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ATT&CK is the Best Defense - Emulating Sophisticated Adversary Malware to Bolster Defenses

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MITRE ATT&CK

From ATT&CKcon 4.0 By Sajal Thomas and Vishnu Raju, Crowdstrike

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Sajal Thomas Vishnu Raju ATT&CK is the Best Defense Emulating Sophisticated Adversary Malware to Bolster Defenses
Sajal Thomas ▪ Adversary Tradecraft Research @ CrowdStrike ▪ Former red team operator turned researcher ▪ Connoisseur of the finest adversary tradecraft Introductions VishnuRaju ▪ Adversary Emulation@ CrowdStrike ▪ Ex-red teamoperator, Ex-threat hunter ▪ Livingthe security spectrum- Red, Blue, Purple ©2023CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTSRESERVED.
Adversary Emulation is an intelligence-driven approach to research and execute tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) used by a real-world adversary known to target an organization. ▪ Killchains contain very specific tradecraft ▪ No hypothetical scenario like Adversary Simulation ▪ Validates defences against a specific adversary What is Adversary Emulation? ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
▪ Assessed with high confidence to be attributable to the Federal Security Service (FSB) of the Russian Federation ▪ Operating for nearly 2 decades ▪ Targets gov institutes that handle diplomatic efforts, interior, foreign services, etc ▪ Novel and sophisticated tradecraft Venomous Bear aka Turla ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
▪ LightNeuron is a backdoor installed on Exchange Servers ▪ Supports command-and-control entirely via incoming and outgoing emails ▪ Can intercept, block or modify emails going through the infected Exchange Server ▪ Can execute commands sent by emails in attachments that use steganography ▪ Difficult to remediate and remove LightNeuron/BLUEPRINT ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Our Approach to Emulation Gather intelligence Extract techniques Analyze & organize Develop tooling 2 Emulate 3 4 5 1 Research phase Improve Falcon 6 Fun part ! Address gaps ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Components: ▪ PowerShell script for installation ▪ Mail Transport Agent (DLL written in .NET) ▪ Companion DLL (DLL written in C++) ▪ Encrypted config file masquerading ▪ Rules file in XML Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Components: ▪ PowerShell script for installation Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Components: ▪ Mail Transport Agent Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Components: ▪ Companion DLL Tradecraft ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Components: ▪ Config file Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Components: ▪ Rules file in XML Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
ATT&CK Techniques Based on Public & Private Reports ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
MITRE’s ATT&CK Techniques ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Enter - Micro Emulation Plans ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Installation: ▪ Exchange Management Shell ▪ Add-PSSnapin Microsoft.Exchange.Management.PowerShell.SnapIn ▪ Exchange Server PowerShell through WinRM ▪ Manually modifying agents.config Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
First generation Mail Transport Agent: ▪ read XML rules file from disk ▪ parsed the email ▪ if subject contained “alert”, subject changed to “external” Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
First generation companion DLL: ▪ used open-source AES library - crypto++ ▪ hardcoded AES key and IV ▪ accepted encrypted text as argument ▪ only performed decryption Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Second generation Mail Transport Agent: ▪ referenced the companion DLL export function ▪ read plain text attachment received via email ▪ passed it on to Companion DLL Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Second generation companion DLL: ▪ parsed attachment ▪ decrypted encrypted payload ▪ checked for prefix ▪ command execution via C++ “system” ▪ command execution via CreateProcess Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Third generation companion DLL: ▪ zipped sensitive files ▪ added base64 encoded zip to EML ▪ staged under Pickup folder ▪ exfiltration Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Emulation in Action ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Emulation in Action ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Emulation in Action ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
▪ Identify modifications to agents.config file ▪ Observe anomalous process behaviour and relationships: ▪ EdgeTransport.exe spawning cmd.exe/powershell.exe ▪ Automate sandbox submission for ‘interesting’ files dropped in ‘interesting’ file paths ▪ Examine all unsigned DLLs loaded by Exchange Server (EdgeTransport.exe) ▪ Supplement XDR with Email logs to create a timeline of events: ▪ Email arrives -> EdgeTransport spawns cmd.exe -> evil happens Detection and Response Strategy ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
▪ Highly sophisticated adversary ▪ Custom and complex malware toolkit ▪ Public intel reporting for Venomous Bear is malware-specific ▪ Few details on actual tradecraft used in intrusions ▪ Not easy to automate Challenges Faced ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Challenges Faced ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Questions? ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thank You ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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ATT&CK is the Best Defense - Emulating Sophisticated Adversary Malware to Bolster Defenses

