FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS...

1. 1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Overview
Still today, many small land holders in the developing countries and India as well have very small
amount of land (few acres). Also, many villages are there in these types of countries where people relying
on the rainfalls for cultivation because they are so poor that they cannot afford the costlier gadgets
available in the contemporary marketplace for watering purpose. Due to a lack of knowledge and
financial means to access irrigation technologies, those families are exposed to a high risk of
crop failure. Several gadgets are there for lifting groundwater. These include wind
turbine/windmills, hand powered, diesel and electric powered pumps. Except the wind powered
and hand operated pump the running cost is very high for the diesel and electric powered pumps.
Thus utmost desire is to design a pump would runs at least cost and also the initial investment is
as low as possible.
This provides a motivation for carrying out this project. The main driving factors for selecting
the appropriate technology are regional feasibility such as demand of water, system feasibility
and initial and long-term investments. Other factors often include the need for power to run the
system and the availability of water reserves. Thus the need of the people of developing
countries who acquires only small piece of land may be characterized as to have a water lifting
device that running with solar energy has the potential to address this need.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) pumping irrigation system has become a widely applied solar energy
technology over the past decades, in which the pump is driven by electricity produced by solar
energy and lifts groundwater or surface water to irrigate the crop or grassland for agriculture The
water pump that driven by solar energy may also be characterized as Solar Driven Pump (SDP).
A benefit of using solar energy to power agricultural water pump systems is that increased water
requirements for livestock and irrigation tend to coincide with the seasonal increase of incoming
solar energy. When properly designed, these PV systems can also result in significant long-term
cost savings and a smaller environmental footprint compared to conventional powered systems.

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It is well suited to fulfill the needs of those farmers that have small amount of land. Apart from
the irrigation this type of can also be used for other purposes. This irrigation technology is also
environment friendly as nothing is produced by using this type of system which contaminates the
environment. Additionally, this type of system has low maintenance cost and do not requires any
special operator for running it.
In view of problem posed above, the present project put effort to build a small-scale solar pump
(Figure-1.1). The operating costs of this solar powered pump are minimal compared to a fuel-
Figure 1.1: The Photograph of the Prototype of SDP build in this project

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Powered pump and also have affordable upfront investment (about 5000 INR for a 3 W system).
A suitable leasing and renting systems may be devised for the poor farmers so that they can
afford to use this system.
The large-scale irrigation is beyond the scope of the problem considered in the present project.
However, a large-scale SDP can be manufactured by using similar technology. In other words,
the basic idea of the large scale SDP will be similar to that of a small one and technologically
these two do not have any mark difference.
The SDP is purposefully designed to be used for agricultural operations, especially in remote
areas or where the electricity supply is either not available or available in lest.
Furthermore, the challenges that are associated with this SDP are first to increase its power by
harnessing maximum solar radiation for a given surface area of solar collector. Additionally, the
effectiveness of the SDP is highly dependent on the availability of solar energy.
Generally, the availability of energy with solar rays varies with respect to the geographical area,
day of a year, timing and the density of the rays falling on the solar plate. To harness the solar
energy at different time the solar plate has to be tilted in commensuration with movement of
sunlight in the similar manner as that of sunflower. For this purpose solar tracker is being
advocated to be used. But application of solar tracker drastically increases the cost of the system.
Also, to harness more solar energy solar plate of large area is required. Addressing this problem,
the use of additional mirror is proposed.
This section mainly put focus on necessity of SDP and the associated technological issues and in
the following section (Section 1.2) the aim of the project is clearly elaborated.
1.2Aim of this Project
The aim of this project is three fold. These are as follows.
i) To fabricate a cost effective demonstration model of SDP.
ii) To visualize the effect of variations in concentration of solar radiation falling on solar
plate in terms of water power production with the help of the experimental results.

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iii) To recommend the plane mirror as part of the system with an argument that this
provision will enhance the system performance.
iv) To provide the design considerations for the purpose of its installation.
1.3Scope of the Project
This system demonstrates the feasibility and application of using solar PV to provide energy
for the pumping requirements for irrigation only. In other words, the scope of this project is
limited to develop a cost effective model of SDP that can be used by the farmers for
irrigation of small piece of land at virtually zero cost of its operation. The demonstration
model build in this project is of very low capacity, although it shows the working principle.
The test result obtained from this model is again need to be verified from the model of larger
capacity and also for the other geographical locations. However, in this project the
experimentation is carried out at only one geographical location (Greater Noida, Uttar
Pradesh, India). Additionally, the design considerations presented in this work which is
specific to the SDP. Even though there is a high capital investment required for this system
to be implemented, the overall benefits are high and in long run this system will be realized
to be economical.
This chapter covered the introduction of the project and in next chapter a detailed review of
related literature is presented.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.4Pertinent Literature
Scarcity of electricity coupled with the increasing unreliability of monsoon rains and prevalent
costly diesel pumping systems pose an economic risk to small and marginal farmers.
Additionally, complex set of factors including global warming, competitive land use and lack of
basic infrastructure is creating new challenges for agrarian population of developing countries
Brownson et al. (2015). The ever increasing mismatch between demand and supply of energy,
and electricity in particular, is posing challenges especially to farmers in remote areas. This
coupled with the increasing unreliability of monsoon rains is forcing farmers to look for alternate
fuels other than that of diesel for running irrigation pump sets.
Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (C-STEP) “Harnessing Solar Energy –
Options for India” (2010) estimates that 9 million diesel water pumping sets are in use in India.
If 50% of these diesel pumps were replaced with solar PV pump sets, diesel consumption could
be reduced to the tune of about 225 billion liters/year.
Paddy, wheat, maize and sugarcane are some of the major crops cultivated in major states of
India. During the growing period of these crops watering is required. Further, the water
requirement vary from crop to crop.
Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (C-STEP) “Harnessing Solar Energy – Options
for India” (2010) also reported that alternative for conventional energy in agriculture sector may
result as:
1. Long waiting queue for new electric connections avoided (Rs. 700 crores investment
needed by the farmers for 70,000 new connections)
2. Boon for saving precious energy and water resources
3. No need for electric transmission arrangements; no transmission losses
4. Large scale adoption of technology will lead to cost cutting

