this book is for level hundred students

1. By
Salamudeen Alhassan

2.  Introduce Programming with an Example
 Identifiers, Variables, and Constants
 Primitive Data Types
◦ byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean
 Expressions
 Operators, Precedence, Associativity, Operand Evaluation
Order: ++, --, *, /, %, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, ^, &, |, +, -,
 Getting Input from Input Dialog Boxes
 Case Studies (Computing Mortgage, and Computing
Changes)
 Style and Documentation Guidelines
 Syntax Errors, Runtime Errors, and Logic Errors

3.  An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of
letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).
 An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_),
or a dollar sign ($). It cannot start with a digit.
 An identifier cannot be a reserved word. (See Appendix
A, “Java Keywords,” for a list of reserved words).
 An identifier cannot be true, false, or
null.
 An identifier can be of any length.

4. Example 2.1 Computing the Area of a
Circle
This program computes the area of the
circle.
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋 × 𝑟2

5. // Compute the first area
radius = 1.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);
// Compute the second area
radius = 2.0;
area = radius*radius*3.14159;
System.out.println("The area is “ +
area + " for radius "+radius);

6. int x; // Declare x to be an
// integer variable;
double radius; // Declare radius to
// be a double variable;
char a; // Declare a to be a
// character variable;

7. x = 1; // Assign 1 to x;
radius = 1.0; // Assign 1.0 to
radius;
a = 'A'; // Assign 'A' to a;

8.  int x = 1;
 double d = 1.4;
 float f = 1.4;
Is this statement correct?

9. final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE;
final double PI = 3.14159;
final int SIZE = 3;

10. byte 8 bits
short 16 bits
int 32 bits
long 64 bits
float 32 bits
double 64 bits

11.  +, -, *, /, and %
 5/2 yields an integer 2.
 5.0/2 yields a double value 2.5
 5 % 2 yields 1 (the remainder of the
division)

12.  Calculations involving floating-point numbers are
approximated because these numbers are not stored
with complete accuracy. For example,
 System.out.println(1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1 - 0.1);
 displays 0.5000000000000001, not 0.5, and
 System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
 displays 0.09999999999999998, not 0.1. Integers
are stored precisely. Therefore, calculations with
integers yield a precise integer result.

13.  A literal is a constant value that appears
directly in the program. For example, 34,
1,000,000, and 5.0 are literals in the
following statements:
int i = 34;
long l = 1000000;
double d = 5.0;

14.  An integer literal can be assigned to an integer variable
as long as it can fit into the variable. A compilation error
would occur if the literal were too large for the variable
to hold. For example, the statement byte b = 1000 would
cause a compilation error, because 1000 cannot be
stored in a variable of the byte type.
 An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose
value is between -231 (-2147483648) to 231–1
(2147483647). To denote an integer literal of the long
type, append it with the letter L or l. L is preferred
because l (lowercase L) can easily be confused with 1
(the digit one).

15.  Floating-point literals are written with a decimal point.
By default, a floating-point literal is treated as a double
type value. For example, 5.0 is considered a double
value, not a float value. You can make a number a float
by appending the letter f or F, and make a number a
double by appending the letter d or D. For example, you
can use 100.2f or 100.2F for a float number, and 100.2d
or 100.2D for a double number.

16.  Floating-point literals can also be specified
in scientific notation, for example,
1.23456e+2, same as 1.23456e2, is
equivalent to 123.456, and 1.23456e-2 is
equivalent to 0.0123456. E (or e) represents
an exponent and it can be either in
lowercase or uppercase.

17. )
9
4
(
9
)
)(
5
(
10
5
4
3
y
x
x
x
c
b
a
y
x 







is translated to
(3+4*x)/5 – 10*(y-5)*(a+b+c)/x + 9*(4/x + (9+x)/y)

18. Operator Example Equivalent
+= i+=8 i = i+8
-= f-=8.0 f = f-8.0
*= i*=8 i = i*8
/= i/=8 i = i/8
%= i%=8 i = i%8

19. x++; // Same as x = x + 1;
++x; // Same as x = x + 1;
x––; // Same as x = x - 1;
––x; // Same as x = x - 1;
suffix
prefix
suffix
prefix

20. int i=10;
int newNum = 10*i++;
int newNum = 10*i;
i = i + 1;
Equivalent to
int i=10;
int newNum = 10*(++i);
i = i + 1;
int newNum = 10*i;
Equivalent to

21. Using increment and decrement operators makes
expressions short, but it also makes them complex and
difficult to read. Avoid using these operators in expressions
that modify multiple variables, or the same variable for
multiple times such as this: int k = ++i + i.

22.  Prior to Java 2, all the expressions can be used as
statements. Since Java 2, only the following types of
expressions can be statements:
variable op= expression; // Where op is +, -, *, /, or %
++variable;
variable++;
--variable;
variable--;

23. Consider the following statements:
byte i = 100;
long k = i*3+4;
double d = i*3.1+k/2;
int x = k; //(Wrong)
long k = x; //(fine,implicit casting)

24.  double
 float
 long
 int
 short
 byte

25. Implicit casting
double d = 3; (type widening)
Explicit casting
int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing)
What is wrong? int x = 5/2.0;

26. char letter = 'A'; (ASCII)
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = 'u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = 'u0034'; (Unicode)
Special characters
char tab = ‘t’;

27. Description Escape Sequence Unicode
Backspace b u0008
Tab t u0009
Linefeed n u000a
Carriage return r u000d

28. ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from u0000 to u007f

29. ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from u0000 to u007f

30. int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';
char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

