pengenalan-jaringan-nirkabel.ppt

Baso Maruddani
Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Bahan Ajar D3 - Teknik Jaringan Komputer - Pertemuan 1
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Jaringan Nirkabel

Sejarah Komunikasi Wireless (1)
Bahan Ajar D3 - Teknik Jaringan Komputer -
Pertemuan 1
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 Awal komunikasi radio
— Awal 1800s: Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry, Hans Oersted
bereksperimen tentang aliran arus listrik pada satu kawat yang dapat
menginduksi kawat lain
— 1864: James Maxwell berteori tentang osilasi dari arus listrik yang
dapat menimbulkan medan EM. Medan EM ini berpropagasi dengan
kecepatan cahaya. Cahaya tampak merupakan salah satu fenomena
EM dan merupakan bagian dari spektrum EM
— 1873: Maxwall mempublikasikan persamaan Maxwell yang sangat
findamental. 4 persamaan differensial yang mendeskripsikan
perubahan ruang dan waktu pada medan EM
— 1888: Heinrich Hertz membangun transmitter dan receiver radio yg
pertama untuk mengukur gelombang EM dan membuktikan teori
Maxwell yang mengatakan bahwa gelombang EM bergerak dengan
kecepatan cahaya

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— 1895: Guglielmo Marconi membangun sistem wireless telegraph
pertama
— 1901: Marconi mentransmisikan transatlantic wireless telegraph
message pertama
— 1906: Reginald Fessenden pertama kali mentransmisikan suara
melalui radio (from Boston to ships in Atlantic)
— 1918: Edwin Armstrong menemukan superheterodyne circuit
untuk receiver radio yg stabil
— 1933: Armstrong menemukan frequency modulation (sebelumnya
yang digunakan adalah amplitude modulation), lebih tahan
terhadap nose dan interferensi
 1934: US creates FCC (Federal Commun. Commission) to mengawasi
telekomun ikasi di publik termasuk pengalokasian spektrum

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 1946: AT&T memperkenlkan layanan mobile telephone pertama dgn
menggunakan transmisi radio FM, 120KHz per kanal voice dan terbatas
hanya pada 50 mil dari base station serta menggunakan operator untuk
men-dial
— Pertengahan-1960s: AT&T’s IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone
Service) menggunakan 30 kHz voice channels, narrowband FM and
direct dialing (tanpa operator)
 Generasi pertama telepon selular analog (First generation analog cellular
telephony)
— akhir1940s: AT&T membuat konsep selular untuk frequency reuse
— 1971: AT&T mengajukan High Capacity Mobile Phone Service
kepada FCC
— 1979: US menstandarkan hal itu sebagai AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System) pada daerah 800-900 MHz
• 1983: AT&T me-launchAMPS di Chicago

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— 1985: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) di Scandanavia, Total
Access Communications System (TACS) di UK, C450 di W.
Germany
• Total : 6 incompatible analog cellular systems di Europe
• Motivated Europe to accelerate 2nd generation digital cellular
 Generasi Kedua Selular Digital (Second generation digital cellular)
— 1989: Europe membuat standar Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM)
• 1992: GSM di-launching
— 1990: Japan menstandarkan Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) yang
sekarang disebut Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
— 1990: Europe menstandarkan Digital Cellular System at 1800 MHz
(DCS 1800, yang kemudian dinamakan GSM 1800)
• 1993: DCS 1800 di-launching

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— 1992: TIA/IS-54 TDMA (Digital AMPS) dikembangkan diUS
— 1996: TIA/IS-95 CDMA di US
— 1995: Personal Handphone System (PHS) di Japan, first
widespread low-tier PCS, is hugely successful
 1996: AT&T and Sprint offer PCS in major US cities
— Smaller cell sites (0.25 km vs traditional 1-8 km), smaller/lighter
portable handsets, cheaper access points
 1998: ITU begins to study proposals for 3rd generation cellular
 mid-2000s: UMTS, IMT-2000, W-CDMA, cdma2000, EDGE,...
 2010-?: 4th generation?
— Self organizing, ad hoc?

