It is fully based on the concept of manual scavenging (i.e.) Clearing drainage blocks using bots and sensors at a cheaper rate with reducing human work.

1. 1
E-SEWAGE CLEARANCE – A SCAVENGER’S
WELLWISHER
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted By
DINESH KUMAR.C (412411105022)
LOGESHWARAN.A (412411105046)
VIGNESH BALAJI.V (412411105102)
SARAVANAN.G (412411105313)
In Partial Fulfilment for the Award of the Degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SRI SAIRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600025
MARCH 2015

2. 2
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “E-SEWAGE CLEARANCE – A SCAVENGER’S
WELLWISHER” is the bonafide work of
DINESH KUMAR.C (412411105022)
LOGESHWARAN.A (412411105046)
VIGNESH BALAJI.V (412411105102)
SARAVANAN.G (412411105313)
Who carried out the project work under my supervision
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
MR.A.ANBAZHAGAN,M.TECH. MR.M.VEERASUNDARAM,M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Assistant Professor,EEE
Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Sri Sairam Institute of technology,
West Tambaram, Chennai-44. West Tambaram, Chennai-44.
Submitted for VIVA-VOCE Examination held on __________at Sri Sairam Institute of
Technology, West Tambaram, Chennai-044
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER

3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep sense of gratitude to our beloved chairman Thiru.MJF.Ln.LEO
MUTHU for the help and advice he has shared upon us.
We express our gratitude to our CEO and Managing Trustee Mr. SAI PRAKASH LEO
MUTHU and our Trustee Mrs.J.SHARMILA RAJAA for their Constant encouragement
in completing our project.
We express our solemn thanks to ourDirectorProf.V.RAJAMANICKAM and our esteemed
principal Dr.K.PALANIKUMAR for having given us spontaneous and whole hearted
encouragement for completing this project.
we are indebted to our Head Of the Department Mr.A.ANBAZHAGAN for his support
during the entire course of this project Work.
We express our gratitude and sincere thanks to our guide Mr. M. VEERASUNDARAM for
his Valuable suggestions and constant encouragement for successful completion of this
project.
Finally, we thank all the Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the Department of
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING and all others who contributed
directly or indirectly for the successfulcompletion of our project

4. 4
ABSTRACT
In today’s modern world urbanization has increased a lot and it is still on rise, due to
this many artificial drainage lines are built for the disposal of human waste called as drainage
lines. So drainages form an integral part of our civilization and its development. Drainages
should evolve with our civilisation but unfortunately it is not evolving so. Many countries
are sending rockets to the space to see other planets in the solar system, but many of us are
not caring about removing human scavenging in the earth. We the people should come
forward to eliminate human scavenging. Generally, Sewage wastes like solid or semisolid
waste may cause blockages .The sewage lines are experiencing blockages now and then due
to the intrusion of solid particles like plastics, wood and fine sand from rain water etc. These
blockages are occurring due to the improper construction of the sewage lines and in
appropriate use of these lines. The blockages may occur at the manhole or at the sewage
lines between the two manholes.
If any blockage occur in sewage lines then it is detected by using limit switches and
water level indicator. The sensors detect the fluid speed level and fluid level in the sewage
lines. If the water speed is very low or water level is very high then there is an assurance of
blockages occurring in the line. After detecting the block, this information is transmitted to a
remote place or to a municipal worker through GSM module which is attached to the sensors.
Then the municipality workers comes there with a flexible driller to eliminate the block.
These flexible drillers has a pin hole wireless camera with them. With the help of this camera
the municipality workers can remove the blockage by seeing it. This gives them the
assurance that the blockages are cleared.

5. 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
NO.
ABSTRACT 4
LIST OF TABLES 8
LIST OF FIGURES 9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10
1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 Introduction to sewage lines 11
1.2 Introduction to sewage lines in India 12
1.3 Introduction to clearance procedures in India 12
2 CLOSED SEWAGE LINE STRUCTURE 14
3 SYSTEMS:
3.1 Existing System 15
3.2 Proposed System 15
4 LITERATURE SURVEY 16
5 BLOCK DIAGRAM 17
6 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Micro controller 18
6.1.1 ATMEL AT89S52 18
6.1.2 Pin configuration 19

6. 6
6.1.3 Features 20
6.2 Water sensor & Moisture sensor 21
6.2.1 BC547 22
6.2.2 Relay 22
6.2.3 Regulator 7805 23
6.3 Limit Switch 26
6.4 Global System for Mobile
Communications(GSM)Modem
6.4.1 Operations performed using 31
GSM modem
6.4.2 Features of GSM 31
6.4.3 GSM/ GPRS SIM 900A 32
6.5 Flexi Driller 33
6.6 Pin Hole Camera 34
6.7Tv Tuner Cord 34
6.8 AT commands 38
7 SOFTWARE TOOLS
7.1 Introduction 40
7.2 Keil uVision3 40
7.3 Proteus 41
7.3.1 Technical setup details ` 41
7.3.2 System requirements of proteus 41
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 45

