Metodo para estudio profesional de trompeta

1. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
/$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(UQHVW 'RXJODV 6:LOOLDPV

2. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
(/$8725
UQHVW 'RXJODV 6 :LOOLDPV 1DFLy HQ 1XHYR 5LFKPRQG ,QGLDQD

3. WHPSUDQDPHQWH FRPHQ]y FRQ OD FRUQHWD EDMR OD WXWHOD GH VX SDGUH GXUDQWH OD
JXHUUDKLVSDQRDPHULFDQDLQWHJUyHO5HJLPLHQWRGH9ROXQWDULRVGH,QGLDQDDO
FRQFOXLUVXHWDSDHQHOHMpUFLWR

4. FRQWLQXyFRQVXFDUUHUDGHHMHFXWDQWH
(Q -RKQ3KLOOLS6RXVD ORVHOHFFLRQySDUDKDFHUXQDJLUDFRQVXEDQGDSRU(XURSD
HVHPLVPRDxRVHFRQYLUWtRHQVROLVWDSULPHUFRUQHWtQHQODEDQGDGHO5HJLPLHQWR
HQ2QWDULRHQ VHPXGDD%RVWRQGRQGHWRFD FRQ YDULDV DJUXSDFLRQHV EDQGDV
SRVWHULRUPHQWHHQ IXQGyVXSURSLRQHJRFLRHGLWRULDOGRQGHSXEOLFyPXFKDVREUDV
DOJXQDVGHODVFXDOHVIXHURQFDWDORJDGDVFRQSRVWHULRULGDGFRPRPDHVWUDV
(Q VH FDVD FRQ .DWKHULQH 5DQNLQ XQD GH VXV HVWXGLDQWHV MXQWRV VH PXGDQ D
RORUDGR GRQGHWHQtDXQFRPSURPLVRGHYHUDQRFRQOD+HUPDQ%HOOVWHGW%DQG FRQOD
TXHUHDOL]DHQ XQDODUJDJLUDSRU$XVWUDOLDSRVWHULRUPHQWHHQ RWUDODUJDJLUD
PXQGLDO
:LOOLDPV FRQWLQXy VX H[LWRVD FDUUHUD FRPR VROLVWD HQ VH FRQYLHUWH HQ HO SULPHU
WURPSHWD GH OD 2UTXHVWD GH 9tFWRU +HUEHUW SULPHU WURPSHWD GH OD 2UTXHVWD GH
)LODGHOILD WDPELpQ HUD HO VROLVWD HQ OD EDQGD GH *ROGPDQ HQ HUD P~VLFR
SHUPDQHQWHHQODEDQGDGHP~VLFDGH%URRNOQ
/RV SODQHV SDUD ODFUHDFLyQ GH OD HVFXHOD GH 0~VLFD (UQHVW :LOOLDPV FRPHQ]DURQ HQ
GHVSXpV GH VX VDOLGD GH OD 2UTXHVWD GH )LODGHOILD GHVGH DWHQGtD D
HVWXGLDQWHV SULYDGRV HQ VH FRQYLHUWH HQ HO FRQGXFWRU GH OD EDQGD RQZD GHO
(MpUFLWRDILOLDGDDOFRQVHUYDWRULRGH,WKDFDSHURHQ ODGHMDSDUDIXQGDUOD(UQHVW
:LOOLDPV 6FKRRO RI 0XVLF HQ VX FDVD GH %URRNOQ OD HVFXHOD IORUHFLy VX HGLILFLR
SULQFLSDODORMyDORVHVWXGLDQWHVHUDHOVLWLRSHUIHFWRSDUDORVHQVDRVFRPLGDVFODVHV
RWURVWUHVHGLILFLRVSURSRUFLRQDURQGRUPLWRULRVDGLFLRQDOHVFXDUWRVGHSUiFWLFDYHVWtEXORV
PHGLRVUHFUHDWLYRVSDUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVLQFOXVRHO%HGIRUG0$HUDVLWLRSULQFLSDO
SDUDPXFKRVFRQFLHUWRV
(Q HVVHOHFFLRQDGRSRUOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH1XHYDRUN FRPRGLUHFWRUGHVX%DQGD
GHRQFLHUWRVODSXVRHQSHUIHFWRRUGHQDVRFLyDOD(UQHVW:LOOLDPV6FKRRORI0XVLF
DOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH1XHYDRUNFRVDTXHOHEULQGyPiVFUpGLWRDODHVFXHODSXHVVXV
HVWXGLDQWHVDOFRQFOXLUVHOHVRWRUJDEDHOJUDGRGH EDFKLOOHU
(OSODQGHHVWXGLRVHQOD(VFXHODGH:LOOLDPV GLRPDRUpQIDVLV DOWDOHQWR DUWtVWLFR OD
WpFQLFDIRUPDFLyQRUTXHVWDOFRUDOODIDFXOWDGEXVFySUHSDUDUDORVHVWXGLDQWHVSDUDTXH
ORJUDUDQDOFDQ]DUODVPHMRUHVFRQGLFLRQHVDVtFRPRIRUPDUSHUVRQDOLGDGHVH[LJHQWHVHQ
ODSURIHVLyQDPHQXGRVRUSUHQGtDDXQHVWXGLDQWHSLGLHQGROHXQD DFWXDFLyQFRPRVROLVWD
GXUDQWHHOHQVDRDXQFXDQGRHOPDWHULDOVHKDEtDDVLJQDGRHQXQDVHFFLyQDQWHULRU
(

5. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
$GHPiV GH UHDOL]DU PXFKRV HVWUHQRV H[LJtD D ORV HVWXGLDQWHV VX SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ
FRQFXUVRV GH FRPSRVLFLyQ IXQGy HO FDPSDPHQWR (UQHVW :LOOLDPV 0XVLF HQ HQ
1XHYD RUN HQ HO FDPSDPHQWR VH FRQYLUWLy HQ XQD H[WHQVLyQ GH OD (VFXHOD GH
%URRNOQGDQGRpQIDVLVDORVPLVPRVFRQFHSWRVHOFDPSDPHQWRRSHUyKDVWDODPXHUWH
GH :LOOLDPV HQ HQ XQ IXHJR JROSHy HO HGLILFLR SULQFLSDO GHO FDPSDPHQWR
GHVWUXHQGRPXFKRVGHORVDUFKLYRVHVFRODUHVODELEOLRWHFDHVSRUHOORTXHORVSRFRV
PDWHULDOHVTXHH[LVWHQVRQGHJUDQYDORU
/D(UQHVW:LOOLDPV6FKRRO HOFDPSDPHQWRIXHURQGLVHxDGRVSDUDWUDEDMDUPDQWHQHU
XQD DOWD FDOLGDG DXQTXH HO HQWUHQDPLHQWR HUD ULJXURVR HO OHPD HVFRODU HUD VHU
HQWUHQDGR SRU :LOOLDPV HV WHQHU p[LWR PXFKRV GH VXV DOXPQRV ORJUDURQ FDUUHUDV
SURPLQHQWHVFRPRHMHFXWDQWHVFRPRORVFDVRVGH)UDQN(OVDVV5DPRQGULVDUD5REHUW
+RIIPDQ-RVHSK/RVK*LOEHUW0LWFKHOO*HRUJH6+RZDUG1HG0DKRQH/HRQDUG%
6PLWKHQWUHRWURV

6. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
)/(;,%,/,'$'
DUDKDEODUGHIOH[LELOLGDG QXQFDH[LVWLUiVXILFLHQWHHVSDFLRQLWLHPSRHVWHHVXQ
WHPD DPSOLR SURIXQGR FRPSOLFDGR JHQHUDOPHQWH PX PDQLSXODGR SRFR
HQWHQGLGR D FDEDOLGDG SHUR GH XQ YDORU FDSLWDO SDUD WRGRV ORV HMHFXWDQWHV GH
LQVWUXPHQWRVGHYLHQWRPHWDO
*HQHUDOPHQWH VH OH OODPD )OH[LELOLGDGHV GH ODELRV SHUR R HVWLPR TXH HVWR QR HV
FRUUHFWR VREUH WRGR VL SDUWLPRV GHO SULQFLSLR TXH OD ~QLFD WDUHD GH ORV ODELRV HQ OD
HMHFXFLyQGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHYLHQWRPHWDOHVYLEUDU(VFLHUWRTXHORVODELRVSDUWLFLSDQ
HQHOSURFHVRSHURWDPELpQSDUWLFLSDQRWUDVSDUWHVGHODDQDWRPtDGHOFXHUSRKXPDQRFRQ
ODPLVPDLPSRUWDQFLDHVWHHVXQIHQyPHQRPXFRPSDUWLGR
/RSULPHURTXHGHEHPRVGHILQLUHVHOWpUPLQRµ¶)OH[LELOLGDG¶¶HOFXDOVLHPSUHTXHGDHQ
HO HQWRUQR GH OD LPDJLQDFLyQ HVWH QR HV PiV TXH OD SURSLHGDG TXH WHQHPRV ORV
HMHFXWDQWHV GH SRGHU FXEULU FRQ QXHVWUDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ItVLFDV SURSLDV XQ UDQJR
GHWHUPLQDGR GHQWUR GHO UDQJR GHO LQVWUXPHQWR HVWRV VRQ GRV IDFWRUHV TXH VH GHEHQ
HVWDUELHQGHILQLGRVQRHVORPLVPRµ¶UDQJRGHOLQVWUXPHQWR µ¶TXHµ¶UDQJRGHWHUPLQDGR¶¶
SRU HMHPSOR OD WURPSHWD HV XQ LQVWUXPHQWR TXH FXEUH XQ UDQJR GH IUHFXHQFLDV
HVWDEOHFLGR HQWUH ORV ORV +] DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HVWH HV HO UDQJR GHO
LQVWUXPHQWR