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Moreover, the ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach discourages research and development (R&D). Most
manufacturers fail to meet the specific needs of the end user (the farmer).
The solar resource-reserve system has been applied to a common product of electricity derived
from photovoltaic (PV) technologies here, but the method is sufficiently broad to encompass
economic utility derived from any conversion of a flow-based resource. This dynamic
classification and analysis method establishes a foundation for communicating the confidence in
project development from solar energy conversion, constrained not only by the confidence in the
data describing the solar resource, but also in accordance with the techno-economic feasibility
for available conversion technologies, and the elasticity of demand for the solar commodity
identified by investor/developers. The resource-reserve framework provides a foundation for
solar resource economics; upon which individuals, firms, government agencies, and investors
can make rationalized decisions on the allocation of the solar resource for high solar utility
Brownson et al. (2015).
To obtain accurate forecasts of photovoltaic power generation, the use of forecast datasets of
meteorological elements from numerical prediction models, specifically global horizontal
irradiance (GHI), is necessary. This study conducted by Ohtake et al. 2015 seeks to validate, and
therefore improve GHI forecasts. On the basis of ground-based data from Japan Meteorological
Agency (JMA) stations are used in a JMA mesoscale model (MSM) during the time period from
2008 to 2012, temporal and spatial characteristics of forecast errors are analyzed. The authors
have put forward the statistical monthly evaluations show that associated errors vary between
seasons, with monthly GHI mean bias error values ranging from −60 to +45 W/m2
and root mean
square errors (RMSEs) ranging from 95 to 170 W/m2
. Mapping of forecast errors show that
underestimation of GHI forecast values and large RMSE values are significant in the southern
part of Japan (a subtropical region located along the Pacific Ocean), particularly during
summers. In winter, overestimation of GHI forecasts is found throughout the entire Japanese
archipelago. The frequency of different cloud type occurrences over the Japanese islands indicate
that regional and seasonal variations in cloud types are related to relatively large GHI forecast
errors. High-level cirrus clouds, mid-level altocumulus, and low-level stratus are often observed
during summer, when forecasted values are underestimated, and during winter, when values are
overestimated.

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The research conducted by Fang et al. (2015) presented an ultrathin interdigitated back-contacted
silicon solar cell fabricated using 30-μm-thick Si substrates. In consideration of the special light-
trapping and passivation requirements for ultrathin wafers, Si Nano wire arrays coated with
Al2O3 were used to significantly reduce the reflectance in the visible region of the solar
spectrum. The 15-nm-thick conformal Al2O3 coating improved the effective minority carrier
lifetime of the silicon nanowires and exhibited competitive passivation performance.
Furthermore, the photovoltaic properties of the fabricated ultrathin solar cell were investigated
and a relatively high conversion efficiency of 16.61% was determined for a thickness of 30 μm.
The findings of this study confirm the feasibility of producing ultrathin silicon-based
photovoltaic devices.
Dumas et al. (2015) have highlighted in their research that there exit a linear relationships
between the global daily solar energy and a new atmospheric parameter F.
Daud et al. (2005) have experimentally found that at constant pumping head, the flow rate is
proportional to the supply frequency of the motor. At constant flow rate, the pumping head
is proportional to the supply frequency squared only in the range below the peak efficiency
of the pump. The authors have also put forward that for higher flow rate values, a special
algorithm based on the experimental results could be developed. Higher system efficiency is
achievable at higher frequency. It is advisable to operate the motor pump at the nominal
frequency, flow rate and head corresponding to maximum efficiency. They have also
strongly stated that an overall efficiency exceeding 3%, which is comparable to the highest
efficiencies reported elsewhere for solar powered pumps.
The photovoltaic water pumping systems (PVWPS) constitute a potential option to draw
down water in the remote desert locations for domestic usage and livestock watering.
However, the widespread of this technique requires accurate information and experiences in
such system sizing and installation. The aim of the work due to Benghanem et al. (2013) is
to determine an optimum photovoltaic (PV) array configuration, adequate to supply a DC
Helical pump with an optimum energy amount, under the outdoor conditions of Madinah
site. Four different PV array configurations have been tested (6S × 3P, 6S × 4P, 8S × 3P and
12S × 2P). The tests have been carried for a head of 80 m, under sunny daylight hours, in a