7. 7
8.1 Merits
8.2 Applications
8.3 Future scope
9 REFERENCES: 46

8. 8
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
6.1 Memory allocation 20
6.4.1 Gas sensors comparison 32

9. 9
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
NO.
2.1 Schematic diagram of a closed sewage system 14
6.1.2 Pin Diagram of AT89S52 21
6.2.1 BC547 25
6.2.2 Relays 26
6.2.3 Regulator 7805 27
6.5 GSM modem 30
6.5.1 GSM module 31
6.8.1 A 950Q HYBRID TV STICK 35
6.8.2 i-BALL external TV tuner Stick 35
6.8.3 Connection Of TV Stick With Receiver 36
6.8.4 Connections of TV tuner With PC 36

10. 10
ABBREVIATION EXPANSION
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SMS Short Message Service
USB Universal Serial Bus
PC Personal Computer
LED Light Emitting Diode
GSM Global System For Mobile communications
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory

11. 11
CHAPTER 1
1.INTRODUCTION:
1.1 INRTODUCTIONTO SEWAGE LINES:
A sewage line or a sanitary line is an underground carriage system
specifically for transporting sewage or slurry from houses and commercial building through
large cement or iron pipes for the treatment or disposal of wastes. The sewage lines are used
to carry wastes along with water called as slurry. The waste are carried and are made to reach
the pumping station which is present in each area through gravitation method, the station in
each area pumps the fluid to the sewage treatment plant, where the contaminants from the
waste water like physical, chemical and biological are removed and are environmentally safe
fluid waste stream (called as treated effluent) in case of fluid waste stream (treated sludge) in
case of solid waste are given out which can be used as a fertilizer. In general there are two
types of sewage lines, one for sanitary sewage and another for storm water drain. Sanitary
sewers are distinguished from open sewers in that the sanitary system is closed off from its
surroundings to limited interaction between the waste and the landscape that it travels
through. They are also usually distinguished from combined sewers, which handle not only
sewage but also surface runoff. Open sewers, consisting of gutters and urban streambeds,
were common worldwide before the 20th century. In now-developed countries, large efforts
were made during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to cover the formerly open sewers,
converting them to closed systems with cast iron, steel, or concrete pipes, masonry, and
concrete arches. Open sewers are not used in developed countries today, but they remain in
use in some developing countries
1.2 INTRODUCTIONTO SEWAGE LINES IN INDIA:
India is still underdeveloped in terms of sewage lines, nearly 53% of the Indian Population
does not have a sewage line. Of the remaining 47% ,about 26% are having open sewage
lines and 21% only are having closed sewage lines. Of those 21% of closed sewage lines,
only very few percentage are having separate lines for rainwater drain. Nearly all or most of

12. 12
the sewage lines in India are of hybrid sewage lines that is both the sewage water and the
rainwater drain are having the same line. Sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) is a condition in
which untreated sewage is discharged into the environment prior to reaching
sewage facilities. In Europe, the term Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) is often used. When
caused by rainfall, it is also known as wet weather overflow. It is primarily meaningful
in developed countries, which have extensive treatment facilities. The main causes of SSO
and CSO dry spills are:
 Infiltration/Inflow of excessive storm water into sewer lines during heavy rainfall
 Rupture or blockage of sewerage lines
 Malfunction of pumping station lifts or electrical power failure
 Human operator error at treatment plant facilities
Whatever the name SSO and CSO the net effect on the environment is the same and in many
countries there are obligations to measure and report the occurrence using real-
time telemetry to warn the public, bathers and shellfishery operators. In Europe the revised
Bathing Water Directive call upon water companies to actively monitor CSOs and to publish
league tables on bathing water quality, often referred to as the Blue Flag system. The process
of monitoring is called Event Duration Monitoring (EDM), which on critical CSO is set to
two-minute sampling and live reporting. On less critical CSOs the sampling rate is 15
minutes.
1.3 INTRODUCTIONTO CLEARANCE PROCEDURESIN INDIA:
In India, we are not having any automatic cleaning system, So Humans are
going inside the sewage lines and cleaning it using their hands. They are not provided with
any equipment or any suits to go inside the sewage lines. They go inside the sewage lines
with their bare body by rubbing salt over their body , This salt acts as an antibacterial agent
which helps them to fight against deadly disease causing agents but it is not a permanent
shield for them. Sewage treatment plants require environment clearance before being set up,
the National Green Tribunal (NGT) today held while halting the construction of such a unit
in village Narkatari in Kurukshethra district of Haryana.

