The document provides groundwater quality data from four stations in Ballia, India from 2016 to 2018. Key findings include: - pH, calcium, fluoride, and TDS levels at all stations met BIS standards. - Chloride levels at Bairia, Garwar, and Manihar met desirable limits but exceeded at Rasra. - EC, total hardness, and magnesium exceeded desirable limits at some stations. - Sodium and RSC levels at all stations were within standards. - Sulphate levels at Bairia, Manihar and Rasra met standards but data was missing for Garwar. The study assessed groundwater suitability for drinking according to BIS standards

1. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY , ALIGARH
202002
B.Sc (Hons) PROJECT SEMINAR
(GLB-6S1)
Session 2021-22
“GROUNDWATER QUALITY DATA OF BALLIA 2016 TO 2018”
Under the guidance of - PROF. TAQVEEM ALI KHAN
Submitted by -
MOHD IMRAN AYUB
Faculty Number - 19 GLB 182
Enrollment Number - GL 6167

2. CONTENT
Page No.
1 . Introduction 1-2
2. The Study Area 2-6
3. Methodology 6
4. Result and discussion 7-18
5. Conclusion 19-20
References 21

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to almighty
Allah, the most gracious the most merciful, by whose will it was
possible for me to complete this project. It brings me immense joy and a
sense of accomplishment to have worked and completed this dissertation
project.
I would like to acknowledge and express my gratefulness to my project
supervisor Prof. Taqveem Ali Khan (Department of Geology, AMU) for
his constant motivation, support and guidance he provided me in
completing this project. His profound knowledge and experience in the
relevant subject has been a source of encouragement for me at all times
while working upon this project. I am grateful to Prof. Kr. Farahim Khan
(Chairman, Department of Geology, AMU) for his constant support and
encouragement that enabled me to complete this project.
I am thankful to my friends and colleagues for their help and motivation
and my family for their everlasting support, without whom its was
impossible for me to have completed this project and gained an
understanding on the topic “Groundwater quality data of ballia 2016 to
2018.”
MOHD IMRAN AYUB
19-GLB-182
GL-6167
(B.Sc. Final)
Department of Geology
AMU, Aligarh, U.P., INDIA

4. 1
1.INTRODUCTION
Importance of water :-
 If we look beyond human uses, water plays a vital role in every life of the living
creatures.
 If we do not work together towards conservation of water, this planet as we
know it will meet its ultimate demise sooner than we think.
 Water is the foundation of our life as we think about our personal lives.
 The industries also consume a great deal of water on a large scale.
 There are also significant health issues for human beings because of the
shortage of adequate water or intake of polluted water.
 Water is a non – renewable natural resource.
Groundwater quality important :-
 The quality of groundwater is important because it determines the suitability of
water for drinking, and domestic and irrigation purposes.
 Water Quality index (WQI) is an essential parameter for demarcating
groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking purposes.
 WQI is defined as a technique of rating that provides the composite influence of
individual water quality parameters on the overall quality of water for human
consumption .
 The standards for drinking purpose as recommended by WHO or BIS.

5. 2
Objective :-
 To check the groundwater’s suitability for drinking purposes in ballia.
2.THE STUDY AREA
 The study carried out in ballia city, eastern Uttar Pradesh, India.
 The eastern boundary of the city lies at the junction of two major rivers, the
Ganges and the Ghaghara.
 The study area lies in between latitude 25°23 to 26°11 North and longitude
83°38 to 84°39 East.
 During the study four station were selected for detail study namely Bairia,
Garwar, Manihar and Rasra.
Table- 1: Latitude and longitude of study area -
Location Latitude Longitude
Bairia 25°45’30”N 84°8’56”E
Garwar 25°82’57”N 84°03’19”E
Manihar 25°81’36”N 84°03’46”E
Rasra 25°85’91”N 83°85’55”E