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real well at a farm in Madinah site. The best results have been obtained for two PV array
configurations (6S × 4P) and (8S × 3P) which are suitable to provide the optimum energy.
Powered by the selected PV array configurations, the helical pump (SQF2.5-2) delivered a
maximum daily average volume of water needed (22 m3
/day).
Per capita energy consumption is high in urban locations of any country. In this context, this
research due to Padmavathi and Daniel (2011) explores the deployment of standalone
photovoltaic (PV) water pumping units in every household of a sustainable city. The various
photovoltaic water pumping schemes and the domestic pumping requirements of a city in
India are considered in their research. The peak shaving of load and reduction in line losses
due to PV pump deployment on a secondary distribution transformer in a residential locality
of the same city is investigated to bring out the advantages of the above policy initiative.
They further argued for the need for a legislation to install PV water pumps.
In a study Gao et al. (2013) selected a demonstration site (with an area of 3.15 ha) in
Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Golog at the southern part of Qinghai Province and
evaluated the feasibility and performance of the PV pumping irrigation system at field
scale. In this study, firstly, water demand of pasture was predicted in different
hydrological level years to determine water deficiency, which should be replenished
mainly by pumping groundwater according to the local water resources conditions.
Secondly, through modeling the unsteady flow of partially penetrating well in
unconfined aquifer, they analyzed the change of groundwater table of the pumping well
in both irrigation season and non-irrigation season, and then evaluated whether the
groundwater resources can satisfy the pumping water demand for the growth of
grassland. Results show that groundwater resources in the demonstration area are
satisfactory and water yield in the pumping well can generally fulfill the water demand
of grassland. Finally, based on balance analysis between solar energy supply and
demand, a set of technical parameters were given to design the PV pumping irrigation
system in the demonstration area. They also made the benefit analysis for the PV
pumping irrigation system.

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The review of pertinent literature reveals that the PV system has good economic and
ecological performance compared to the diesel engine irrigation system. Review further
enables this types of system has promising prospects to be popularized in the area where
water is available at minimum depth.
The literature review clearly shows signals about the potentiality of technological advancement
in this area and also argues for the need of a cost effective system. The next section (Section 1.2)
highlights the Problem formulation.
1.5Problem Fornulation
According to the literature survey it has been revealed that solar powered smart irrigation technique
is the future for the farmers and also it provides a solution for energy crisis. Considering this as a
challenge, the proposed solar powered system should be of such that:
1. has very less cost so that it can be afforded by even the poorer farmer
2. has virtually zero running cost
3. has less maintenance cost
4. is environmental friendly
5. has high performance
6. has potential to run even in the absence of sunlight for considerable amount of time
7. has potential to be carried to the place where it is needed with ease
8. be able to harness solar energy effectively
9. has high reliability and durability
Certainly, there is also a desire of an expert system that provides an elabolated list of design
considerations so that it will be helping the practitioner in designing the efficient and
effective SDP.
After proviging a details of the related literature the real challenges associated regarding the
SDP is outlined in this chapter. Next to this chapter that is chapter-4 the project is described.

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CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
In this project a working model of SDP is fabricated for two purposes. First is to demonstrate the
idea of SDP and second to propose an additional attachment (a plane mirror) with a proposition
that this arrangement will help in harnessing of additional solar power and in this way increased
amount of power will be produced.
3.1 Constructional Details
The model of SDP proposed in this work is comprised of several components. A List of these
components are presented in following subsection 3.1.1.
3.1.1 List of Component
The components used to fabricate the proposed working model of SDP are as follow:
i. Solar panel
ii. Battery
iii. DC motor
iv. PCB
v. Circuit
vi. Transformer
vii. Centrifugal Pump
viii. Discharge Pipe
ix. Container
x. LED.
xi. Diode and Resistance Assembly
xii. Plane mirror
The other details such as requirement, specification, etc. are given in Section 3.1.2.
3.1.2 Specification of the Component

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i. Solar panel
It is a device which gets heated by the energy available with the rays of sun. It is also
called solar heating device. All the solar heating devices are designed in such a way that
they can collect as much sunlight as possible. The density of the sunlight ultimately
decides the further production of electricity. This fact is demonstrated in this work. The
density of sunlight falling on the plate may be increased either by increasing the area of
the plate or by focusing the sunlight which is not cutting the plate area using some other
means. In this work, the mirror is used for this purpose.
In this model the solar panel capable to produce a maximum of 3 Watt power at 6 Volt.
(a) Solar cell
It is a device which converts solar energy into electricity. Since solar energy is a light
energy so we can say, “Solar cell is a device which converts light energy into electrical
energy.”
Solar cells are made by a semiconducting materials such as silicon, gallium etc.. Semi-
conductors are those substances which have very low electrical conductivity. Moreover,
they are neither bad conductors nor good conductors of electricity. The efficiency of
Solar cells has increased tremendously with use of these semiconducting materials. The
efficiency of solar cells, made from silicon, gallium and germanium is limited up to 10%
to 15% that is they can convert about 10% to 15% of solar energy into electrical energy.
Efficiency of modern solar cells made from selenium is up to 25% which is quite high.
Solar energy is available in the form of electromagnetic radiations of different
wavelength. These radiations are in the form of visible and invisible lights (infrared).the
transformation of solar energy into electrical energy is depicted with the help of a
schematic diagram in Figure 3.1.
Collection

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Electric Current
Figure 3.1: Schematic Diagram Showing Production of Electrical Energy From Solar
Radiations Solar Radiations (Source [1])
A solar cell generally made up of wafer (think layer) of semi-conductor materials which are
arranged in such a way that when the light of sufficient wave length falls on them, a potential
difference is produced between the two regions of wafer (Figure 3.2).
Solar Radiations Critical Current
Figure 3.2: Schematic Diagram Showing Production of Electrical Energy From Solar
Radiations Solar Radiations through Wafers (Source [1])
Typically, a single solar cell of 4 sq. cm size is about 0.4 volts and generates current of 0.1m-
amperes. The mechanism of generation of electricity utilizing sunlight is explained below.
When a photon (a packet of energy associated with light) hits the solar plate equivalent number
of electrons are ejected from the crystal lattice of plate. The place from where the electrons are
ejected creates an equivalent “hole” having positive charge than that an electron possess. Thus, it
can be said that photons absorbed in the semiconductor and create mobile electron-hole pairs.
Further, there are two main modes for charge carrier separation in a solar cell:
1. Drift of carriers, driven by an electrostatic field established across the device
2. Diffusion of carriers from zones of high carrier concentration to zones of low carrier
concentration (following a gradient of electrochemical potential).
The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p-n junction made from
silicon. As a simplification, it can be imagined as bringing a layer of n-type silicon into direct