  • 1. Sajal Thomas Vishnu Raju ATT&CK is the Best Defense Emulating Sophisticated Adversary Malware to Bolster Defenses
  • 2. Sajal Thomas ▪ Adversary Tradecraft Research @ CrowdStrike ▪ Former red team operator turned researcher ▪ Connoisseur of the finest adversary tradecraft Introductions VishnuRaju ▪ Adversary Emulation@ CrowdStrike ▪ Ex-red teamoperator, Ex-threat hunter ▪ Livingthe security spectrum- Red, Blue, Purple ©2023CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTSRESERVED.
  • 3. Adversary Emulation is an intelligence-driven approach to research and execute tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) used by a real-world adversary known to target an organization. ▪ Killchains contain very specific tradecraft ▪ No hypothetical scenario like Adversary Simulation ▪ Validates defences against a specific adversary What is Adversary Emulation? ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 4. ▪ Assessed with high confidence to be attributable to the Federal Security Service (FSB) of the Russian Federation ▪ Operating for nearly 2 decades ▪ Targets gov institutes that handle diplomatic efforts, interior, foreign services, etc ▪ Novel and sophisticated tradecraft Venomous Bear aka Turla ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 5. ▪ LightNeuron is a backdoor installed on Exchange Servers ▪ Supports command-and-control entirely via incoming and outgoing emails ▪ Can intercept, block or modify emails going through the infected Exchange Server ▪ Can execute commands sent by emails in attachments that use steganography ▪ Difficult to remediate and remove LightNeuron/BLUEPRINT ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 6. Our Approach to Emulation Gather intelligence Extract techniques Analyze & organize Develop tooling 2 Emulate 3 4 5 1 Research phase Improve Falcon 6 Fun part ! Address gaps ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 7. Components: ▪ PowerShell script for installation ▪ Mail Transport Agent (DLL written in .NET) ▪ Companion DLL (DLL written in C++) ▪ Encrypted config file masquerading ▪ Rules file in XML Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 8. Components: ▪ PowerShell script for installation Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 9. Components: ▪ Mail Transport Agent Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 10. Components: ▪ Companion DLL Tradecraft ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 12. Components: ▪ Rules file in XML Tradecraft https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 13. ATT&CK Techniques Based on Public & Private Reports ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 14. MITRE’s ATT&CK Techniques ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 15. Enter - Micro Emulation Plans ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 16. Installation: ▪ Exchange Management Shell ▪ Add-PSSnapin Microsoft.Exchange.Management.PowerShell.SnapIn ▪ Exchange Server PowerShell through WinRM ▪ Manually modifying agents.config Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 17. Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 18. First generation Mail Transport Agent: ▪ read XML rules file from disk ▪ parsed the email ▪ if subject contained “alert”, subject changed to “external” Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 19. First generation companion DLL: ▪ used open-source AES library - crypto++ ▪ hardcoded AES key and IV ▪ accepted encrypted text as argument ▪ only performed decryption Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 20. Second generation Mail Transport Agent: ▪ referenced the companion DLL export function ▪ read plain text attachment received via email ▪ passed it on to Companion DLL Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 21. Second generation companion DLL: ▪ parsed attachment ▪ decrypted encrypted payload ▪ checked for prefix ▪ command execution via C++ “system” ▪ command execution via CreateProcess Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 22. Third generation companion DLL: ▪ zipped sensitive files ▪ added base64 encoded zip to EML ▪ staged under Pickup folder ▪ exfiltration Emulation ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 23. Emulation in Action ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 24. Emulation in Action ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 25. Emulation in Action ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 26. ▪ Identify modifications to agents.config file ▪ Observe anomalous process behaviour and relationships: ▪ EdgeTransport.exe spawning cmd.exe/powershell.exe ▪ Automate sandbox submission for ‘interesting’ files dropped in ‘interesting’ file paths ▪ Examine all unsigned DLLs loaded by Exchange Server (EdgeTransport.exe) ▪ Supplement XDR with Email logs to create a timeline of events: ▪ Email arrives -> EdgeTransport spawns cmd.exe -> evil happens Detection and Response Strategy ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 27. ▪ Highly sophisticated adversary ▪ Custom and complex malware toolkit ▪ Public intel reporting for Venomous Bear is malware-specific ▪ Few details on actual tradecraft used in intrusions ▪ Not easy to automate Challenges Faced ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 28. Challenges Faced ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 29. Questions? ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • 30. Thank You ©2023 CROWDSTRIKE, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.