7. SHUR QR WRGRV ORV HMHFXWDQWHV SXHGHQ SURGXFLU HQ WRGR HVWH UDQJR VROR
FXEUHQSDUWHGHHOHVWHHVHOUDQJRGHWHUPLQDGR

8. 3

9. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
/DEDVHGHODEXHQDIOH[LELOLGDG HVODµ¶DOWDFRRUGLQDFLyQµ¶ GHWRGRVORVIDFWRUHVGH
ODHMHFXFLyQGRQGHHOPDRUSHVRORDVXPHQODSRVLFLyQGHODHPERFDGXUDOD]RQDGH
YLEUDFLyQ ODSRVWXUDGHODOHQJXDHOIOXMRGHDLUH HOXVRGHODVVtODEDVGHHMHFXFLyQ
RWURVIDFWRUHVWLHQHQWDPELpQGHWHUPLQDGDLPSRUWDQFLDHVWRVSXHGHQVHUODSRVWXUDGH
HMHFXFLyQ OD UHODMDFLyQ PXVFXODU OD DSHUWXUD GH OD JDUJDQWD HO GHVDUUROOR GHO
SHQVDPLHQWRDQDOtWLFRUHIOH[LYR FRQHOItQGHORJUDUUHDFFLRQHVLQFRQGLFLRQDGDV
SDUDOXHJRFRQHOWUDEDMRGHHMHUFLFLRVSRGHUFRQVHJXLUHOPi[LPRUHQGLPLHQWRHWF
6RODPHQWHFRQHOHVWXGLRGHORVHMHUFLFLRVTXHEULQGDQORVOLEURVPpWRGRVPDWHULDOHVHWF
GHGLFDGRVDOWHPDGHODIOH[LELOLGDG QRVHORJUDQORVPHMRUHVUHVXOWDGRVHVQHFHVDULRXQ
WUDEDMRPDQFRPXQDGR GHWRGRVORVIDFWRUHVDQWHVH[SUHVDGRVHOWURPSHWLVWDPiVTXH
FXDOTXLHU RWUR LQVWUXPHQWLVWD WLHQH TXH DXQDU LQWHOLJHQFLD HVWXGLRV FRQGLFLRQHV
ItVLFDV SRUTXHHOPDRUSRUFLHQWRGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHQHOUHVXOWDGRILQDOGHOWUDEDMRHVWi
HQHOSURSLRHMHFXWDQWH QRHQVXLQVWUXPHQWRORVHMHUFLFLRVVROREULQGDQODSRVLELOLGDG
GHHQWUHQDUQRVPpWRGLFDPHQWHHQHOORJURGHODµ¶DOWDFRRUGLQDFLyQ µ¶
)OH[LELOLGDGQRVLJQLILFDORJUDUODELRVTXHFXEUDQXQJUDQUHJLVWURVLQRORJUDUFRQGLFLRQHV
ItVLFDV SVLFROyJLFDV DGHFXDGDVSDUDORJUDUFXEULUXQDPSOLRUDQJR GHODPDQHUDPiV
IiFLOFRPRGD QDWXUDO SRVLEOH

10. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
'HVJORVHPRVGHPDQHUDPiVFODUDORVIDFWRUHVSULQFLSDOHV GHODµ¶DOWDFRRUGLQDFLyQ
µ¶DVtVHFRPSUHQGHUiPHMRUHOIHQRPHQRGHODIOH[LELOLGDG
3RVLFLyQGHODHPERFDGXUD'HEHVHUDGHODQWDGDWUDWDQGRGHTXHORVODELRVTXHGHQ
GHIRUPDUHGRQGHDGDODVFRPLVXUDVFRQWURODQHVWDSRVLFLyQHYLWDQODIXJDGHDLUHHVWD
SRVWXUDSURSRUFLRQDPDRUFDQWLGDGGHWHMLGR ODELDOHQOD]RQDGHYLEUDFLyQHYLWDTXH
HO ODELR VH GLVWLHQGD OD YLEUDFLyQ VH KDJD PiV SHTXHxD DXGD D HOLPLQDU OD QHIDVWD
WHQGHQFLDDOPRYLPLHQWRSDUDHMHFXWDULQWHUYDORVDELHUWRVPDQWLHQHODPDQGLEXODLQIHULRU
EDMRFRQWUROGHEHTXHGDUELHQFODURTXHOD~QLFDWDUHDGHORVODELRVHVYLEUDU
=RQDGHYLEUDFLyQ(VHOOXJDUGRQGHHOWHMLGRODELDOYLEUD SURGXFWRGHODDFFLyQGHOD
FROXPQDGHDLUHOD]RQDPiVDGHFXDGDSDUDHOORHVHOOyEXORFHQWUDO ODHQGLGXUD
OREXODULQIHULRUHVWiHQPDUFDGDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHDOUHGHGRUGHODJXMHURGHVDOLGDGHO
DLUHHVWD]RQDHVYLWDOHQHOORJURGHODSURGXFFLyQGHOVRQLGRVXVUHJLVWURVPLHQWUDV
PiVSHTXHxRVHDHODJXMHURPiVIXHUWHVHDODFROXPQDGHDLUHODVYLEUDFLRQHVVHUiQ
PiVUiSLGDV HOVRQLGRPiVDJXGRPLHQWUDVPDRUVHDHODJXMHURVHORJUDUiPHQRU
SUHVLyQ HQ OD FROXPQD GH DLUH SRU WDQWR ODV YLEUDFLRQHV VHUiQ PiV OHQWDV HO
VRQLGRPiVJUDYH
XDQGR VH KDEOH GH FRQGHQVDFLyQ GH OD HPERFDGXUD QRV HVWDUHPRVUHILULHQGR D OD
PDRURPHQRUDEHUWXUDGHODJXMHURODELDOHQOD]RQDGHYLEUDFLyQHVWRQRLPSOLFD
PRYLPLHQWRVGHODHPERFDGXUDVLQRODFRQWUDFFLyQ RGLODWDFLyQ GHOWHMLGRDOUHGHGRUGH
GLFKRDJXMHUR
3RVWXUDGHODOHQJXD/DOHQJXDMXHJDXQSDSHOLQGLVSHQVDEOHHQODFRPXQLFDFLyQRUDO
GHQRVHUSRUHOODQRVHSXGLHUDDUWLFXODUSDODEUDDOJXQDHQHOFDVRGHODHMHFXFLyQGHXQ
LQVWUXPHQWRGHYLHQWRPHWDOUHDOL]DXQDIXQVLyQPXSDUHFLGDDOPRYHUVHSURGXFHFRUWHV
HQODFROXPQDGHDLUH HVWRVFRUWHVVHUHIOHMDQHQODVYLEUDFLRQHVGHOODELRUHFXUVR
TXHVHGHEHXVDUSDUDDUWLFXODUGHWHUPLQDGRVIUDVHRVWpFQLFDGHYRFDOL]DFLyQ

11. GRPLQDU
HVWR QR HV QDGD IiVLO VREUH WRGR SRUTXH H[LVWHQ PRYLPLHQWRV GH OD OHQJXD FDVL
LPSHUFHSWLEOHVSRURWUDSDUWHHQGHSHQGHQFLDGHODSRVWXUDTXHHOODDVXPDGHQWURGHOD
FDYLGDGEXFDOODFROXPQDGHDLUHDGTXLHUHGHWHUPLQDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPLHQWUDVPiV
SODQD HVWp OD FROXPQD GH DLUH VHUi PiV JUXHVD PHQRV SRWHQWH SRU WDQWR VL
TXHUHPRVSURGXFLUHQHOUHJLVWURDJXGRODOHQJXDGHEHDVXPLUXQDSRVWXUDDUTXHDGD
UHWUDtGDFRPRXQSHWDORGHURVD