Badan Hukum Telekomunikasi
Pertemuan 1
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 Di Indonesia : BRTI
 Untuk internasional : FCC (Federal
Communication Commision)

Pentingnya Komunikasi Wireless
Pertemuan 1
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Networks Today
Pertemuan 1
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Perlunya Wireless
Pertemuan 1
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Elemen Wireless Network (1)
Pertemuan 1
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Pertemuan 1
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Pertemuan 1
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Pertemuan 1
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Pertemuan 1
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Wireless Link : Parameter
Pertemuan 1
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Standar Wireless
Pertemuan 1
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Selular vs Wi Fi
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Karakteristik Kanal Wireless
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 Sinyal yang ditransmisikan melalui gelombang
radio akan mengalami fluktuasi akibat
karakteristik medium yang selalu berubah
 Selain itu terjadi penurunan daya sinyal
 Kesulitan untuk melakukan proses selanjutnya :
demodulasi

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Pertemuan 1
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Fluktuasi sinyal tersebut dapat dibagi 2:
 Large Scale Fading  fading relatif tetap untuk plot
area yg besar
- Refleksi
- Difraksi
- Scattering
 Small Scale Fading (Multipath)  fading berubah
secara dramatis untuk plot area yg kecil
- Time spreading signal
- Time varying kanal

Large Scale Fading
Pertemuan 1
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 Refleksi : mengenai benda rata yg > λ
 Difraksi : terhalang oleh permukaan tajam
gelombang semu muncul di belakang
penghalang Shadowing
 Scattering : mengenai benda yg < λ
Mengatasi :
- Fading margin (secara defintif) adalah
kenaikan daya pancar yang harus dilakukan
agar penerimaan lebih/sama dengan level
penerimaan minimum yang diijinkan
- Diversitas
- Antena sektoral dan smart antena

Small Scale Fading
Pertemuan 1
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Small Scale Fading
Pertemuan 1
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 Time Varying : Fluktuasi
amplitudo disebabkan
superposisi konstruktif dan
destruktif dari sinyal yang
diterima
 Time spreading :
Perbedaan waktu
kedatangan sinyal akibat
perbedaan lintasan
Flat Slow
Fading
Flat Fast
Fading
Frequency
Selective
Slow
Fading
Frequency
Selective
Fast
Fading
TSym
TSym
T0
m
t
Perioda simbol
Perioda
simbol

Contoh :
Pertemuan 1
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Teknologi Komunikasi Wireless
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PAN
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PAN - Bluetooth
Pertemuan 1
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Pertemuan 1
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Wireless LAN : IEEE802.11
Pertemuan 1
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Infrastuktur Dasar Wireless LAN
Pertemuan 1
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Arsitektur Dasar IEEE 802.11
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Wireless WAN
Pertemuan 1
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Teknik Multiple-Akses Radio
Pertemuan 1
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1G - FDMA
Pertemuan 1
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2G - TDMA
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2G dan 3G - CDMA
Pertemuan 1
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CDMA
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CDMA
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CDMA
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1st Generation – 1G
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1st Generation – 1G
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2nd Generation – 2G
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D-AMPS / TDMA / PDC
Pertemuan 1
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iDEN
Pertemuan 1
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DECT dan PHS
Pertemuan 1
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CDMAone – North America
CDMA
Pertemuan 1
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CDMAone – North America CDMA
(IS-95)
Pertemuan 1
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GSM
Pertemuan 1
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GPRS(1)
Pertemuan 1
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GPRS (2)
Pertemuan 1
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Visi 3G
Pertemuan 1
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International Standard
Pertemuan 1
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Visi IMT 2000
Pertemuan 1
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Standar Radio IMT 2000
Pertemuan 1
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CDMA2000
Pertemuan 1
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WCDMA (UMTS)
Pertemuan 1
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TD- SCDMA
Pertemuan 1
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Migrasi ke 3G
Pertemuan 1
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Spektrum Wireless Mobile
Pertemuan 1
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Perkembangan Arsitektur
Jaringan Selular
Pertemuan 1
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Arsitektur 3G – Secara Umum
Pertemuan 1
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Jaringan GSM
Pertemuan 1
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Signalling pada Core Network
Pertemuan 1
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Panggilan dari PSTN – Jaringan
Mobile
Pertemuan 1
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Arsitektur GSM 2G
Pertemuan 1
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Perkembangan GSM
Pertemuan 1
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Vocoder : AMR dan SMV
Pertemuan 1
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Perkembangan GSM
Pertemuan 1
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GPRS – 2.5G untuk GSM
Pertemuan 1
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2.5G/3G (Add IP Data w/out
perubahan pada voice)
Pertemuan 1
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Arsitektur 2.5G
Pertemuan 1
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Evolusi GSM untuk Data Access
Pertemuan 1
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EDGE
Pertemuan 1
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3G Partnership Project
Pertemuan 1
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Pertemuan 1
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Pertemuan 1
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Pertemuan 1
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Sasaran 3GPP Rel 6
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Wireless LAN
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Topics of Discussion
 Making the Decision to go Wireless
 Wireless Standards
 Wireless Router and Adapter Brands
 Fire Walls
 Wireless Security
 Router Setup
 Wireless Adapter Setup

