Edu.03 assignment

1. CSI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, PARASSALA
EDU.03: TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION
IN EDUCATION
ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC: TRENDS AND
ADVANCEMENTS IN WWW:
C.Web.3.0
SUBMITTED BY
LUDIYA STANLY S.G
B.ED SOCIAL SCIENCE
ROLL NO:47

2. INTRODUCTION
The semantic web, also known as web.3.0, is an
extension of the world wide web through standards set
by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of
the semantic web is to make internet data machine
readable. To enable the encoding of semantics with the
data, technologies such as Resource Description
Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL)
are used. These technologies are used to formally
represent metadata. Semantics offer significant
advantages such as reasoning over data and operating
with heterogeneous data sources. These standards
promote common data formats and exchange protocols
on the web, fundamentally the RDF. According to the
W3C,”The semantic web provides a common framework
that allows data to be shared and reused across
application, enterprise and community boundaries. The
semantic web is therefore regarded as an integrator
across different content and information applications
and system.

3. WEB.3.0
Web.3.0 was first coined by John Mark off of the New
YorkTimes and he suggestedweb.3.0 as third generation
of the web in 2006. It can be also stated as “Executable
Web.” The basic idea of 3.0 is define structure data and
link them in order to more effective discovery,
automation, integration and reuse across various
applications. It is able to improve data management,
support accessibility of mobile internet, simulate
creativity and innovation, encourage factor of
globalization phenomenon, enhance customers
satisfaction and help to organize collaboration in social
web.
Web.3.0 is also known as semantic web. The term
semantic web was coinedby Tim Berners– Lee for a web
of data that can be processed by machines- that is , one
in which much of the meaning is machine readable.
While it’s critics have questioned it’s feasibility,
proponents argue that applications in library and
information science, industry, biology and human
sciences,researchhave already proventhe validity ofthe
original concept.

4. Berners-Lee originally expressed his vision of the
semantic web in 1999 as follows:
I have a dreamfor the web (in which computers)
become capable of analyzing all the data on the web- the
content, links and transactions between people and
computers. A “semantic web” ,which makes this
possible,has yet to emerge,but when it does,the day to
day mechanism of trade, bureaucracy and daily lives will
be handled by machines talking to machines. The “
intelligent agents” people have touted for ages will
finally materialize.
The 2001 Scientific American article by Berners
Lee,Hendler and Lassila describedan expected evolution
of the existing web to a semantic web. In 2013, more
than 4 million web domains (out of roughly 250 million
total) contained semantic web markup.
COMPONENTS
The term “SemanticWeb” is oftenused morespecifically
to refer to the formats and technologies that enable it.
The collection, structuring and recovery of linked data
are enabled by technologies that provide a formal

5. descriptionof concepts, terms and relationshipswithin a
given knowledge domain. These technologies are
specifiedas W3C standards and include:
 Resource Description Framework (RDF),a general
method for describing information.
RDF Schema(RDFS)
Simple Knowledge OrganizationSystem (SKOS)
SPARQL,an RDF query language.
Notation 3(N3),designed with human readability in
mind.
N-Triples,a formatforstoringand transmitting data.
Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language)
Ontology Web Language (OWL),a family of
knowledge representationlanguages.
Rule Interchange Format (RIF), framework of web
rule language dialects supporting rule interchange
on the web.
Java Script Object Notation For Linked Data (JSON-
LD), a JSON- based method to describe data.
Activity Pub, a generic way for client and server to
communicate with each other. This is used by the
popular decentralizedsocial network Mastodon.

6. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE
SEMANTIC WEB
The semantic web stack illustrates the architecture
ofthe semanticweb.The functions and relationships
of the components can be summarizedas follows:
XML: Provides an elemental syntax for content
structure within documents, yet associates no
semantics with the meaning of the content
contained within.XML is not at present a
necessary component of semantic web
technologies in most cases, as alternative
syntaxes exist,such as Turtle. Turtle is a defacto
standard, but has not been through a formal
standardization process.
XML Schema: It is a language for providing and
restricting the structure and content of
elements contained within XML documents.
RDF: It is a simple language for expressing data
models, which refer to objects (web resources)
and theirrelationships.An RDF based modelcan
be represented in a variety of syntaxes,eg:

7. RDF/XML,N3, Turtle and RDFa. RDF is a
fundamental standard of the semantic web.
RDF Schema: It extends RDF and is a vocabulary
for describing properties and classes of RDF-
based resources, with semantics for
generalized- hierarchics of such properties and
classes.
OWL: It adds more vocabulary for describing
properties and classes: among others, relations
between classes, cardinality, equality, richer
typing of properties, characteristics of
properties and enumerated classes.
SPARQL:It is a protocol and query languages for
semantic web data sources.
RIF: It is the W3C Rule Interchange Format. It’s
an XML language for expressing web rules that
computers can execute.RIF provides multiple
versions, called dialects. It included a RIF Basic
Logic Dialect(RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules
Dialect (RIF-PRD).
5 MAIN FEATURES OF WEB.3.0

8. 1.Semantic Web : The next evolution of the web
involves the semantic web. The semantic web
improves web technologies in order to
generate, share and connect content through
search and analysis based on the ability to
understand the meaning of the words, rather
than on keywords or numbers.
2.Artificial Intelligence: Combining this capability
with natural language processing, in web.3.0,
computers can understand information like
humans in order to provide faster and more
relevant results. They become more intelligent
to satisfy the needs of users.
3.3D Graphics: The three dimensional design is
being used extensively in websites and services
in web.3.0. Museum, guides, computer games,
e-commerce, geospatial contexts etc…are all
examples that use 3D graphics.
4.Connectivity:With web.3.0,informationismore
connected thanks to semantic metadata. As a
result, the user experience evolves to another

9. level of connectivity that leverages all the
available information.
5.Ubiquity: Content is accessible by multiple
applications, every device is connected to the
web, the services can be used everywhere.
CHALLENGES OF WEB.3.0
Someof the challengesfor the semanticweb include
vastness, vagueness, uncertainty, inconsistency and
deceit. Automated Reasoning Systems will have to
deal with all ofthese issuesin orderto deliveronthe
promise of the semantic web.
 Vastness: The world wide web contains many
billions of pages. The SNOMED CT medical
terminology ontology alone contains 370,000 class
names, and existing technology has not yet been
able to eliminate all semantically duplicated terms.
Any automated reasoning system will have to deal
with truly huge inputs.
 Vagueness: These are imprecise concepts like
“young” or “tall”. This arises from the vagueness of

10. user queries, of concepts represented by content
providers, of matching query terms to provider
terms and of trying to combine different knowledge
bases with overlapping but subtly different
concepts. Fuzzy logicis the most commontechnique
for dealing with vagueness.
 Uncertainty: These are precise concepts with
uncertain values. For eg: a patient might present a
set of symptoms that correspond to a number of
different distinct diagnoses each with a different
probability. Probabilistic reasoning techniques are
generally employedto address uncertainty.
 Inconsistency: These are logical contradictions that
will inevitably arise during the developmentof large
ontologies, and when ontologies from separate
sources are combined. Deductive reasoning fails
catastrophically when faced inconsistency, because
“ anything follows froma contradiction.” Defeasible
reasoning and paraconsistent reasoning are two
techniques that can be employed to deal with
inconsistency.
 Deceit: This is whenthe producer of the information
is intentionally misleading the consumer of the
cryptography techniques are currently utilized to

11. alleviate this threat. By providing a means to
determinethe information’sintegrity,including that
which relates to the identity of the entity that
produced or published the information, however
credibility issues still have to be addressed in cases
of potential deceit.
CONCLUSION
As we move to a more centralized internet, with
Augmented Reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence
(AI) playing key roles in defining our use- case
scenarios, we can expect a new wave of the global
internet revolution. What web.3.0 brings to the
table is that it offers developers muchneededroom
for innovation. On the other hand, users can expect
better digital experiences and a more enhanced and
refined internet altogether. If done right, web 3.0
can be the key to solving many problems that can
put an end to red tape, save time, increase
productivity and all this at a marginal cost. We can
look forward to a smarter version of the internet,
because believe it or not, it is here to stay.

12. REFERENCES
https://www.expert.ai/blog/web-3-0/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/sema
ntic-web
https://www.investopedia.com/web-
20-web-30-5208698
https://www.srijan.net/resources/blo
g/why-web.3.0-matters