31. // Demonstrate casts.
class Conversion {
public static void main(String args[]) {
byte b;
int i = 257;
double d = 323.142;
System.out.println("nConversion of int to byte.");
b = (byte) i;
System.out.println("i and b " + i + " " + b);
System.out.println("nConversion of double to int.");
i = (int) d;
System.out.println("d and i " + d + " " + i);
System.out.println("nConversion of double to byte.");
b = (byte) d;
System.out.println("d and b " + d + " " + b);
}
}

32. boolean lightsOn = true;
boolean lightsOn = false;
boolean b = (1 > 2);
 && (and) (1 < x) && (x < 100)
 || (or)(lightsOn) || (isDayTime)
 ! (not)!(isStopped)

33. Operator Name
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to
== equal to
!= not equal to

34. Operator Name
! not
&& and
|| or
^ exclusive or

35. Truth Table for Operator !
Operand !Operand
true false
false true

36. Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 && Operand2
false false false
false true false
true false false
true true true

37. Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 || Operand2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true true

38. Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ^ Operand2
false false false
false true true
true false true
true true false

39. &&: conditional AND operator
&: unconditional AND operator
||: conditional OR operator
|: unconditional OR operator
exp1 && exp2
(1 < x) && (x < 100)
(1 < x) & (x < 100)

40. If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)
If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)
How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?
(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?

41.  var++, var--
 +, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var
 (type) Casting
 ! (Not)
 *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and modulus)
 +, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
 <, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
 ==, !=; (Equality)
 & (Unconditional AND)
 ^ (Exclusive OR)
 | (Unconditional OR)
 && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
 || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)

42.  When two operators with the same precedence
are evaluated, the associativity of the operators
determines the order of evaluation. All binary
operators except assignment operators are left-
associative.
a – b + c – d is equivalent to ((a – b) + c) – d
 Assignment operators are right-associative.
Therefore, the expression
a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))

43.  The precedence and associativity rules
specify the order of the operators, but do
not specify the order in which the
operands of a binary operator are
evaluated. Operands are evaluated from
left to right in Java.
 The left-hand operand of a binary
operator is evaluated before any part of
the right-hand operand is evaluated.

44. If no operands have side effects that change the value of
a variable, the order of operand evaluation is irrelevant.
Interesting cases arise when operands do have a side
effect. For example, x becomes 1 in the following code,
because a is evaluated to 0 before ++a is evaluated to
1.
int a = 0;
int x = a + (++a);
But x becomes 2 in the following code, because ++a is
evaluated to 1, then a is evaluated to 1.
int a = 0;
int x = ++a + a;

45. String string = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
null, “Prompt Message”, “Dialog Title”,
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE));
where x is a string for the prompting message and
y is a string for the title of the input dialog box.

46. The input returned from the input dialog box is a string. If
you enter a numeric value such as 123, it returns “123”.
To obtain the input as a number, you have to convert a
string into a number.
To convert a string into an int value, you can use the static
parseInt method in the Integer class as follows:
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
where intString is a numeric string such as “123”.

47. To convert a string into a double value, you can use the
static parseDouble method in the Double class as follows:
double doubleValue =Double.parseDouble(doubleString);
where doubleString is a numeric string such as “123.45”.

48. This program first prompts the user to enter a
an int value and checks if it is an Even number.
A number is even if it is divisible by 2.

49. import java.util.*;
class EvenNumber{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Enter an integer value");
Scanner sinput = new Scanner(System.in);
int nValue = sinput.nextInt();
if (nValue % 2 ==0){
System.out.println(nValue + " is even");
}
else{
System.out.println(nValue + " is NOT even");
}
}
}

50. This program lets the user enter the interest
rate (r), number of years (n), and loan amount
(P) and computes monthly payment (M) and
total payment (TP).
𝑀 = 𝑃(
𝑟 1+𝑟 𝑛
1+𝑟 𝑛−1
)
𝑇𝑃 = 𝑀 × 𝑛
Submit to salamlectures@gmail.com

51.  Appropriate Comments
 Naming Conventions
 Proper Indentation and Spacing
Lines
 Block Styles

52. Include a summary at the beginning
of the program to explain what the
program does, its key features, its
supporting data structures, and any
unique techniques it uses.
Include your name, class section,
instruction, date, and a brief
description at the beginning of the
program.

53.  Choose meaningful and descriptive
names.
 Variables and method names:
◦ Use lowercase. If the name consists of several
words, concatenate all in one, use lowercase for
the first word, and capitalize the first letter of
each subsequent word in the name. For
example, the variables radius and area, and
the method computeArea.

54.  Class names:
◦ Capitalize the first letter of each
word in the name. For example, the
class name ComputeArea.
 Constants:
◦ Capitalize all letters in constants. For
example, the constant PI.

55.  Indentation
◦ Indent two spaces.
 Spacing
◦ Use blank line to separate segments of the code.

56. Use end-of-line style for braces.
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
End-of-line
style
Next-line
style

57.  Syntax Errors
◦ Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
◦ Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
◦ Produces incorrect result

58. public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static void main(String[]
args) {
i = 30;
System.out.println(i+4);
}
}

59. public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[]
args) {
int i = 1 / 0;
}
}

60. public class ShowLogicErrors {
// Determine if a number is between 1 and 100
inclusively
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Prompt the user to enter a number
String input =
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null,
"Please enter an integer:",
"ShowLogicErrors",
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
int number = Integer.parseInt(input);
// Display the result
System.out.println("The number is between 1
and 100, " +
"inclusively? " + ((1 < number) && (number <
100)));
System.exit(0);
}
}