
Now, 𝐷𝑒𝑞 =3
𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31=
3
23.8 ∗ 23.8 ∗ 2 ∗ 23.8
= 30.0 ft.
ACSR Conductor
Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) long
Medium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Long = longer than 240 km long
16. 1 2 3
𝐷31 2 * 23.8
𝐷12 23.8 𝐷23 23.8
FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Contd.
For 50 Hz Calculation C and L,
𝑟𝑎𝑐 50 𝐻𝑧 (50 degree) = 0.1603 Ω/mile ……..(1)
𝑋 𝐿 = 𝑥𝑙1 + 𝑥𝑙2
= (0.415 + 0.4127) Ω/mile …....(2)
𝑋 𝐶 = 𝑥 𝑐1 + 𝑥 𝑐2
= (0.0950 + 0.1009) MΩ .mile . . . . . . . .(3)
Now from 1
𝑟𝑎𝑐 =
0.1603
1.609344
Ω/km = 0.0996 Ω/km
17. FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Contd.From 2
𝑋 𝐿 = 0.8277 Ω/mile =
0.8277
1.609344
Ω / km = 0.5143 Ω/km
Now
𝑋 𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓L
L=
𝑋 𝐿
2𝜋
=
0.5143
2𝜋×50
=1.364 × 10−3
H/Km
Now from 3
𝑋 𝐶 = 0.1959 × 106Ω.mile =195900 Ω.mile = 3.1527 × 105 Ω.km
𝑋 𝐶 =
1
2𝜋𝑓C
C =
1
2𝜋𝑓𝑋 𝐶
=
1
2𝜋×50×3.1527×105 = 8.4137 × 10−9
F/Km
25. Results of Compensated lines
Load Voltage(
V)
Current(I) Active
Power(P)
Reactive
Power(Q
)
Appare
nt
Power(S
)
PF
50MW 195 KV 267.6 A 66.04 MW 42MVar 78.26
MVA
0.8434
75MW 195 KV 353.8 A 95.32 MW 40.3 MVar 103.5
MVA
0.921
100MW 195 KV 443.15 A 123.6 MW 39.09MVa
r
129.6
MVA
0.9534
125MW 195 KV 532.05 A 150.8 MW 38.3 MVar 155.6
MVA
0.9693
150MW 195KV 619.4 A 177.1 MW 37.86MVa
r
181.1
MVA
0.9779
175MW 195 KV 704.55 A 202.6 MW 37.7MVar 201.6
MVA
0.9831
200MW 195 KV 787.3 A 227.1 MW 37.99MVa
r
230.3
MVA
0.9863
Compensated Sending End Side (lagging pf)
Load Voltage
(V)
Current
(I)
Active
Power(
P)
Reactiv
e
Power(
Q)
Appare
nt
Power(S
)
Pf
50MW 205.3 KV 400.20 A 59.7 MW 107.8MV
ar
123.2
MVA
0.4848
75MW 201.5 KV 446.9 A 86.37
MW
103.9MV
ar
135.1
MVA
0.6393
100MW 197.9 KV 503.8 A 111.1
MW
100.2MV
ar
149.6
MVA
0.7426
125MW 194.4 KV 431.4 A 133.9
MW
96.6MVar 165.2
MVA
0.8109
150MW 191.9 KV 632.03 A 155.2
MW
93.3
MVar
181.1
MVA
0.857
175MW 187.7 KV 698.7 A 174.9
MW
90.1MVar 196.7
MVA
0.8889
200MW 184.5 KV 765.36 A 193.1
MW
87.1MVar 211.9
MVA
0.8894
Compensated Receiving End Side (lagging pf)
26. FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (practical)
A single phase 2 Km line was taken for FACTs application and
implementation in the lab.
Line parameters are calculated
Line performance was simulated under different load conditions
FACTs controller was designed to improve the line performance
27. Model Transmission Line Parameters
Calculation
Line specification:
Line= 2 km
Load Specification:
P = 500 W
V = 220 V
Conductor name = “Turky”
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
𝑟𝑎𝑐 = 0.750 Ω / 1000 ft = 5.4 Ω
Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) long
Medium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Long = longer than 240 km long
𝑋 𝐿 = 0.1390 Ω / 1000 ft.
= 0.182Ω
Now
𝑋 𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓L
L =2.42 mH
28. Source
220 V
50 Hz
Block Diagram of Shunt Compensation
LINE
L
O
A
D
Full
Bridge
Voltage
Divider
POWER SUPPLY
Voltage Regulator
Circuit
ATMEGA 8
LCD
Capacitor
Triac
Driver
33. Hardware Design Of Shunt
Compensation
Receiving
END Voltage
Capacitor Bank
DC Source
Intelligent Circuit
34. Results Of practical Uncompensated
line
Load
Ω
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
80 110 V 1.25 A 134 W 95 V 1.3 A 117 W
100 110 V 0.98 A 108 W 96 V 0.99 A 95 W
133.3
3
110 V 0.75 A 82 W 99 V 0.75 A 74 W
200 110 V 0.52 A 57 W 101 V 0.52 A 52 W
400 110 V 0.28 A 30 W 108 V 0.27 A 29 W
Uncompensated Sending End side Uncompensated Receiving End side
35. Results Of practical Compensated line
Load
Ω
Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
80 110 V 2.12 A 199 W 111 V 2.16 A 162 W
100 110 V 1.91 A 167 W 114 V 1.93 A 133 W
133.33 110 V 1.82 A 140 W 119 V 1.33 A 107 W
200 110 V 1.71 A 105 W 121 V 1.73 A 74 W
400 110 V 0.55 A 38 W 110 V 0.58 A 32 W
Compensated Sending End side Compensated Receiving End side
36. Block Diagram of Series Compensation
for the line
220 V
50 Hz
Transmission Line Capacitor
L
O
A
D
S
O
U
R
C
E Back to Back
Thyristor Driver
Inductor
39. Future Work
1. Simulation of different heavily loaded transmission line
from FACTS. e.g East West Interconnector.
2. Measurement of stability and reliability study of Power
sector of Bangladesh from FACTS .
40. Conclusion
We see that in an uncompensated line, the output
voltage is less than the input voltage for the reason
of transmission line parameters. After adding shunt
compensation with the line we saw that the output
voltage is improved. As well as after adding series
compensation with the line the output voltage is also
improved. If we implement this FACTS Controller
in our transmission line network, economically it
will beneficial for us.
41. Reference
•Hingorani, N.G., "Power Electronics in Electric Utilities:
Role of Power Electronics in Future Power Systems,"
Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue Vol. 76, no. 4, April
1988.
•Thyristor-Based Facts Controllers For Electrical Ttransmission Systems by R.
Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Varma
•http://www.energy.siemens.com/co/pool/hq/power-
transmission/FACTS/FACTS_Series_Compensation_neues%20CD.pdf
• www.siemens.com/energy/facts
•http://www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol3_issue4%20(part-1)/C03411726.pdf
•http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/HBD855-D.PDF