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contact with a layer of p-type silicon. In practice, p-n junctions of silicon solar cells are not made
in this way, but rather, by diffusing an n-type dopant into one side of a p-type wafer and vice
versa.
It is a well-established fact that large amount of electricity is required for energizing even a
pump of very small capacity and no single cell can fulfill such energy requirement. However, by
joining a large number of solar cells in a particular way this purpose can be achieved. Moreover,
any amount of electrical energy can be obtained at desired voltage by suitably connecting the
required number of solar cells.
Conclusively, it can be said that solar cell contains large number of solar cells joined together in
a specific pattern. The solar panel converts solar energy into electricity only during day time. For
using the gadgets at a time when sunlight is weak or unavailable there is a requirement for
storage of the electricity. This purpose is solved by battery.
(b) Circuit of solar cell
A solar cell may be modelled by a current source in parallel with a diode. In practice no solar cell
is ideal, so a shunt resistance and a series resistance component are supposed to be there. The
resulting equivalent circuit of a solar cell is shown in Figure 3.3.
Figure 3.3(a) Figure 3.3(b)
Figure 3.3: The equivalent circuit of a solar cell (source [2])
(c) Characteristics of the solar cell
A solar cell is specified by their:
 Energy conversion efficiency

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Percentage of power converted (from absorbed light to electrical energy) and collected,
when a solar cell is connected to an electrical circuit. This term is calculated using the
ratio of the maximum power point, Pm, divided by the input light irradiance (E, in W/m²)
under standard test conditions (STC) and the surface area of the solar cell (Ac in m²).
 Quantum efficiency
Quantum efficiency refers to the percentage of photons that are converted to electric
current (i.e., collected carriers) when the cell is operated under short circuit conditions.
External quantum efficiency is the fraction of incident photons that are converted to
electrical current, while internal quantum efficiency is the fraction of absorbed photons
that are converted to electrical current. Mathematically, internal quantum efficiency is
related to external quantum efficiency by the reflectance of the solar cell; given a perfect
anti-reflection coating, they are the same.
Quantum efficiency should not be confused with energy conversion efficiency, as it does
not convey information about the power collected from the solar cell. Furthermore,
quantum efficiency is most usefully expressed as a spectral measurement (that is, as a
function of photon wavelength or energy).
(c) VOC ratio
The open circuit voltage (VOC) of the cell must be below the band gap voltage. Since the
energy of the photons must be at or above the band gap to generate a carrier pair, cell
voltage below the band gap voltage represents a loss. This loss is represented by the ratio
of VOC divided by VG (Voltage Gap).
(d) Maximum-power point
A solar cell may operate over a wide range of voltages (V) and currents (I). By increasing
the resistive load on an irradiated cell continuously from zero (a short circuit) to a very

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high value (an open circuit) one can determine the maximum-power point as the the point
that maximizes V×I; that is, the load for which the cell can deliver maximum electrical
power at that level of irradiation. (The output power is zero in both the short circuit and
open circuit extremes).
A high quality, mono crystalline silicon solar cell, at 25 °C cell temperature, may produce
0.60 volts open-circuit (Voc). The cell temperature in full sunlight, even with 25 °C air
temperature, will probably be close to 45 °C, reducing the open-circuit voltage to 0.55
volts per cell. The voltage drops modestly, with this type of cell, until the short-circuit
current is approached (Isc). Maximum power (with 45 °C cell temperature) is typically
produced with 75% to 80% of the open-circuit voltage (0.43 volts in this case) and 90%
of the short-circuit current. This output can be up to 70% of the Voc x Isc product. The
short-circuit current (Isc) from a cell is nearly proportional to the illumination, while the
open-circuit voltage (Voc) may drop only 10% with an 80% drop in illumination. Lower-
quality cells have a more rapid drop in voltage with increasing current and could produce
only 1/2 Voc at 1/2 Isc. The usable power output could thus drop from 70% of the Voc x
Isc product to 50% or even as little as 25%. Vendors who rate their solar cell "power"
only as Voc x Isc, without giving load curves, can be seriously distorting their actual
performance.
The maximum power point of a photovoltaic varies with incident illumination. For
systems large enough to justify the extra expense, a maximum power point tracker tracks
the instantaneous power by continually measuring the voltage and current (and hence,
power transfer), and uses this information to dynamically adjust the load so the maximum
power is always transferred, regardless of the variation in lighting.
(e) Watts’s peak
Since solar cell output power depends on multiple factors, such as the sun's
incidence angle. For comparison purposes between different cells and panels, the