13. 13
A bench headed by NGT Chairperson Justice Swatanter Kumar gave the ruling saying that in
order to ensure effective functioning of environmental laws as well as in larger public
interest, it is necessary that projects like Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) get environment
clearance(EC).
"Sewage itself is a very serious pollutant. It can result in tremendous health hazards and
cause injury to the environment. It carries pathogenic organisms that can transmit diseases to
humans and animals... The purpose of environmental legislations is to prevent environmental
degradation on the one hand and its improvement on the other.
"To perform these functions collectively and effectively, it would be necessary for such
projects to get environmental clearance at the very threshold. It would help to further the
cause of legislations as well as the larger public purpose," the bench said.

14. 14
CHAPTER 2
CLOSED SEWAGE LINE STRUCTURE:
The major cities like Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi are having their major
places of the city with closed sewage lines. In this each area is having a closed drainage
system with manholes at regular intervals. These manholes are having a pit of 2 feet. This is
for the settlement of the solid sludge in the lines. This pit is for the reason since from the
streets to the pumping station the waste fluid waves by the gravitational force which is a
weakest form of force and those solid waste will obstruct the flow of fluid. In order to
remove them at these lines we are using a pit. From the pumping station to the sewage
treatment plant, it is not a problem since these fluids are being pumped so the possibility of
blockages is very low to nil. Only the lines from streets to pumping station gets blocked very
often.
Fig 2.1:Schematic Diagram of a Closed line sewage system

15. 15
CHAPTER 3
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM:
. They are Jet rod method, water cleaning, vacuum method.
 Jet rod method: In this method forced water is sent through a small tube to wash away
the sledges and slurry in the walls of the sewage lines. Although this method is used to
clean the sewage line walls and go inside it and remove human scavenging. This
method causes damage to the sewage lines as forced water impinging on the walls of
the sewage lines will cause cracks in the lines and cause it to break over the time.
 Water cleaning method: we know that from the streets water goes by gravitational
force and from the pumping station to the water treatment plant, water is being
pumped. So the block always occurs from the streets to the pumping stations, since the
gravitational forces are weak forces. In this method we are going to place a sheet or an
obstacle covering the entire tube for a certain period of time till one side of the sewage
line gets filled by the sewage fluid. After this, the sheet or obstacle is removed. So the
fluid or water moves at a higher potential energy which gets transformed into kinetic
energy. Using this kind of water splashing, the slurry and sludge are washed away.
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In our proposed system, we are going to detect the place of blockage
using water level sensor and limit switch which senses the level of fluid and the speed of
fluid. If a block occurs then the water level sensors output will be high and the limit switch
pre-set spring will come out of the pre-set value and the spring will be in relaxed or low
tension position. Water level sensor indicates the level of sewage water in the pipe if the
level is high there may be partial blocks but if there is no movement and level is high then
there is definitely a block.

16. 16
CHAPTER 4
LITERATURE SURVEY:
RM. Gooch, TA . Clarke and TJ. Ellis of department of electrical electronic and
informational Engineering , city university , Northampton square, London,UK have
proposed a model to detect blockage , breakage, erosion , encrustation of the sewage lines.
They have done this in order to plan and maintain it efficiently. These people have done fluid
flow analysis to inspect swearassets. Their main idea is to eliminate the man entry into the
sewer lines for the inspection of the lines. For this they are using a bot which has video
camera mounted on a motorised trolley. These devices can work even in extreme conditions.
This highly helps in maintaining the sewer lines. Thus reducing the leakage and pollution of
ground water by not allowing the sewage fluids with the ground water. This highly helps in
carrying out maintenance work which reduces substantial cost which may occur
unnecessarily .itconsists of CCTV camera under torch light for the purpose of inspection . it
uses fast accurate range camera technology and DSP processing . This setup is connected to
an Ethernet communication which helps in the formation of in intelligent pipe inspection
vehicle. Thus human inspection is removed.’
Yan Fucai, Wang Lizhu from College of mechanical and electrical Engineering ,
Henan University of Technology, Zhen gzhou, China have proposed model to solve the
difficulty of dredging drainage pipelines, intensity of labour work and other problems. For
this they have suggested a new type of drainage pipeline dredging robot. This robot works
based on modular thinking and control systems. The robot can move independently when it
takes operating tool to do cleaning work. They have proposed this model ,keeping the human
scavengers psychological and sociological feelings in mind. The operating principle of the
robot is that , the robot is sent to the entrance of the level drain pipes from the mouth of the
vertical inspection well, the lifting set which is used to lower or upper the bot. The robot
consists of a computer with a control system which is used to display the real time data
which the robot is encountering. The computer helps in automatic control with the robot and
can make real time trajectories for the cleaning processes which can be dynamically
modified.