86
Making the Decision to go
Wireless
Why have a network at home?
 To share files between computers
 To share printers
 To share an Internet connection

87
Making the Decision to go
Wireless
Types of Networks used in a Home
 Hard Wired
 Wireless

88
Types of Networks used in a
Home
 Hard Wired
 Is the most secure
 Faster than wireless
 Technology is increasing wireless though put speeds
 Increased cost
 Cable and connections (electrician)
 May have to cut through walls and floors
 Can be mitigated using cable raceways on wall surfaces

89
Types of Networks used in a
Home
 Wireless
 Does not require cable to be run
 Easy to install
 Easier to add equipment
 Equipment is more expensive
 You may need to plan for problems
 Will be covered in Planning for Your Wireless Router

90
Router/Switch
 Devices are connected together on a network using
a router / switch
 Router part connects two nodes together
 Local-area network (LAN)
 Wide-area network (WAN)
 Switch parts connects devices on LAN together
 Router
 Hard wired devices
 Access point on a wireless router

91
Special Planning for Wireless
Access
 Cordless telephones
 Microwaves
 Type of construction of your home
 Brick
 Wood
 Metal
 Outside interference
 Radio or microwave transmission

92
Wireless Standards
 802.11a
 Speed 54Mbs
 Frequency used is 5 gigahertz (Ghz).
 802.11b
 Speed 11Mbs
 Frequency used is 2.4 gigahertz (Ghz).
 802.11g
 Speed 54Mbs

93
Wireless Standards
New and Future Technology
 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
 Allows present technology to achieve greater throughput
with the present standards,
 In the future 802.11n may be the new standard for
wireless local-area networks
 Throughput may reach 540 Mbs
 10 times faster than 802.11a or 802.11g
 A better operating distance
 May include MIMO technology

94
Wireless Standards
 802.11a
 Speed 54Mbs
 Frequency used is 5 gigahertz (Ghz).
 802.11b
 Speed 11Mbs
 802.11g
 Speed 54Mbs
 802.11n
 Speed 200Mbs (Typ), 540Mps (max)
 Range indoors is 50m

Komponen Wireless Network
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Komponen Wireless Network
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Wireless Standards
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Access Point
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Access Point
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Access Point
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Access Point
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Wireless Router Features
 Contain a wireless access point
 Allows wireless devices to connect
 May use MIMO technology
 Increases throughput
 Contain a hardware firewall
 Stops inbound data unless you request it
 Have setup for Wireless security
 Keeps strangers from accessing LAN through the
wireless access point

103
Some Wireless Router and
Wireless Adapter Brands
 Linksys
 D-Link
 US Robotics
 AirLink
 Belkin
 Netgear

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Pertemuan 1
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107
Firewalls
 You should have a fire wall on all your
computers that have access to the internet
 Two types of fire walls
 Hardware fire wall
 Used to stop incoming data that is not requested by your
computer
 Software firewalls
 Zone Alarm is used to keep your computer from sending or
receiving information without your permission.