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measure of watts peak (Wp) is used. It is the output power under these conditions
known as STC:
1. Insulation (solar irradiance) 1000 W/m²
2. Solar reference spectrum AM (air-mass) 1.5
3. Cell temperature 25°C
(f) Light-absorbing materials
All solar cells require a light absorbing material contained within the cell structure to
absorb photons and generate electrons via the photovoltaic effect. The materials used
in solar cells tend to have the property of preferentially absorbing the wavelengths of
solar light that reach the earth surface; however, some solar cells are optimized for
light absorption beyond Earth's atmosphere as well. Light absorbing materials can
often be used in multiple physical configurations to take advantage of different light
absorption and charge separation mechanisms. Many currently available solar cells
are configured as bulk materials that are subsequently cut into wafers and treated in a
"top-down" method of synthesis (silicon being the most prevalent bulk material).
Other materials are configured as thin-films (inorganic layers, organic dyes, and
organic polymers) that are deposited on supporting substrates, while a third group
are configured as Nano crystals and used as quantum dots (electron-confined
nanoparticles) embedded in a supporting matrix in a "bottom-up" approach. Silicon
remains the only material that is well-researched in both bulk and thin-film
configurations. The following is a current list of light absorbing materials, listed by
configuration and substance-name:
ii. Battery
Batteries are made up of plates of lead and separate plates of lead dioxide, which are
submerged into an electrolyte solution of about 38% sulfuric acid and

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62% water. This causes a chemical reaction that releases electrons, allowing them to
flow through conductors to produce electricity. As the battery discharges, the acid of
the electrolyte reacts with the materials of the plates, changing their surface to lead
sulfate. When the battery is recharged, the chemical reaction is reversed: the lead
sulfate reforms into lead dioxide and lead. With the plates restored to their original
condition, the process may now be repeated. In this model 12 volt and 7 amp battery
is used.
iii. DC Motor
In this SDP a DC motor is used that runs bay taking power from the battery. The
capacity of the motor is 3 Watt, 12Volt, and of 300 RPM.
iv. PCB (Printed Circuit Board)
Printed Circuit Boards is actually a sheet of Bakelite (an insulating material) on one
side of which copper patterns are made. In the holes and from another side, leads of
electronic components are inserted soldered to the copper points on the back. Thus
leads of electronic components terminals are joined to make electronic circuit.
On the board copper cladding is done by pasting thin copper foil on the boards
during curing. The copper on the board is about 2 mm thick and weights an ounce
per square foot.
The schematic diagram of a typical PCB is shown in Figure 3.4.

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Figure 3.4: Schematic Diagram of a Typical PCB
v. The Circuit
A suitable wiring is done to make the circuit in order to achieve the purpose.
vi. Transformer
In this project 1 amp and 220 volt transformer for charging the battery is used.
Vii. Centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump is attached with the DC motor that lifts the water through
centrifugal action.
viii. Delivery Pipe
In this model a plastic with 5 mm internal diameter is used for lifting water and
delivering it to a fixed height 0.6 meter.
ix. Container
We used container of capacity 7 liter is taken to simulate the sump of water. The
assembly of pump and motor is submerged into it.
x. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
In this assembly LED is fitted to act as an indicator of charging.
xi. Diode and Resistance Assembly
This assembly is fitted with the battery in order to avoid the back flow of current from
battery to panel.
xi. Plane Mirror

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In this SDP there is a provision to attach a plane mirror near the solar panel. The plane
mirror is kept parallel to the surface of ground whereas the solar plate is held at an
angle of 45 degree. This arrangement is depicted in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5: Arrangement of Mirror
The mirror is a flexible one that it be attached or detached with the system. The mirror is
advocated to focus the extra sunlight on the plate with a proposition to increase its harnessing
power. This fact has been well demonstrated via supported calculations.
3.2 Design Process of SDP
The following twelve steps is to be used in the design process for a SDP system. These steps will
help to ensure that the system will function properly and that water is supplied for the operation
in the amounts and at the locations required.
3.2.1 Water Requirement
The first step in designing a solar-powered water pump system is to determine the overall water
requirement for the operation. This can be done in part by using the average water requirement

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values for various crops and livestock. Local conditions should also be taken into consideration.
It is also to be noted that how the water requirement will vary throughout the year.
3.2.2 Water Source
The configuration of the water system is to be defined primarily by the type of water source
used, as well as by the local topography and the location(s) of the delivery point(s). The water
source may be either subsurface (a well) or surface (a pond, stream, or spring).
If the water source is a well, the following items will need to be determined:
 The static water level,
 The pumping rate and associated drawdown (along with any seasonal variation),
and
 The water quality.
Information on water levels and well production can be obtained from the well log. The
drawdown value obtained from the well log should be used to determine the production potential
of the well to ensure that the well will be able to supply the operation’s estimated water needs. If
the well log indicates an excessive drawdown during the given testing time, the well may not
have the capacity to meet the water demands of the project. If the capacity of the well is in
question, a complete well test should be performed and the drawdown levels measured for
different flow rates.
In addition, the drawdown level should be used when determining the pumping lift and TDH
during pumping. If a new well is to be drilled for the project, information from well logs of
existing, nearby wells can provide valuable information about the subsurface hydrology in the
area and the potential yield of the proposed well. Records of well logs are available online from
the Oregon Water Resources Department (WRD).
The expected pumping levels should be determined in areas where water table fluctuations occur
throughout the year. In such areas, a well may even run dry at certain times of the year. An