17. 17
CHAPTER 5
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
BLOCK DETECTION:
BLOCK CLEARANCE:

18. 18
CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 MICRO CONTROLLERS:
A MICROCONTROLLER (sometimes abbreviated µC, Uc or
MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core,
memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of
Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a
typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications,
in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose
applications.
Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office
machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size
and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output
devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components
needed to controlnon-digital electronic systems.
6.1.1. ATMEL89S52 (AT89S52):
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes
of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the Indus-try-standard
80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory pro-grammar. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the
following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog
timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt

19. 19
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports
two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing
the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
AT89S52 SERIES MICROCONTROLLERS:
TABLE 6.1MEMORYALLOCATION
6.1.2. PIN DIAGRAM : AT89S52
The pin diagram is given below in figure

20. 20
FIGURE 6.1.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
6.1.3. Features:
• Compatible with MCS-51® Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

21. 21
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag
6.2 WATER SENSOR & MOISTURE SENSOR:
Water sensor and moisture sensor are similar kin operation. Water sensor is placed inside the
well to continuously monitor the presence of water inside the well .when the water is
present ,it can be used for irrigation and if water is not present the motor is prevented from
dry run. Moisture sensor is used to continuously monitor the moisture of the soil, if the

22. 22
moisture present in the soil is within the prescribed limits the motor is stopped from running,
but if the moisture present in the soil is very less than the motor has to be turned on to
increase the moisture of the soil.
Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powder that exhibit an upper free surface.
Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical
boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak.
The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a
river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous
level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of
substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is
above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high
or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal
level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. Theselection criteria
include the physical:phase(liquid,solid,slurry),
temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectricconstant of medium, density (specific
gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical
shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the application constraints: price,
accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease of calibration or programming, physical size and
mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of continuous or discrete (point) levels. In
short, level sensors are one of the very important sensors and play very important role in
variety of consumer/ industrial applications. As with other type of sensors, level sensors are
available or can be designed using variety of sensing principles. Selection of an appropriate
type of sensorsuiting to the application requirement is very important.
Well sensors are used to detect the level of substances that can flow. Such substances include
liquids, slurries, granular material and powders. Level measurements can be done inside
containers or it can be the level of a river or lake. Such measurements can be used to

23. 23
determine the amount of materials within a closed container or the flow of water in open
channels.
RS Hydro have a wide range of pressure, ultrasonic, open channel, radar and capacitance
level sensors and transmitters for sale and hire.
6.2.1 BC 547:
It is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is
commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at
collector & emitter terminals. It is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It
has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the
transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is

24. 24
amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching
applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In
the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.
FIGURE 6.2.1 BC 547 TRANSISTOR
6.2.2 PIEZOELECTRIC BUZZER
Peizo electric buzzer is a sound generator used in electronic circuits to give audio
indication .It is widely used as alarm generator in electronic devices.A piezo buzzer has a
piezo disc and an oscillator inside.It works based on the oscillations of the piezo electric disc
which produces sound.Anordinary piezo buzzer works between 3-12v DC.

25. 25
Fig6.2.1:Schematic Diagram of piezo electric buzzer
Working:
The piezo disc is a circular shaped metal plate with a thin coating of piezo electric
material(lead zirconate titanate).This material exhibits both direct and indirect piezoelectric
effect. The Buzzer works on the principle of inverse or indirect piezo electric effect.
According to indirect peizo electric effect when electricity is given to a two sides of a metal
plate,then mechanical vibrations will be produced which causes sound in this buzzer by
oscillations of the mechanical plate at 2-4 Khz.

26. 26
The Buzzer Consists of an inductor,a transistor,capacitors and resistors.When th oscillator
circuitgets 3-12 v DC,The transistor, Inductor combination oscillates which are fed to the
peizo electric crystals and the crystals and the plate vibrate according to the frequency.In
order to give resonance, the rim of the element is glued to a plastic case so that the plate can
vibrate freely.

27. 27
6.2.3 REGULATOR 7805:
The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of self-contained fixed linear
voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits
requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low cost. For ICs within the
family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage (for example, the
7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx line are positive
voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.
There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary negative voltage regulators.
78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide positive and negative supply
voltages in the same circuit.
78xx ICs have three terminals and are commonly found in the TO220 form factor, although
smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are available. These devices support an
input voltage anywhere from a few volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum
of 35 to 40 volts depending on the make, and typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current
(though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).
FIGURE 6.2 7805 REGULATOR

28. 28
6.3 LIMIT SWITCH:
In electrical engineering a limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a machine part
or presence of an object.
They are used for controlling machinery as part of a control system, as a safety interlocks, or
to count objects passing a point. A limit switch is an electromechanical device that consists
of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of contacts. When an object comes into contact
with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or break an electrical connection.
Limit switches are used in a variety of applications and environments because of their
ruggedness, ease of installation, and reliability of operation. They can determine the presence
or absence, passing, positioning, and end of travel of an object. They were first used to
define the limit of travel of an object; hence the name "Limit Switch"
A limit switch with a roller-lever operator; this is installed on a gate on a canal, and indicates
the position of a gate to a control system
Standardized limit switches are industrial control components manufactured with a variety of
operator types, including lever, roller plunger, and whisker type. Limit switches may be
directly mechanically operated by the motion of the operating lever. A reed switch may be
used to indicate proximity of a magnet mounted on some moving part. Proximity
switches operate by the disturbance of an electromagnetic field, by capacitance, or by
sensing a magnetic field.