12. GHHVWDIRUPDHOHVSDFLRHQWUHODF~SXODGHODOHQJXD
HQ IRUPD GH SHWDOR HO FLHOR GH OD ERFD HV PiV SHTXHxR OR TXH KDFH DXPHQWDU OD
YHORFLGDGGHODFROXPQDGHDLUHGHHVWDPDQHUDVHSURGXFLUiXQD YLEUDFLyQPiV
DJXGD
)OXMRGHDLUH(VHOIDFWRUPiVLPSRUWDQWH GHWRGRVVLQDLUHQRKDEUiYLEUDFLRQHVSRU
WDQWRQRKDEUiVRQLGRGHVXFDOLGDGGHSHQGHUiHOUHVXOWDGRILQDO HO HMHFXWDQWH WLHQH
TXHEULQGDUOHDHVWHIDFWRUHOPDRUFXLGDGRGHORFRQWUDULRVXVUHVXOWDGRVVHUiQPDORV
DXQTXHGRPLQHDODSHUIHFFLyQORVGHPiVIDFWRUHVSDUDHOSURFHVRUHVSLUDWRULRH[LVWHQ
WpFQLFDVODVTXHUHFRPLHQGRHVWXGLDUVHULDPHQWH
8VRGHODVVtODEDVGHHMHFXFLyQ6RQXQHOHPHQWRGHJUDQDXGDHQODHMHFXFLyQVH
HQFXHQWUDQHQHOFHQWURGHOVRQLGR TXHVHTXLHUHHPLWLUVHJ~QHOUHJLVWURHVFRPRLU
GLUHFWDPHQWHDOREMHWLYRVRQRURVLQLQFOXLUDUPRQLFRVDFRPSDxDQWHVFODULILFDHOVRQLGR
DXGDDHPLWLUFRUUHFWDPHQWH HVSDUWHGHODWpFQLFDGHYRFDOL]DFLyQ

13. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
$QDOL]DQGRFXLGDGRVDPHQWHWRGRVHVWRVIDFWRUHVVHSHUFDWDUiGHTXHODIOH[LELOLGDG GH
ODELRV HVXQPLWRODIOH[LELOLGDG HVXQSUREOHPDPXFKRPiVFRPSOHMRHLPSRUWDQWHDO
SXQWRTXHVHSXGLHUDDILUPDUTXHODµ¶HMHFXFLyQHQORVLQVWUXPHQWRVGHYLHQWRPHWDO
HVPiVTXHWRGR )OH[LELOLGDG µ¶
(678',235(/,0,1$5
RORTXHHOGHGRHQHOFDUWLODJRWLUyLGHR QXH]GH$GiQ

14. FDQWDODVVtODEDVGHXVRWD
±HREVHUYHVXPRYLPLHQWRHOGHODOHQJXDGHVGHVXEDVHDVXFHQWUR

15. DOWRFDU
HO HMHPSOR $ XVDQGR ODV VtODEDV WD ± H KDJD HO PRYLPLHQWR GHO FDUWLODJR GH OD
PLVPDPDQHUDTXHORQRWyFRQHOGHGR
(VHYLGHQWHTXHHOFDUWLODJR ODOHQJXD UHFRUUHQXQDGLVWDQFLDPDRUFXDQGRVHHMHFXWD
XQLQWHUYDORGHFXDUWDTXHXQRGHWHUFHUDSRUWDQWRPLHQWUDVPDRUHVHOLQWHUYDORPiV
JUDQGHVHUiHOFDPELRHVWHSULQFLSLRVHUiHVWXGLDGR FXOWLYDGR SDUDORJUDUXQDWpFQLFD
H[DFWDSUDFWLTXHORFRQWRGRVORVLQWHUYDORVKDJDEXHQXVRGHODVVtODEDV
$ODSOLFDUFRUUHFWDPHQWHHVWRVSUHFHSWRVGHQWURGHORVVLJXLHQWHVHVWXGLRVHOHVWXGLDQWH
SDFLHQWHSUiFWLFR FXLGDGRVR SRGUiDGTXLULUEXHQDWpFQLFDH[DFWLWXG IOXLGH]GHEH
ORJUDUHPLWLUORVWRQRVGHIRUPDOOHQDVLKDFHWRGRFRUUHFWDPHQWHORJUDUiXQDWpFQLFD
FRQILDEOHVHJXUD
(678',26

16. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

17. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

18. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

19. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

20. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

21. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

22. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

23. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

24. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

25. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

26. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

27. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

28. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

29. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
3$57(,,
/RV WRQRV DOWRV /D WURPSHWD HV XQ LQVWUXPHQWR GRQGH VH UHTXLHUH VHU DSOLFDGR
SHUVHYHUDQWH SDUD GHVDUUROODU XQD WpFQLFD FRQILDEOH XQD SHUVRQD FRQ HVWDV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSXHGHDGTXLULUODVKDELOLGDGHVQHFHVDULDV SDUDGRPLQDUHOLQVWUXPHQWR
VXVUHJLVWURV
RQVHJXLUHOGRPLQLRGHOUHJLVWURDJXGR QRGHEHVHUYLVWRFRPRSULYLOHJLRGHSRFRVHVWR
HVSHUIHFWDPHQWHSRVLEOHSDUDFXDOTXLHUHMHFXWDQWHVRORKDTXHWUDEDMDUSRUHOGRPLQLR
GH WUHV IDFWRUHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV OD UHVSLUDFLyQ OD HPERFDGXUD HO WUDEDMR GH OD
OHQJXD WDPSRFR ORV UHJLVWURV DJXGRV GHEHQ VHU WRPDGRV FRPR OR IXQGDPHQWDO HQ OD
HMHFXFLyQ GHO LQVWUXPHQWR OD WURPSHWD HV ULFD HQ SRVLELOLGDGHV SDUD VHU XQ EXHQ
HMHFXWDQWHVHUHTXLHUHQPXFKDVPiVFRVDV TXHGRPLQDUHOUHJLVWURDJXGR
*HQHUDOPHQWHVHHVWLPDTXHSURGXFLUHQORVUHJLVWURVDJXGRVHVPiVGLItFLOTXHKDFHUOR
HQ HO UHJLVWUR PHGLR JUDYH HVWR QR HV GHO WRGR DVt HV FLHUWR TXH VH UHTXLHUH DOJ~Q
HVIXHU]R H[WUD SHUR OD FODYH GH WRGR HVWi HQ ORJUDU OD DOWD FRRUGLQDFLyQ GH WRGRV ORV
IDFWRUHVGHODHMHFXFLyQ
(O HMHFXWDQWH GHEH DSUHQGHU D XWLOL]DU FRUUHFWDPHQWH FDGD XQR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH
LQWHUYLHQHQHQODHMHFXFLyQFDGDXQRGHHOORVGHEHKDFHUVRODPHQWHVXWUDEDMRGHHVWD
PDQHUDVHORJUDUiXQPDRUUHQGLPLHQWR

30. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
(;7(16,21(6
/RVVLJXLHQWHVHVWXGLRVFRPLHQ]DQHQODWDQRWDGHODHVFDODHMHFXWHQDWXUDOPHQWH
FRQ XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR IDYRUDEOH QXQFD GHVFXLGHV ORV WRQRV EDMRV FXDQGR WRTXHV
SHUIHFWDPHQWH ORV HVWXGLRV SDVH D VXV RWUDV YDULDQWHV GH DUWLFXODFLRQHV LQGLFDGDV HV
LPSRUWDQWHHMHFXWDUGHIRUPDOHQWDVHJXUD

31. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

32. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

33. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

34. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

35. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

36. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

37. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

38. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

39. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
/DERTXLOOD
'HWRGRVORVDGLWDPHQWRVTXHVHXVDQFRQODWURPSHWDHOPiVLPSRUWDQWHHVODERTXLOOD
HOWURPSHWLVWDSXHGHSUHVFLQGLUGHFXDOTXLHUDGHHOORVPHQRVGHHOODVLQODERTXLOODVHUtD
LPSRVLEOH HMHFXWDUSRUWDOPRWLYRHVWLPRTXHHVLPSRUWDQWHKDFHUXQDOWRSDUDHVWXGLDUOD
PHMRU
3XHGHTXHDOJXQDSHUVRQDHVWLPHTXHHVWHDGLWDPHQWRHVVRORSDUDFRORFDUORVODELRV
SHQVDUDVtVHUtDHOPiVJUDQGHGHORVHUURUHVLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHGLFKDIXQVLyQVX
IXQGDPHQWRHVPXFKRPiVH[WHQVRSXHVHQHOODVHFRQIRUPDHOVRQLGRVLQHOODWRGR
VHUtDHQYDQR
$ODQDOL]DUXQDERTXLOOD KDTXHFRQRFHUVXFRQILJXUDFLyQ FXDOHVVRQVXVSDUWHV HQ
ODILJXUD DQWHULRU HVWR HVWi PX ELHQ GHILQLGR UHSUHVHQWD XQ FRUWH WUDQVYHUVDO GH XQD
ERTXLOOD