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alternate water source should be located if there is a potential for an existing well to run dry
during critical watering times.
For most wells, water quality is not an issue if the water is not used for human consumption.
However, it is a good practice to obtain a water quality test if there is a potential for fecal coli
form contamination, high nitrates or salinity, organic contaminants, and/or the presence of heavy
metals, which may be the case for wells located in unique geological features, such as volcanic
terrain.
Questions or comments regarding well drilling and/or water quality testing should be directed to
the Geologist.
For surface water sources, such as a stream, pond, or spring, the following need to be
determined, taking seasonal variations into account:
 The water availability,
 The pumping levels, and
 The water quality, including the presence of silt and organic debris.
With a surface source, the water availability and water level can vary seasonally. In particular,
the amount and quality of the water may be low during the summer, when it is needed most.
If a new well is to be drilled for the project, information from well logs of existing, nearby wells
can provide valuable information about the subsurface hydrology in the area and the potential
yield of the proposed well.
The expected pumping levels should be determined in areas where water table fluctuations occur
throughout the year. In such areas, a well may even run dry at certain times of the year. An
alternate water source should be located if there is a potential for an existing well to run dry
during critical watering times.
For most wells, water quality is not an issue if the water is not used for human consumption.
However, it is a good practice to obtain a water quality test if there is a potential for fecal coli

22. 22
form contamination, high nitrates or salinity, organic contaminants, and/or the presence of heavy
metals, which may be the case for wells located in unique geological features, such as volcanic
terrain.
Questions or comments regarding well drilling and/or water quality testing should be directed to
the Geologist.
For surface water sources, such as a stream, pond, or spring, the following need to be
determined, taking seasonal variations into account:
 The water availability,
 The pumping levels, and
 The water quality, including the presence of silt and organic debris.
With a surface source, the water availability and water level can vary seasonally. In particular,
the amount and quality of the water may be low during the summer, when it is needed most.
Additionally, when a surface water source is used, proper screening of the pump intake is
necessary to ensure that debris and sediment from the surface water body are not pumped into
the system. If the water source contains anadromous salmonid species of fish, proper screening
of the pump intake is required to meet Department of Fish and Wildlife for fish screen criteria.
3.2.3 System Layout
The third step in the system development process is to determine the layout of the entire system,
including the locations and elevations of the following components:
 Water source
 Pump
 PV panels

23. 23
 Storage tanks
 Points of use (i.e. water troughs)
 Pipeline routes
It is also important to consider potential vandalism and theft when locating PV panels and pump
systems. Unfortunately, since most solar panel systems are located in remote areas on open
landscapes, the risk of vandalism and/or theft can be significant. If possible, panels, tanks, and
controllers should be located away from roads and public access, as well as where features in the
landscape (rolling hills, escarpments, wind blocks, etc.) can provide a maximum of shielding
from public view. The use of trees, bushes, or other types of vegetation for shielding is
acceptable. However, care should be taken to situate the panels far enough to the south and west
of tall trees and other types of vegetation to reduce the potential for their obstruction by shadows
during peak solar insolation hours.
In addition, secure fencing is essential to protect a PV-powered system. Secure fencing provides
added protection against vandalism and theft, as well as against inadvertent damage from
wandering wildlife or livestock.
3.2.4 Water Storage
A water storage tank is normally an essential element in an economically viable solar-powered
water pump system. A tank can be used to store enough water during peak energy production to
meet water needs in the event of cloudy weather or maintenance issues with the power system.
Ideally, the tank should be sized to store at least a three-day water supply. Multiple tanks may be
required if a very large volume of water is to be stored.
The area where the tank is to be placed must be stripped of all organic material, debris, roots, and
sharp objects, such as rocks. The ground should then be leveled. Six inches of well-compacted ¾
-inch leveling rock underlain by a geotextile fabric should be provided as a base for the water

24. 24
tank. If an elevated platform or stand is required to provide adequate gravity-induced pressure
for the water delivery system to operate, the platform or stand will need to be evaluated by a
qualified engineer.
An above-ground tank should be constructed out of structurally sound, UV-resistant material to
maximize its lifespan. If it will be used in areas where freezing temperatures are encountered,
care should be taken to frost-proof the entire water delivery system. Tanks and pipes should be
drained prior to the first freeze, and pipes should be buried below the frost line for added
protection.
A buried tank is naturally shielded from UV light, and it provides protection from frost and
vandalism. When using a buried tank, however, adequate drainage must be provided around the
tank. In addition, its design must be analyzed for floatation to ensure that the tank will not
become buoyant.
3.2.5 Solar Insolation and PV Panel Location
Appropriate data should be used to determine the amount of solar insolation (peak sun hours)
available at the site. An on-site investigation is recommended for sites where solar insolation
data are lacking or questionable. The investigation should be conducted by a qualified specialist
and include data verifying the actual solar insolation at the site.
In order to maximize the solar-powered system’s energy production, the panels should be south
facing with no significant shading in their vicinity in order to achieve full sun exposure.
However, partial shading (e.g., shadows from tall trees) in the distance during the early morning
or late afternoon may be unavoidable. The effects of any shading present should be considered

25. 25
when determining the amount of available solar energy. Also consider the potential effects that
the slope and aspect of future shading due to continued tree growth may have.
The solar array should be placed as close to the pump as possible to minimize the electric wire
length (and thus any energy loss), as well as installation costs.
3.2.6 Design Flow Rate for the Pump
The design flow rate for the pump is calculated by dividing the daily water needs of the
operation by the number of peak sun hours per day (determined in Step 5).
3.2.7 Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
For the Pump the TDH is the sum of the vertical lift, pressure head, and friction loss. Friction
losses apply only to the piping and appurtenances between the point of intake (inlet) and the
point of storage (i.e. the storage tank or pressure tank). Flow from the storage tank to the point of
use (i.e. the trough) is typically gravity fed. Therefore, friction losses between the storage tank
and the point of use are independent from the pump and do not need to be accounted for when
sizing the pump.
3.2.8 Pump Selection and Associated Power Requirement
The pump should be selected using pump performance curves. The peak power requirement for
the pump can be determined from these curves for a given flow rate and TDH (pumping head) to
help make the appropriate pump selection, as well as the appropriate PV panel selection (Step 9).
The system designer may need to research the different solar-powered pumps available on the
market at the time of the system development as solar-powered pumps are a dynamic and
growing field that changes rapidly. The manufacturer’s specification sheet contains the necessary
information to select the correct pump. It is noteworthy, however, that the type of information
provided may be subject to change as solar technology improves and evolves.
Sources for additional information regarding solar products can be found in Appendix B:
Additional Resources.