29. 29
Rarely, a final operating device such as a lamp or solenoid valve will be directly controlled
by the contacts of an industrial limit switch, but more typically the limit switch will be wired
through a control relay, a motor contactor control circuit, or as an input to a programmable
logic controller.
Miniature snap-action switch may be used for example as components of such devices
as photocopiers, computer printers, convertible tops or microwave ovens to ensure internal
components are in the correct position for operation and to prevent operation when access
doors are opened. A set of adjustable limit switches are installed on a garage door opener to
shut off the motor when the door has reached the fully raised or fully lowered position.
A numerical control machine such as a lathe will have limit switches to identify maximum
limits for machine parts or to provide a known reference point for incremental motions
Types of Limit Switches
Limit switch performance depends on
a number of factors. In addition to the
operational parameters and
mechanical specifications of a
machine, these factors include the size,
mounting method, and force capacity
of the switch, as well as the stroke rate
involved in the operating process. It is
important for a limit switch’s
electrical rating to match that of the system into which it is installed in order to reduce the
potential for instrument failure and ensure proper functioning. The common types of limit
switches used in industrial applications include:
• Heavy-Duty Precision Oil-Tight: Also known as the Type C limit switch, this device is
highly reliable due to its long electrical and mechanical lifespan. It features a straightforward
wiring arrangement and relatively easy installation. The Type C can be equipped with a

30. 30
range of different head and body styles, including a more durable design that is watertight
and submersible. It is available in a standard format, as well as with specialized reed contacts.
• Heavy-Duty Oil-Tight and Foundry: When load requirements exceed the capacity range
for a precision oil-tight switch, a regular heavy-duty oil-tight model, or Type T, may be
needed. It can handle operating sequences unavailable on the Type C and can withstand high
trip and reset forces. The heavy-duty foundry limit switch, or Type FT, is commonly used in
foundries and mills where Type T operating conditions are coupled with elevated
temperatures and foreign materials that may jam other types of switches.
• Miniature Enclosed Reed: This limit switch, also known as Type XA, is a smaller and
less expensive device formed from die-cast zinc. It contains a contact array featuring a
hermetically sealed reed, which makes it well-suited for applications that require a high level
of contact reliability or involve environmental stresses. The switch is normally prewired and
can be placed in smaller or harder to reach areas.
• Gravity Return: The gravity return limit switch is usually employed in production line
and conveyor operations involving small, lightweight components. This type of switch relies
on gravity to reset its contact switches by exerting force on a lever arm and typically
functions with a low level of torque. There are several varieties of gravity return switches,
including spring return, roller type, lever type, top push, and maintained contact designs.
• Snap Switches: A snap switch is designed to instantly trigger as soon as the mechanism
attached to the switch has moved a predetermined distance, regardless of the speed at which
the moving part travels. Snap switches are commonly used in applications that require only
basic contact parameters and can work with or without an operator. They are effective in
machine systems that feature short movements or a slow rate of operation.
Limit Switch Circuitry
To better understand the way a limit switch circuit operates, it may help to look at an
example that illustrates contact switching principles. A limit switch with a single-station,

31. 31
maintained contact design will have a “Start” button that mechanically controls the contacts.
Pressing the “Start” button causes the mechanism to maintain the contact sequence that
closes the circuit, while pressing the “Stop” button will open the contacts and break the
circuit. If a system malfunction, such as power failure or overloading, causes the switch
dev1ice to deactivate, the contacts will be unaffected and the motor will automatically reset.
Fig6.3.1:Diagram of Limit Switch
6.4 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)
MODEM:
A GSM modem is one of the wireless modem that is devised to work with a GSM wireless
network. It works with the same frequency of GSM wireless network. It is an important part
of the GSM network. Now a days GSM based cell phones are more preferred than CDMA
phones, hence let us see its operation and features.
The GSM wireless modem works in the way like a dial-up modem. The main difference
between the GSM modem and dial up modem is that a dial-up modem sends and receives
data through a fixed telephone line while a GSM wireless modem sends and receives data
through radio wave propagation.
A GSM modem can be an external device, a PC Card or a PCMCIA Card. A GSM modem
can be connected to a computer using a serial cable or a usb cable. It works similar to a GSM
mobile phone, and also GSM modem requires a SIM card for operation. It can be used for

32. 32
internet purpose also depending on various subscriptions to the service provider. There are so
many feature and operations that can be performed using GSM modems.
FIGURE 6.4 GSM MODEM
The above image shows the various internal sections of a GSM modem. The heart of the
GSM modem is a GSM module, this is main ingredient that handles all the functions of
making calls sending receiving SMS. There are many different GSM modules that are
manufactured by different companies. SIM300 is one such GSM module manufactured by
the company SIMCOM. As with any GSM based device the GSM modem also needs a SIM
card, which is connected to the GSM module.
There is a internal power supply circuit that can take any dc voltage in the range of 5v to
almost 20v dc and convert it to a voltage needed by the GSM module. Also as with any
wireless communication device the GSM modem also has an antenna for transmitting and
receiving RF signals to and from the GSM network. The GSM modem also has a optional
voice interface for making voice calls like any conventional mobile phone.
A universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) is usually an individual integrated
circuit used for serial communication over a computer or peripheral device serial port. in the
prototypeit is used for both sending and receiving purpose.