6. 3

7. 4
Geographical area :-
 Ballia districts is the easternmost part of the Uttar Pradesh state and borders on
bihar state.
 It comprises an irregularly shaped tract extending westward from the
confluence of the Ganga and Ghaghara, the former separating it from Bihar in
the south and the latter from Deoria and Bihar in the north and east respectively.
 The boundary between Ballia and Bihar is determined by the deep streams of
these two rivers.
 It is bounded on the west by Mau, on the north by Deoria, on the north-east and
south-east by Bihar and on the south-west by Ghazipur.
Where it lies :-
 The district lies between the parallels of 25°33’ and 26°11’ North latitudes and
83°38’ and 84°39’ East longitudes . Ballia is among the least forest covered
districts in India.
Climate :-
 The climatic condition in Ballia is distinguished by mild and dry winters, hot
and dry summers and continental rainfall.
 Ballia receives an average of 1013 mm rainfall, and varies between 850 mm to
1300 mm from year on year basis.
 With August being the wettest month , April is the driest month of the year.
 Temperature peaks during May as it can soar up to almost 41°C per monsoon,
while post monsoon, the temperature settles down anywhere between 20 to 21°.

8. 5
Groundwater depth :-
 In 2021, groundwater level for Ballia district was 7.21 meters below ground
level, though Ballia district groundwater level fluctuated substantially in recent
year, it tended to increase through 2015 – 2021 period ending at 7.21 meters
below ground level in 2021.
Geomorphology :-
Ballia District is the part of Central Ganga plain. The topography is flat to gentle
undulation covered with two types of Alluvium plain. One is older alluvial of
Pleistocene (2.588 million to 12 million years before from present) and second one
younger alluvial of Holocene (11700 years to present). The depth of sediment is 12
km. Alluvial tract of Ballia district is underlain by sands of various grades, gravels,
silt and clay with have extension. The coarse, medium and fine sand are good
water bearing formations. Main geomorphic units have been demarcated in the
district which are given below.
(1) Flood Plain: It is restricted all along the river channels, which is comprised of
coarse to fine sand, silt, clay and gravel.
(2) Newer Alluvial Plain: It denotes to old flood plain cycle of deposition which
mostly consists of unconsolidated coarse to fine sand, silt and clay of varying
amounts. There are fluvial landforms, such as paleo-channels meander scar, back
swamps etc.
(3) Older Alluvial Plain: It forms the central part of the Ganga-Ghaghra
interfluves where surface water divide passes through the area. It consists coarse to
fine sand, silt and clay. There are some landforms found such as Palaeo-channels,
meander, lakes, marshy swampy lands etc.

9. 6
Soil Type :-
 The fertile alluvial soil in the district is the result of the riparian features that are
so distinct in the district.
 They vary in clay loamy and silt clay loamy at various areas within the district.
 The excessive moisture in the soil here is due to the rivers causing excessive
moisture in the soil and water logging in the soil.
3.METHODOLOGY
 In order to study groundwater quality four station were selected namely Bairia,
Garwar, Manihar and Rasra.
 Four groundwater quality data have been collected from Government of india,
India Water Resources Information System :- https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/

10. 7
4.RESULT AND DISCUSSION
 The Groundwater quality data of Ballia district gives the following result
( table-2)
 Number of active monitoring station active (in last 10 years).
 Bairia , Garwar , Manihar , Rasra .
Table-2 : Groundwater quality data of these stations.
S.N. Parameter Unit Bairia Garwar Manihar Rasra
1 pH 8.11 8.38 7.99 8.15
2 Calcium mg/L 48 12 32 44
3 Chloride mg/L 14.2 7.1 18 191.7
4 Fluoride mg/L 0.53 0.51 0.2 0.22
5 EC (μS/cm) 660 420 360 1435
6 TH mg/L 220 165 140 440
7 Bicarbonate mg/L 402.6 226 195 414.8
8 Potassium mg/L 4.1 4 3.5 7.4
9 Magnesium mg/L 24.32 33 15 80.256
10 Sodium mg/L 65 28 25 160
11 RSC mg/L 0.21 1.01 0.4 2.81
12 SAR mg/L 0.5 0.95 0.92 2.1
13 Sulphate mg/L 11 11 91
14 Silicate mg/L 27 34 33 32
15 TDS mg/L 325 273 234 430
EC – Electrical Conductivity, TH – Total Hardness,
RSC – Residual Sodium Carbonate, SAR – Sodium Absorption Ratio
TDS – Total Dissolved Solids.