26. 26
3.2.9 PV Panel Selection and Array Layout
Once the peak power requirement (Step 8) for the selected pump is known, this value can be
used to select the solar panel or array of panels required to supply that power.
When multiple panels are required, they must be wired in series, parallel, or a combination of
series-parallel to meet both the voltage and amperage requirements of the pump. The power
output of the individual panels can be added together to determine the total power they produce.
3.2.10 – PV Array Mounting and Foundation Requirements
Hardware for mounting panels to a post is normally provided by the supplier. If no supplier
mount is provided, contact a qualified engineer for design details.
If a panel or array of panels is to be mounted on an existing structure, that structure must first be
analyzed to ensure that it has the structural integrity necessary to withstand all local wind, snow,
and ice conditions once the panel(s) are mounted.
3.2.11 Water Flow Rates and Delivery Point Pressure
The entire system, including the PV panels, pump, pipe, and any storage tanks, must be analyzed
to ensure that the design flow rates can be delivered to the delivery point(s) at the required
pressure(s) in order to properly operate the valves (e.g., a float valve).
3.2.12 Summary Description of the System
The designer should provide a descriptive summary of the completed system to the
landowner/contractor that includes the following information:
 All system components and their specifications.

27. 27
 System operating characteristics, such as required voltages, amperages, wattages,
etc.
 Special considerations required in the system design, including environmental
factors.
3.2.13 Additional Considerations
This technical note has reviewed the many different elements that should be considered in the
design of a solar-powered water pump system. However, since each system will have its own
unique set of design constraints, this technical note is not intended as a standalone document.
Rather, its intent is to provide a starting point for the design process.
3.3 COST ANALYSIS
This section provides an idea of the total cost of the project. The cost of each components used in
the SDP are given in the Table 3.1.
From this table, the total project can be calculated by adding cost of all the components and this
comes out to be 4,770 INR.
* indicates that these components are required to produce the demonstration model. In other
words, while fabricating the actual SDP these components will not be required. However, some
additional components may also be required for fabricating a SDP that can be actually used by
the farmers and therefore the cost will exceed from the cost reported above.
Cost Table

28. 28
3.4 Experimentation Details
One of the prime aim of conducting the experiment is to show that the power of a solar cell
can be increased even without increasing the plate area by using a plane mirror, an additional
attachment of the system. In order to show this fact the reading of discharge (Q) is taken for
S. No. Name of the
Component
Specification COST
In ( INR)
1. Solar panel 3 WATT, 6 VOLT 700
2. Battery 12 VOLT, 7 AMP 1200
3. DC Motor 12 VOLT,3 WATT 400
4. PCB 100
5. Wires 300
6. Transformer 22O VOLT, 1 AMP. 400
7. Delivery pipe 5 MM DIAMETER 0.5 METER 20
8. Container* 7 LITERS 50
9. LED 10
10. Plywood* 0.5 by 0.6 m 600
11. Diode 100
12. Resistor 80
13. Capacitor 150
14. Glue gun* 400
15. M seal* 60
16. switch 50
17. Plane mirror 150

29. 29
two cases and at three different time for three consecutive days of a year at a fixed
geographical locations (Greater Noida). The two cases are mentioned below.
Case1: when mirror is not attached to the system
Case 2: when mirror is attached to the system
In this experiment the value of discharge is obtained by noting the time to fill a flask of one
liter. Thus discharge in liter/sec is obtained by finding reciprocal of noted time in seconds.
The gain in terms of water power then be calculated using the formula wQH . Here, w is the
weight density of water and for normal water it is approximated as 9810 N/m3
. Q is the
discharge and H is the dynamic head. The data obtained for time (in seconds) to fill a
measuring flask of capacity one liter and corresponding gain in water power (in liter/sec) are
presented in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 respectively. The variation in Time and corresponding
gain water Power are resented in Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7 respectively.
Analysis of the data is discussed in next chapter (Chapter-4) under the heading of result and
discussion.
Table 3.2: Time (in seconds) to fill a measuring flask of capacity one liter for the Two
Cases
4/20/2015 4/21/2015 4/22/2015
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
02:30
PM
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
02:30
PM
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
02:30
PM
Water Power
Obtained
Without Use
of Mirror
8.0 6.5 8.2 8.0 6.7 7.3 8.8 7.1 7.9
Using Mirror
7.6 6.1 7.9 7.5 6.2 6.6 8.3 6.6 7.4

30. 30
Figure 3.6: Variation in Time of Filling a Measuring Flask of Capacity for Two Cases
Table 3.3: Gain in Water Power Corresponding to the Data Available in Table 3.2
4/20/2015 4/21/2015 4/22/2015
10:3
0
AM
12:0
0 PM
02:3
0 PM
10:3
0
AM
12:0
0 PM
02:3
0 PM
10:3
0
AM
12:0
0 PM
02:3
0 PM
Water Power
Obtained
Without Use
of Mirror
0.60
9
0.75
3
0.59
7
0.61
4
0.73
4
0.67
3
0.55
4
0.68
9
0.62
2
Using Mirror
0.64
2 0.8
0.61
7
0.65
6
0.79
5 0.74
0.58
8
0.74
5
0.66
1
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
2:30
PM
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
2:30
PM
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
2:30
PM
4/20/2015 4/21/2015 4/22/2015
Without Use of Mirror
Using Mirror