33. 33
FIGURE 6.4.1 GSM MODULE
6.4.1 OPERATIONSTHAT CAN BE PERFORMED USING GSM MODEM:
1. We can read, write and delete SMS messages.
2. We can start Sending SMS messages.

34. 34
3. We can reply to a SMS message.
4. We can monitor the signal strength in particular locality.
5. We can monitor the charging status and also the charge level in the battery.
6. We can read, write and search phone bookentries.
7. We can use it in various projects for different purposes.
6.4.2 FEATURES OF GSM MODEMS:
1. Supportwide range of frequencies (from 850 MHZ to 1900 MHZ for different
classification of GSM networks).
2. Supports integration with RS232 cable.
3. Can be interfaced to system using USB cables.
4. Input voltage varies from 5v to 30v.
5. Very less weight in few grams.
6. Provided with SIM holder and SMA antenna connector.
7. Programmable with AT commands.
6.4.3 GSM/GPRS SIM 900A:
This is a GSM Modem with a simple to implement RS232, TTL Serial, Use it to send
SMS, make and receive calls, and do other GSM operations by simple AT commands
through a serial interface from microcontrollers and computers. It uses the highly popular
SIM900A module for all its GSM operations. It comes with a standard RS232 interface
which can be used to easily interface the modem to microcontrollers and computers. The
modem also features a serial TTL interface option. All modem operations(sending and
receiving messages, calls, etc) can be carried out by sending AT commands to this virtual
serial port though a serial terminal program. Most programming languages allow sending
and receiving serial commands to a serial port and can be used to write soft wares that can
operate the modem without the need to implement any complex interface. This makes the
modem a great choice if you plan to use GSM features on a computer.SIM900A.

35. 35
Specifications:
• Power supply: Single supply voltage 9V to 12V(DC).
• Onboard power ON and Network indication LED.
• Onboard provision to select the power on mode of SIM900A (manual or auto) using
jumper.
• RS232 output to connect directly to computer.
• Serial TTL onboard pin to directly connected to microcontroller.
• Onboard Audio(speaker and microphone) interface pins.
• Onboard pwm and ADC channels.
PackageContent:
• SIM900A Modem.
• Antenna.
6.5 FLEXI DRILLER:
3-Piece Flexible Drill Bit Kit is ideal for in-wall drilling and contains everything you need to
pull up to 1/2 in. O.D. wire through your walls. Flexible drill bit (Cat. No. 53718) makes
9/16 in. holes in wood. Pulling grip (Cat. No. KPS050) attaches to the flexible drill bit after
the hole has been made and pulls 3/8 in. to 1/2 in. wire and cable.
 Complete kit used for drilling and pulling wire and cable
 Everything you need to pull up to 1/2 in. O.D. wire
 Use the placement toolto guide bit through walls
 Includes folding placement tool, 1/2 in. O.D. pulling grip and 9/16 in. x 54 in. flexible
high-speed steel drill bit
FLEXIBLE SHAFT BIT
Another, different, bit also called an installer bit has a very long flexible shaft, typically up to
72 inches (1.8 m) long, with a small twist bit at the end. The shaft is made of spring
steel instead of hardened steel, so it can be flexed while drilling without breaking. This

36. 36
allows the bit to be curved inside walls, for example to drill through studs from a light
switchbox without needing to remove any material from the wall. These bits usually come
with a set of special tools to aim and flex the bit to reach the desired location and angle,
although the problem of seeing where the operator is drilling still remains.
This flexible installer bit is used in the USA, but does not appear to be routinely available in
Europe.

Fig 6.5.1 A 3⁄8 in × 18 in (9.5 mm × 457.2 mm) installer bit
6.6 PIN HOLE CAMERA:
A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens and with a single small aperture,
a pinhole – effectively a light-proof box with a small hole in one side. Light from a scene
passes through this single point and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the
box.
It is completely dark on all the other sides of the box including the side where the point is
created. This part is usually painted black, but black boxes are also used for this purpose.
There is also a thin screen which looks like a projector sheet, and is put in between the dark
side adjacent to the pinhole.
Up to a certain point, the smaller the hole, the sharper the image, but the dimmer the
projected image. Optimally, the size of the aperture should be 1/100 or less of the distance
between it and the projected image.

