autonomic nervous system

3. 1- Gallen ( the roman period )
2- B. Eustachio
3- Thomas willis ( the 17th century )
4- F. porfour du petit
5- winslow
6- J.N.Langley ( the 19th century )
7- T.elliot , W.Dixon , Otto loewi

13. 1- Afferent autonomic pathway
Spinal visceral afferent
(thoracolumbar sympathatic
and sacral parasympathatic)
Cranial visceral afferent
(parasympathatic; carried by
vagus and glossopharyngeal)
Spinothalamic
&
Spinoreticular tarcts
Thalamus
Insula & other autonomic cortical centers
Some fibres relay in spinal cord
for reffered pain
Some fibres relay in dorsal column
For defecation, micturation &
Gastric distension
Vagal afferents
( carry informations from aortic,
cardiac , pulmonary, GIT receptors)
Glossopharyngeal afferents
( carry signals from chemoreceptors
& paroreceptors of carotid sinus)
Synapse on NTS
Cell bodies at DRG of
spinal & cranial nerves

14. 2- Efferent Autonomic Pathway
Efferent sympathatic
( thoracolumbar outflow )
Efferent parasympathatic
( craniosacral outflow )
Paravertebral G. Prevertebral G
TARGET
Preganglionic axons
(myelinated)
Postganglionic axons
(unmyelinated)
Cranial outflow
(preganglionic , neurons from
Midbrain,pons, medulla)
Sacral outflow
(preganglionic neurons in
S2-S4 levels of spinal cord)
Preganglionic axons
Pass through
Pelvic splanchnic n.
Join inferior hypogasttric plexus
Pelvic and Gut viscera
Preganglionic axons
Pass through
CNs. III,VII,IX,X
Head,neck,
Cardiorespiratory
Abdominal viscera
N.B.: NO postganglionic fibres in parasymp. As it ends in
Or near the target organ

21. 3- Neurotransmitters
PREGANGLIONIC
A.CH
(nicotinic stim.)
NOREPINEPHRINE
A.CH
α-Receptors B-Receptors Muscarinic Receptors
A.CH
Sweat gland

24. N.B :-
Sympathatic innervation of sweat glands is mediated by
acetyl choline via muscarinic receptors.
Postganglionic sympathatic terminals to heart and smooth
ms also release ATP & neuropeptide-Y
Postganglionic parasympathatic terminals may release VIP
or nitric oxide.

25. 4- Receptors
Adrenergic
( sympathatic )
Cholinergic
Alpha Beta
Alpha-1 Alpha-2 Beta-1 Beta-2
Beta-3
Nicotinic Muscarinic

32. 5- Central Control of ANS
Cortical
Subcortical
brainstem
Insular cortex Amygdala
Basal forebrain hypothalamus
midbrain pons medulla
The central autonomic network integrates visceral , humoral and
environmental information To produce coordinated autonomic,
neuroendocrine, and behavioural responses
to external Or internal stimuli

34.  The right and left brains are connected by the corpus callosum.
 In the 1960's this huge interconnecting nerve bundle was surgically cut to
relieve severe epileptic seizures in a number of patients. The surgery helped to
restore normal function. It proves that our three brains work separately.
 So there are three dimensions to human experience. Our right-brain is intuitive
and holistic. It seeks out integrated meaning and potential. Our left brain is social.
It uses language to formulate a commitment to behavior. Our old brain is anchored
to our evolutionary history. It emotionally assesses our performance.
The right brain designs a house. The left brain builds it.
The old brain is called the Limbic System.

36. - receive nociceptive inputs and initiate autonomic responses associated
with affective behavior
- It`s the 1ry viscerosensory cortex and receive informations from visceral
receptors including arterial chemoreceptors and paroreceptors.
- Receive extroceptive & interoceptive information & provides it with
emotional significance.
- It integrates autonomic, endocrine & motor responses to emotionally
relevant stimuli.
1- Insular cortex :
2- Amygdala :

37. - Integrates autonomic and endocrinal
responses that are critical for
homeostasis.
- Functionally divided into 3 zones :
1- periventricular : control autonomic
,neuroendocrine & circadian rhythm.
2- medial nucleus (preoptic) : contain
thermosesitive ,neurons that initiate
autonomic, endocrine & motor
responses.
3- Lateral : participate in arousal,
motivate motor behaviour autonomic
control.
- Control REM sleep (so, lesion 
narcolepsy)
- Respond to leptin  satiety
3- Hypothalamus :

38. 1- periaquiductal gray mattar of Midbrain :
- it`s the site of integrated autonomic, behaviour, and antinociceptive stress
responses.
- The lateral PAG  Sympathatic excitation
 Opioid independent analgesia
 Motor response consistent with fight ir flight reaction
- The ventrolateral PAG  Sympathoinhibition
 Opioid dependant analgesia
 Motor inhibition
- The PAG constitute critical relay site for micturition.
4- brain stem :

39. 2- Neurons in medulla :
- Critical site for CVS, RESPIRATORY & GIT functions.
- NTS  the 1ry relay station for arterial baroreceptor, chemoreceptor,
cardiopulmonary and GIT afferents.
- Nucleus Ambiguous  provide parasympathatic innervation to the heart.
- Neurons in the reticular formation of ventrolateral medulla  maintain
cardiomotor, vasomotor and respiratory functions.
- Neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla  maintain basal arterial bl.p.
- Neurons in the ventral medulla  critical for respiratory thermogenesis.
 These neurons are interconnected by reticular formation .
 They are not only involved in the generation of CVS & Respiratory rhythms
but also in complex motor patterns e.g. Vomiting, coughing, Swallowing, Sneezing.

43. Sympathatic Parasympathatic