108
Wireless security
In the Router:
 Change the default Service Set Identifier (SSID)
 Disable the SSID broadcast
 Change the User Name and Passwords on the
wireless router
 Set up the wireless encryption
 Setup the MAC Filter
 Change the routers local IP address

109
Wireless Security – Encryption
Types
 Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP )
 The oldest encryption method
 Uses a 64-bit or more secure 128 bit key
 Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA )
 Newer encryption method that uses 256-bit key
 Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 ( WPA2 )
 Newest encryption method
 Backward compatible with WPA

110
Setting up your Wireless Router
 Things you need to know
 Who is your ISP
 What type of Internet connection are you using
 User name and password if required
 Brand of router
 Default local IP address
 Default User Name
 Default Password

111
Sample default Local IP Address,
User Name, and Password
Brand Local IP
Address
User Name Password
Linksys 192.168.1.1 admin
Belkin 192.168.2.1
D-Link 192.168.0.1 admin
USRobotics 192.168.2.1 Must set up Must set up
Netgear 192.168.0.1 admin password
Air Link 192.168.1.1 admin admin

112
Demonstration on setting up
wireless router
 Use setup CD that came with router
 If you already have a router installed you should
remove it first. The installation software will try to
determine the type of connection
 Or
 Bring up browser and access router
 Inter routers local IP address in the URL
 Inter the default User Name and Password
 Setup router

113
Setting up the wireless adapter
in the remote PC
 You must know the SSID and encryption KEY
for the network you wish to connect. We
entered these in the router.
 Types of wireless networks
 Infrastructure
 Ad-Hoc
 For this demonstration we will be using an
Infrastructure network

114
Description of the networks
for your information
 Infrastructure network
 Wireless network centered about an access point
 Access point
 Provides communication with the wired network
 Mediates wireless network traffic in the immediate
neighborhood

Topologi Wireless LAN
• Infrastruktur atau Basic Service Set (BSS)
a)
b)

116
 Ad-Hoc
 Are point-to-point networks
 May consist of two or more mobile computers
 A collection of computers which propagate the signals. (A to B to C
to A).
 May be simple point to point
Hey, how’s
it hanging?
Hello,
hello, is
anyone
there?

Topologi Wireless LAN
 Ad-hoc atau Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)

118
 Ad-Hoc
 May be a more complex system with multiple entities

119
The type of wireless adapters
 Will depend on your wireless PC
 For a desktop
 PCI adapter
 USB adapter
 For the laptop
 PC card ( PCMCIA card)
 USB adapter
 Use an adapter that matches your router to get
maximum throughput

120
Installing the wireless adapter
 Use the installation instructions that come with
your wireless adapter
 Using the correct sequence
 Install hardware
 Use CD that comes with the hardware
 Install the driver
 Install the software (utility program)

121
Connecting the wireless
computer to the access point
 Have the remote computer scan for networks
 Find SSID of your network and select it
 enter the encryption key that was used to set up the
wireless part of the router
 Confirm key if necessary
 Click on connect
 You should be connected to the network

122
Finalize Wireless Security as
needed
 Disable the SSID broadcast if wanted
 Change the User Name and Passwords on the
wireless router
 Setup MAC Filter
 Change the routers local IP address

123
Additional information
Acronyms
 AES Advanced Encryption Standard
 DSL Digital Subscriber Line. Usually through your telephone
company
 DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
 HTTP "HyperText Transfer Protocol” This is the protocol used to
format and transfer data over the internet. When you enter a URL in
your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web
server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page..
 IPSEC IP Security
 ISP internet service provider
 LAN local-area network
 L2TP Layer Two (2) Tunneling Protocol. Used with virtual private
network
 MANET mobile ad-hoc network
 MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
 Mbs million bits per second

124
Additional information
Acronyms
 PCMCIA Short for Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association. PC card.
 PING Packet Internet Groper, A utility to determine whether a specific
IP address is accessible
 PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
 PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. Used with virtual private
network
 SSID Service Set Identifier
 TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. Used with virtual private
network
 USB Universal Serial Bus
 URL An Internet address (example, http://www.google.com or
64.233.187.99 are the sane location)
 VPN virtual private network
 WAN wide-area network
 WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy

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