40. GH HVWD PDQHUD WRGR VHUi PiV IiFLO GH HQWHQGHU GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH VXV
SDUWHV VXVIXQFLRQHV VHGHULYDUiODGHGXFFLyQGHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ
WUDWDUpGHGHVFULELUFDGDXQDGHHVWDVSDUWHVSDUDTXHXVWHGVHLOXVWUHSXHGDHQWHQGHU
PHMRUFXDOHVHOWUDEDMRHOREMHWLYRIXQGDPHQWDOGHXQDERTXLOOD
RQWRUQR ERUGH R DUR

41. (V HO SXQWR GH XQLyQ HQWUH OD ERTXLOOD DFRSODGD DO
LQVWUXPHQWR

42. HO HMHFXWDQWH GH pO GHSHQGH HQ JUDQ PHGLGD OD VHQVDFLyQ GH
FRPRGLGDG TXHGHEHH[SHULPHQWDUHOP~VLFRSDUDGHWHUPLQDUHOXVRRQRGHXQDERTXLOOD
HVWDSRGUiFXPSOLUORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVSDUDHOWUDEDMRTXHpOQHFHVLWDSHURVLQROHTXHGD
FRPRGDQRVHUiVHOHFFLRQDGD

43. HQHVWDVHQVDFLyQGHFRPRGLGDG HVPXLPSRUWDQWHHO
JURVRUODIRUPDGHOERUGHHOHMHFXWDQWHWHQGUiVLHPSUHPXHQFXHQWDHVWRVDVSHFWRV
HVHOSXQWRGRQGHFLHUUDODFDMDDF~VWLFD TXHHVHQORTXHVHFRQYHUWLUiODFRSD

44. FXDQGR
VHFRORTXHQORVODELRVHQHODURRFRQWRUQR

45. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
%RUGH LQWHUQR 'HILQH HO GLDPHWUR GH OD FRSD HQ VX QLYHO VXSHULRU GH VX DEHUWXUD
GHSHQGHUiODFDQWLGDGGHWHMLGRODELDOTXHHQWUHGHQWURGHODFRSDGHODERTXLOODWHQGUi
PXFKRTXHYHUFRQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDFXVWLFDV TXHDGTXLHUDHO]XPELGR UHVXOWDQWHGH
ODYLEUDFLyQ
'LDPHWURGHODFRSD6HFRPSOHPHQWDFRQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOERUGHLQWHUQR GHILQH
HQJUDQPHGLGDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVDFXVWLFDVGHO]XPELGRMXQWRDODSURIXQGLGDGGH
ODFRSDFRQIRUPDQODFDMDDFXVWLFDGHODERTXLOOD
RSD (V YLUWXDOPHQWH OD FDMD DFXVWLFD GH OD ERTXLOOD HQ HOOD JUDFLDV D GLIHUHQWHV
IHQRPHQRVItVLFRVDF~VWLFRVVHGHILQHQODVFDUiFWHUtVWLFDVTXHWHQGUiHO]XPEXGRTXH
SRVWHULRUPHQWHVHDPSOLILFDUiHQHOLQVWUXPHQWRXVWHGHVFXFKDUiFRPRUHVXOWDGRILQDO
VX SURIXQGLGDG MXJDUi HQ WRGR OR DQWHULRUPHQWH GLFKR XQ LPSRUWDQWH SDSHO ORV WUHV
DVSHFWRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVDPHGLUHQODVFDUDFWpULVWLFDVGHXQDFRSDVRQVXGLDPHWURVX
SURIXQGLGDG ODPDVDPHWDOLFDDVRFLDGD DHOODRWURDVSHFWRLPSRUWDQWHHVODFDOLGDG
GHOUHFXEULPLHQWR
*UDQR(VHODJXMHURSRUGRQGHVDOHHO]XPELGRHODERUDGRGHQWURGHODFRSDSURGXFWRGH
ODYLEUDFLyQ GHORVODELRVHOGLDPHWURGHHVWHDJXMHURHVLPSRUWDQWHIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH
SRUTXHWHUPLQDGHHVWUXFWXUDUHO]XPELGRPLHQWUDVPHQRUVHDHVWHGLDQHWURHO]XPELGR
WLHQGHDVHUPiVDJXGR RWURDVSHFWRGHSHQGLHQWHGHOJUDQRHVODSUHVLyQ UHVXOWDQWHGHO
GLDPHWURGHOJUDQRIUHQWHDODIXHU]DGHODFROXPQDGHDLUHHVHVWHHOSXQWRTXHJHQHUD
PDRUUHVLVWHQFLD DOSDVRGHODFROXPQDGHDLUHHQODHMHFXFLyQGHODWURPSHWD
XHUSRR7XGHO