37. 37
Because a pinhole camera requires a lengthy exposure, its shutter may be manually operated,
as with a flap made of light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole. Typical
exposures range from 5 seconds to several hours.
A common use of the pinhole camera is to capture the movement of the sun over a long
period of time. This type of photography is called solography.
The image may be projected onto a translucent screen for real-time viewing (popular for
observing solar eclipses; see also camera obscura), or can expose photographic film or
a charge coupled device (CCD). Pinhole cameras with CCDs are often used for surveillance
because they are difficult to detect.
Pinhole devices provide safety for the eyes when viewing solar eclipses because the event is
observed indirectly, the diminished intensity of the pinhole image being harmless compared
with the full glare of the Sun itself
6.7 TV TUNER CORD
A TV tuner card is a kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received by
a computer. Most TV tuners also function as video cards, allowing them to record television
programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder (DVR) does.
Fig 6.7.1 A 950Q HYBRID TV STICK

38. 38
Fig 6.7.2 i-BALL external TV tuner Stick
Fig 6.7.3 Connection Of TV Stick With Receiver

39. 39
Fig 6.7.4 Connections of TV tuner With PC
The interfaces for TV tuner cards are most commonly either PCI bus expansion card or the
newer PCI Express (PCIE) bus for many modern cards, but PCMCIA, Express Card,
or USB devices also exist. In addition, some video cards double as TV tuners, notably
the ATI All-In-Wonder series. The card contains a tuner and an analog-to-digital
converter (collectively known as the analog front end) along with demodulation and interface
logic. Some lower-end cards lack an onboard processor and, like a Win modem, rely on the
system's CPU for demodulation.
There are currently four kinds of tuner card on the market:
Analog television cards output a raw video stream, suitable for real-time viewing but ideally
requiring some sort of video compression if it is to be recorded. More advanced TV tuners
encode the signal to Motion JPEG or MPEG, relieving the main CPU of this load. Some
cards also have analog input (composite video or S-Video) and many also provide a radio
tuner.
Combo Tuners:
This is similar to a hybrid tuner, except there are two separate tuners on the card. One can
watch analog while recording digital, or vice versa. The card operates as an analog tuner and
a digital tuner simultaneously. The advantages over two separate cards are cost and
utilization of expansion slots in the computer. As many regions around the world convert
from analog to digital broadcasts,these tuners are gaining popularity.

40. 40
Like the analog cards, the Hybrid and Combo tuners can have specialized chips on the tuner
card to perform the encoding, or leave this task to the CPU. The tuner cards with this
'hardware encoding' are generally thought of as being higher quality.] Small USB tuner sticks
have become more popular in 2006 and 2007 and are expected to increase in popularity.
These small tuners generally do not have hardware encoding due to size and heat constraints.
While most TV tuners are limited to the radio frequencies and video formats used in the
country of sale, many TV tuners used in computers use DSP, so a firmware upgrade is often
all that's necessary to change the supported video format. Many newer TV tuners have flash
memory big enough to hold the firmware sets for decoding several different video formats,
making it possible to use the tuner in many countries without having to flash the firmware.
However, while it is generally possible to flash a card from one analog format to another due
to the similarities, it is generally not possible to flash a card from one digital format to
another due to differences in decodelogic necessary.
Many TV tuners can function as FM radios; this is because there are similarities between
broadcast television and FM radio. The FM radio spectrum is close to (or even inside) that
used by VHF terrestrial TV broadcasts. And many broadcast television systems around the
world use FM audio. So listening to an FM radio station is simply a case of configuring
existing hardware
6.8 AT COMMANDS:
AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of AT
tension. Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's why modem commands are
called AT commands. Many of the commands that are used to control wired dial-up modems,
such as ATD (Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO (Return to online data
state), are also supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Besides this common
AT command set, GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support an AT command set that
is specific to the GSM technology, which includes SMS-related commands like AT+CMGS
(Send SMS message), AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage), AT+CMGL (List
SMS messages) and AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages).

41. 41
Note that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a
command line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT
command name in ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in AT+CMGS.
However, some books and web sites use them interchangeably as the name of an AT
command.
Here are some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modem
or mobile phone:
 Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version
(AT+CGMR).
 Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM) and
IMSI number (International Mobile SubscriberIdentity) (AT+CIMI).
 Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
mobile phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status
(AT+CREG), radio signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery
charging status (AT+CBC).
 Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA, etc).
 Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).
 Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW)
or delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly received
SMS messages (AT+CNMI).
 Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF)phonebookentries.
 Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks (AT+CLCK),
checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing passwords
(AT+CPWD).
(Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the SIM card every
time the mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain SIM card is

42. 42
associated with the mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the mobile phone, a
password must be entered.])
 Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For
example, you can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and
whether error messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format
(AT+CMEE=1 or AT+CMEE=2).
 Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type (AT+CBST),
radio link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS centre address (AT+CSCA) and
storage of SMS messages (AT+CPMS).
 Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to SMS
messaging suchas the SMS centre address.
6.9 ELECTRONIC KIT
Fig 6.9.1 Whole Electronic components in a kit