11. 8
 Bairia and Garwar station groundwater quality data showing by Line Graph.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Value
Parameters
Groundwater quality data of Garwar (2016)
Garwar
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Value
Parameters
Groundwater quality data of Bairia (2016- 2018)
Bairia

12. 9
 Manihar and Rasra station groundwater quality data showing by Line Graph.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Value
Parameters
Groundwater quality data of Rasra (2016- 2018)
Rasra
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Value
Parameters
Groundwater quality data of Manihar (2016- 2018)
Manihar

13. 10
pH :-
The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in water and it
determines the intensity ofacidity or alkalinity. The pH is one of the most
frequently used tests in water chemistry. In the present study pH values varied
from 8.11 to 8.15 throughout the observation period for all stations.The
concentration of pH in groundwater found within the BIS Standards limit.
Calcium :-
Calcium is the naturally present in water. It may dissolve from rocks such as
limestone , marble , calcite , dolomite , gypsum , fluorite and apatite. Calcium is a
determinant of water hardness. The presence of calcium in water is natural
geological source , industrial waste , mining by products and agricultural wastes.
The concentration of calcium in the study area ranged from 48 to 44 mg/L. At all
station calcium concentration values were found below desirable limit of BIS
Standards.
Chlorides :-
Chloride is one of the major inorganic anions in water and wastewater. The salty
taste produced by chloride concentration is variable and dependent on the chemical
composition of water. Chloride concentration varied from 14.2 to 191.7 mg/L.
Munawar (1970) is of the opinion that higher concentrations of chlorides indicate
higher degree of organic pollution. Bairia , Garwar , and Manihar chloride
concentration is below desirable limit of BIS Standards. Rasra chloride
concentration is found within the Standards limit.
Electrical Conductivity ( EC) :-
Electrical Conductivity is viewed as a valuable indicator of the amount of
dissolved materials in water. Electrical Conductivity is the manifestation of the

14. 11
dissolved salts and is an indicator of water pollution. In the study area, EC values
in groundwater 660 to 1435 micromhos/cm.
Total Hardness :-
Hardness is the important parameter for determining the usability of water. In the
present study , the total hardness of the groundwater data ranged from 220 to 440
mg/L. Bairia , Garwar , and Manihar total hardness concentration is below
desirable limit of BIS Standards. Rasra total hardness concentration is found within
the Standards limit.
Magnesium :-
A large number of minerals contain magnesium; Magnesium is washed from rocks
and subsequentlyends up in water. Magnesium is often associated with calcium in
all kinds of waters , but its concentration remains generally lower than the calcium.
In the study area , values of magnesium concentration in groundwater data varied
from 24.32 to 80.256 mg/L . At Bairia and Manihar magnesium concentration were
found below thr desirable limit of BIS Standards. Garwar and Rasra magnesium
concentration values were found within the BIS Standards.
Sodium :-
Sodium concentration is an important parameter in classifying irrigation water,
because sodium reacts with soil to reduce its permeability. Excess sodium in
waters produces undesirable effects of changing soil properties and reducing soil
permeability. Sodium content is usually expressed in terms of percent sodium
(%Na). The groundwater data values of percent sodium range from 65 to 160
mg/L. At all station sodium concentration were found within BIS Standards.