46. (VODSDUWHFRQODFXDOODERTXLOODVHDFRSODDOLQVWUXPHQWRPDQWLHQH
ODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHDGTXLHUHHO]XPELGRTXHVDOHGHODFRSDHVGRQGHFRPLHQ]DHO
SURFHVRGHDPSOLILFDFLyQGHOVRQLGR DSDUWLUGHHOODVHFRPLHQ]DDUHVWLWXLUHOGLDPHWUR
GHODWXEHUHUtDGHOLQVWUXPHQWRWLHQHPXFKRTXHYHUFRQODDILQDFLyQ
+DVWDHVWRVPRPHQWRVVHKDQDQDOL]DGRODVSDUWHVGHODERTXLOOD VXVIXQFLRQHVD
FRQWLQXDFLyQWUDWDUHPRVGHGHVFULELUGHPDQHUDEUHYHHOSURFHVR

47. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
XDQGRHOHMHFXWDQWHFRORFDVXVODELRVHQHODURGHODERTXLOODODFDYLGDGGHODFRSD VH
FRQYLHUWH GH KHFKR HQ XQD FDMD GH UHVRQDQFLD DO YLEUDU ORV ODELRV VH SURGXFH XQ
]XPELGRHOFXDOHVWiHQFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDFRQODSUHVLyQGHODFROXPQDGHDLUH VREUH
ORVODELRVODDEHUWXUDGHOD]RQDYLEUDWRULDHVWH]XPELGRDOFKRFDUFRQODVSDUHGHVGH
ODFRSDDGTXLHUHGHWHUPLQDGDVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVUHVRQDQWHVDF~VWLFDV HTXLYDOHQWHVDODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSDUWLFXODUHVGHODFRSD RFDMDUHVRQDQWH

48. ODPDVDPHWDOLFD TXHOD
URGHDDOVDOLUSRUHOJUDQRHVWH]XPELGRVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDHVSHFLHGHVLOELGRHOFXDO
FRPLHQ]DVXSURFHVRGHDPSOLILFDFLyQHQHOSURSLRWXGHOGHODERTXLOOD
'HORDQWHVGLFKRVHLQILHUHTXHGHODVSDUWHVGHODERTXLOODODFRSDHOJUDQR HOWXGHO
VRQODVTXHGHWHUPLQDQHQHOVRQLGR HO DUR H[WHULRU GHWHUPLQD HQ OD FRPRGLGDGTXH
SXHGDVHQWLUHOHMHFXWDQWHFXDQGRODFRSD HOJUDQR VRQSHTXHxRVHOVRQLGRWLHQGHD
VHU PiV DJXGR VL OD FRSD IXHUD SURIXQGD HO JUDQR PiV DELHUWR HO VRQLGR VHUi
SURSHQVR D VHU PDV JUDYH D SHVDU GH HOOR Vp GH HMHFXWDQWHV TXH XWLOL]DQ ERTXLOODV
SURIXQGDVGHJUDQRDOJRDELHUWRV WLHQHQXQJUDQGRPLQLRGHOUHJLVWURDJXGRWDPELpQ
Vp GH RWURVTXH XWLOL]DQ ERTXLOODV GH FRSD JUDQR SHTXHxRV SHUR VX UHJLVWUR HV PX
OLPLWDGRSRUORTXHTXLHURUHVDOWDUTXHODERTXLOODHVLPSRUWDQWH SHUR QR DOSXQWR GH
KDFHUGHHOODVXQPLWRORLPSRUWDQWHHVPiVTXHWRGRODFRUUHFWDSUHSDUDFLyQ

49. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
(VWXGLRVSUHSDUDWRULRVSDUDHOWULQR
3DUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHOWULQRHQHOUHJLVWURVXSHULRUVLQHOUHFXUVRGHOFDPELRGHSLVWyQ

50. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

51. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹
7ULQRV
0DQWHQJDODHPERFDGXUDVHJXUDODOHQJXDDFWLYDHOIOXMRGHDLUHDGHFXDGRHMHFXWHHO
WULQR VROR FRQ HOPRYLPLHQWR GH OD OHQJXD HO XVR GH ODV VtODEDV FRUUHFWDV WRRHHRR
HH«

52. FRQWUROH HO PRYLPLHQWR GHO FDUWLODJR WLUyLGHR ORV P~VFXORV GH OD PDQGtEXOD QR
GHEHQHVWDUWHQVRV

53. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

54. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹

55. /$)/(;,%,/,'$'
(51(67'28*/$66:,//,$06
‹