31. 31
Figure 3.7: Variation in Corresponding Gain in Water Power for Two Cases
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
10:30 AM 12:00 PM 2:30 PM 10:30 AM 12:00 PM 2:30 PM 10:30 AM 12:00 PM 2:30 PM
4/20/2015 4/21/2015 4/22/2015
Variation in Watter Power for the Two situations
Viz. Without Use of Mirror

32. 32
CHAPTER-4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In previous chapter (Chapter-3), the constructional details, design process and the methodology
of experimentation are presented. The data obtained from the experimentation process is also
elaborated under the heading of methodology of experimentation. The objective of the
experiment is to know what happens to the performance of the SDP when additional plane mirror
is attached with the system. In other words, whether, addition of plane mirror with the system
will enhance its performance or not?
4.1 Results and Discussion
After assembling the component mentioned in Table 3.1 a working model is prepared. On
testing, it has been found that it works well and able to perform the intended functions. The steps
of design process are summarized following chronological and logical sequence. These steps are
found well versed. On analysis of data pertaining to the time to fill a measuring flask of one liter
and the corresponding gain in water power (Table 3.2, Table 3.3, Figure 3.6 and Figure 3.7) the
following point can be noticed.
1. The obtained water power is found to be maximum in the mid-day (12 pm) in comparison
of the data taken at other point of time (10 AM and 02 PM) for all the three days for both
the two cases that is without use of plane mirror and on using plane mirror. This is an
obvious result as it is an established fact that the inclination of solar beam at a location
changes from morning to evening and the noticed variation is due to this fact.
2. When additional plane mirror is used with the system the value of gain in water power is
found greater than that of the value of gain in water power for the case when the
additional plane mirror is not used for all the time for all the three days. This is also an
obvious result that the additional mirror boosts harnessing of the system by directing
additional solar beam to the pannel. However, the percentage gain in the water power is
not constant (Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1). The percentage variation is found to be

33. 33
maximum at 12 PM for two days out of the three days. This is also an obvious result as at
12 PM the beam of sunlight is almost perpendicular to the earth’s surface.
Table 4.1: Percentage Gain in Available Water Power
4/20/2015 4/21/2015 4/22/2015
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
2:30
PM
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
2:30
PM
10:30
AM
12:00
PM
2:30
PM
%age Gain in Available
Water Power
5.4 6.2 3.4 6.8 8.3 10.0 6.1 8.1 6.3

34. 34
Figure 4.1: Variation in Percentage Gain in Available Water Power
4.2 Recommendations
On the basis of analysis present in the Section 4.1, following points are recommended.
1. The present model of SDP along with the additional mirror is recommended for the use in
actual practice.
2. The design process is also recommended to be considered as guideline for installation of
SDP ay a geographical point.
In the next chapter (Chapter-5) the work done in this project is summarized.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
10:30AM
12:00PM
2:30PM
10:30AM
12:00PM
2:30PM
10:30AM
12:00PM
2:30PM
4/20/2015 4/21/2015 4/22/2015
%age gane in Water
power on using
additional mirror

35. 35
CHAPTER-5
SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION
In previous chapter (Chapter-4), analysis of the work carried out in this project is presented. In
this Chapter-5 the project is summarized followed by conclusions and scope of future work.
5.1 Summery
The idea of SDP of this project is basically addresses the issues of the farmers of the developing
countries who do not have sufficient amount of money to invest in purchasing the equipments
available in the market place for their requirements of irrigation. Due to this reason they started
relying on the natural justice that is rain fall. Taking this as a need statement, in this project an
idea to fulfill the requirements of this type of customers are taken care of. In view of this a
working model of a SDP is built and their performance is tested and by the same it is also
recommended. Apart from this, to make this SDP more cost effective it is also to propose to add
a plane mirror and on application of this the delivered water power this pump will be increased.
This fact has been checked experimentally in this project. Additionally, the steps that are to be
followed in designing the pump is also presented. In next Section 5.2 whole is concluded.
5.2 Conclusions
By implementing the proposed system there are numerous benefits for the
the farmers of the developing countries like India. For the government a solution for energy
crisis is proposed. On analysis, it could be said that the proposed SDP is:
10. Of low cost so that it can be afforded by even the poorer farmer.
11. Running virtually at zero cost.
12. Having less maintenance cost.
13. Environmental friendly as it do not produce any kind of harmful emission.
14. Has satisfactorily performance.
15. Having potential to run even in the absence of sunlight for considerable amount of time.

36. 36
16. Having potential to be carried to the place where it is needed with ease.
17. Be able to harness solar energy effectively.
18. Having high reliability and durability.
It is also proposed on the basis of experimental results that to use the additional plane mirror in
order to harness excess energy.
Additionally, a design guideline of SDP is also proposed that illustrates the factors that are to be
taken care of while design and installation.
5.3 Scope for Future Work
To further enhance the daily pumping rates tracking arrays can be implemented which has been
not covered in this work. Scopes are also there to design the system for house holders of the city.
Subjects are there to design the components that may further bring down the cost of system. The
other directions for further research are:
1. To think for the design a battery or a system for storing large power.
2. To think for the design of a hybrid system that runs using two or more source of energy

37. 37
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