The Philippines lies in the Pacific Ring of Fire, where many earthquakes and volcanoes occur due to the movement of tectonic plates. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy along faults in the earth's crust. They produce seismic waves and their magnitude depends on the amount of energy released, while their intensity refers to the strength of shaking in a particular location.

1. EARTHQUAKEAND
FAULTS

2. ThePhilippines lies
inthePacificringof
fire.

3. TheRingofFire, alsoreferred toas the Circum-PacificBelt, isapathalong
thePacificOceancharacterizedbyactivevolcanoes andfrequent
earthquakes. ThemajorityofEarth’svolcanoes andearthquakestake
placealongtheRingofFire.

4. HOWFAULTSAREFORMED?
Faultsarefracturesonthe
surfaceofEarththatresultto
somedisplacementorchangesin
thepositionofrocks.

5. TYPESOFFAULTS
NORMALFAULT
REVERSEFAULT
THRUSTFAULT
RIGHTANDLEFTSTRIKESLIPFAULTS
ACTIVEFAULTS
INACTIVEFAULTS

6. NORMALFAULT
Formedwhen
thefootwall
movesup
relativetothe
hangingwall.

7. REVERSEFAULT
FORMEDWHEN
THEFOOTWALL
MOVESDOWN
RELATIVETOTHE
HANGINGWALL.

8. THRUSTFAULT
HASA
VERYLOW
ANGLEOF
DISPLACE
MENT.

9. RIGHTANDLEFTSTRIKESLIPFAULTS
FORMEDTHERE’S
NOVERTICAL
DISPLACEMENT.

10. ACTIVEFAULTS
THOSETHATHAVEMOVEDONE
ORMORETIMESINTHELAST
10,000YEARS.

11. INACTIVEFAULTS
THOSETHATHAVENOT
MOVEDFORTHELAST
10,000YEARS.

12. EARTHQUAKES
Anearthquakeistheshakingofthesurfaceofthe
earthduetothesuddenreleaseofenergyinthe
earth'scrust.Asaresult,seismicwaves(also
knownasSwaves)arecreated.Theseismic
activitiesinanareadeterminethetypeand
intensityoftheearthquake.

13. 2TYPESOFEARTHQUAKE
TECTONIC
VOLCANIC

14. TECTONIC
EARTHQUAKEAREPRODUCEDBY
SUDDENMOVEMENTALONGFAULTS
ANDPLATEBOUNDARIES.

15. VOLCANIC
EARTHQUAKEINDUCEDBY
RISINGLAVAORMAGMA
BEANETHACTIVEVOLCANOES.

16. HOW
EARTHQUAKES
FORMED?

17. Earthquakesarevibrationsof
theearthcausedbyrapidrelease
ofenergy.
Theyoccurwhentheforcesare
appliedtorocks,thusbending
andbreakingthem.

18. FOCUS
Thefocusofanearthquakeisthe
pointwheretherocksstartto
fracture.
Itistheoriginoftheearthquake.

19. EPICENTER
Theepicenteristhepointonland
directly,abovethefocus.
Usuallythelocationthatis
reportedtothepublic.

21. MAGNITUDE
Measuretheenergyreleasedatthe
sourceoftheearthquake.
Magnitudeisdeterminedfrom
measurementsonseismograph.

23. INTENSITY
MEASURESTHESTRENGTHOFSHAKING
PRODUCEDBYEARTHQUAKEATACERTAIN
LOCATION.
INTENSITYISDETERMINEDFROMEFFECTS
ONPEOPLE,HUMANSTRUCTURESANDTHE
NATURALENVIRONMENT.

24. LAYERSOFTHEEARTH

25. CRUST
Crust”describestheoutermostshellofa
terrestrialplanet.Ourplanet'sthin,40-
kilometer(25-mile)deepcrust—just1%of
Earth'smass—containsallknownlifeinthe
universe.Thecrustismadeofsolidrocksand
minerals.

27. MANTLE

29. CORE