43. 43
CHAPTER 7
SOFTWARE TOOLS
7.1 INTRODUCTION:
Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the C
Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. KEIL uVISION3 software is used by the programmer to do
this. PROTEUS simulation software is used for simulation purpose and for monitoring
smart irrigation.
7.2 KEIL uVISION3 :
The µVision IDE from Keil combines project management, makes facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The
µVision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly create embedded
programs that work. The µVision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application
that provides a seamless embedded project development environment.
Keil development tools for the 8051 Microcontroller Architecture support every level of
software developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning
about embedded software development.
The industry-standard Keil C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Debuggers, Real-time Kernels,
Single-board Computers, and Emulators support all 8051 derivatives and help you get your
projects completed on schedule.
The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing
embedded software developers.

44. 44
 When starting a new project, simply select the microcontroller you use from the
Device Database and the µVision IDE sets all compiler, assembler, linker, and
memory options for you.
 Numerous example programs are included to help you get started with the most
popular embedded 8051 devices.
 The Kiel µVision Debugger accurately simulates on-chip peripherals (I²C, CAN,
UART, SPI, Interrupts, I/O Ports, A/D Converter, D/A Converter, and PWM Modules)
of your 8051 device. Simulation helps you understand hardware configurations and
avoids time wasted on setup problems. Additionally, with simulation, you can write
and test applications before target hardware is available.
7.3 PROTEUS:
Proteus is a Virtual System Modelling and circuit simulation application. The suite combines
mixed mode SPICE circuit simulation, animated components and microprocessor models to
facilitate co-simulation of complete microcontroller based designs. Proteus also has the
ability to simulate the interaction between software running on a microcontroller and any
analog or digital electronics connected to it. It simulates Input / Output ports, interrupts,
timers, USARTs and all other peripherals present on each supported processor.
FEATURES OF PROTEUS 8
Below are some noticeable features which you’ll experience after Proteus 8 free download.
 Easy to use tool.
 Simple but effective interface.
 Circuit designing and schematic making made easy.
 Provides a powerful working environment.
 Real time design simulation with VSM.
 Can route and edit different components using ARES feature.

45. 45
PROTEUS 8 TECHNICAL SETUP DETAILS
 Software Full Name: Proteus 8.0
 Setup File Name: Proteus_8_Professional_Setup.exe
 Full Setup Size: 162 MB
 Setup Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup
 Compatibility Architecture: 32 Bit (x86) / 64 Bit (x64)
 Latest Version Release Added On:
 License: Free Trial
 Developers: Proteus
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTEUS 8
Before you start Proteus 8 free download, make sure your PC meets minimum system
requirements.
 Operating System: Windows XP/Vista/7/8
 Memory (RAM): 256MB of RAM required.
 Hard Disk Space:200MB of free spacerequired.
 Processor:233MHz processororhigher.
CODING :
#include <REGX51.H>
void delay()
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<20000;i++);
}
void data1(unsignedchar a)

46. 46
{
SBUF=a;
while(TI==0);
TI=0;
}
void string(unsigned char *str)
{
int i=0;
while(str[i]!='0')
{
data1(str[i]);
i++;
}
}
void main()
{
TMOD=0X20;
TH1=-3;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
string("AT r");
delay();
string("AT+CMGF=1r");

47. 47
delay();
string("AT+CMGS=");
data1('"');
string("+919551340870");
data1('"');
data1('r');
string("operationstarts ");
data1(26);
if(P1_3==0)
while(1);
}

48. 48
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
MERITS:
 Helps in removing human scavenging
 Reduces man power
 Reduces time consumption
 Since it is having a flexible driller it can be used in different shapes of the drainage
lines
FUTURE SCOPE:
 Automatic controlprocesses will increase the efficiency of the cleaning process
 Use of different blades like helix blade will decrease the time of process
 Use of more sophisticated sensors like ultrasonic sensors, capacitance, proximity
sensors will increase the possibility of sensing different kinds of substances. Thus
ultimately helping waste management.
 The use GPRS will help in continuous monitoring of the sewage lines over the web
server which helps in viewing of the condition of the sewage lines by the public does
helping in transparency and reliability of the municipal department.

49. 49
REFERENCES:
 RM. Gooch, T.A.Clarke and T.J.Ellis of department of electrical electronic and
informational Engineering , city university , Northampton square, London, UK from
the IEEE paper of “A semi autonomous sewer surveillance and inspection vehicle”
 Yan Fucai, Wang lizhu from Departments of mechanical and electrical Engineering
respectively, Henan university of technology, Zhen gzhou, china from the IEEE paper
of “The design of the drainage pipelines dredging robot”
 Information from Wikipedia for the purposeof clearance and sewer mechanisms.