15. 12
Residual Sodium Carbonate :-
According to Eaton (1950), on the basis of RSC the water is divided into three
categories i.e., good (RSC < 1.25 meq/L) , medium (RSC : 1.25 to 2.50 meq/L)
and bad (RSC>2.50 meq/L). Continuos use of water having RSC more than 2.5
meq/L leads to salt build up which may hinder the air water movement by clogging
the soil pores and lead to degeration of the physical condition of soil. According to
this classification , Bairia ,Garwar , Manihar RSC concentration were found good
category. And Rasra RSC concentration were found in bad category.
Sulphate :-
The sulphate content in water is important in determining the suitability of water
for human and industrial supplies. Sulphate are naturally occurring anion present in
all kind of natural waters and primarily compounded to all types of minerals found
in watershed and acid rain it is an important constituent of hardness with calcium
and magnesium. The concentration of sulphate in the study area varied from 11 to
91 mg/L. Bairia and Manihar and Rasra sulphate concentration were found below
the desirable limit of BIS Standards. Garwar Station have no sulphate
concentration.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) :-
The TDS values in the study area varied from 325 to 430 mg/L during the study
period. As per the classification proposed by Davis and Dewiest, (1966) based on
TDS for water categories can be identified , viz : TDS up to 500 mg/L as desirable
for drinking ; 500 to 2000 mg/L as permissible for drinking . All the station TDS
concentration value were found below the desirable limit of BIS Standards.

16. 13
 Drinking Water Standards according to Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS)
Table-3 :
Parameter Desirable limit Permisable limit
pH 6.5 8.5
Calcium(mg/L) 75 200
Chloride(mg/L) 250 1000
Flouride(mg/L) 1 1.5
EC (μS/cm)
TH(mg/L) 200 600
Bicarbonate(mg/L)
Potassium(mg/L) 15
Magnesium(mg/L) 30 100
Sodium(mg/L) 250
RSC(mg/L)
SAR(mg/L)
Sulphate(mg/L) 200 400
Sillicate(mg/L)
TDS(mg/L) 500 2000

17. 14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Concentration
Station
pH of various station and their comprison with BIS Desirable
and Permissible limit
Data
0
50
100
150
200
250
Concentration
Station
Calcium of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data

18. 15
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Concentration
Station
Chloride of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Concentration
Station
Fluoride of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data

19. 16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Concentration
Station
Potassium of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Concentration
Station
Total hardness of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data

20. 17
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Concentration
Station
Magnesium of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Concentration
Station
Sodium of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data

21. 18
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Concentration
Station
Sulphate of various station and their comprison with BIS
Desirable and Permissible limit
Data
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Concentration
Station
TDS of various station and their comprison with BIS Desirable
and Permissible limit
Data

22. 19
5.CONCLUSIONS
 The suitability of groundwater for drinking has been evaluated based on pH ,
Calcium , Chloride , Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total hardness, Magnesium,
Sodium , Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) , Sulphate and Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS).
 On the basis of pH values, all the data are suitable for drinking purpose .
 At all station Calcium values are unsuitable for drinking , beacause all values
are below desirable limit of BIS Standards.
 On the basis of Chloride concentration values are 3 station namely Bairia ,
Garwar , Manihar are below desirable limit and its unsuitable for drinking.
Rasra Chloride value are within the BIS Standards and suitable for drinking .
 Total Hardness Concentration values are Bairia , Garwar , Manihar are below
desirable limit of BIS and unsuitable. Rasra value are within the Standadrs limit
and suitable for drinking.
 On the basis of Magnesium Concentration values of 2 Bairia , Manihar Station
below desirable limit of BIS Standards its unsuitable for drinking. And 2
Garwar , Rasra Station values are within the BIS limit its suitable for drinking.
 At all the station Sodium Concentration values are suitable for drinking ,
because all value within BIS Standards.
 As per the RSC classifiacation , Bairia , Garwar , and Manihar station data are
suitable and Rasra data are unsuitable for drinking purpose.

23. 20
 Based on TDS classification , it is observed that all the data found within
desirable limit and its unsuitable for drinking .
 From this study , it can be concluded that this groundwater quality unsuitable
for Drinking due to high numbers of parameters are failed to BIS comparison.

24. 21
REFRENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballia About The study are.
https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/GWQuality The groundwater quality data of ballia
district ( 4 Station Bairia , Garwar , Manihar , Rasra )
Pathak , B.D., 1982. Groundwater resources and Development Potential in India,
Central Ground Water Board Govt. of India, p, 112
http://cgwbchd.nic.in/qulstd.htm Drinking water standards of BIS.