Functional Groups

1. Functional Groups
What is the family name?

2. alkanes
 Only carbon and
hydrogen
 All single bonds
C
C H
H
H
H
H
H
Q: What should you call cyclic hydrocarbons made up
o of just single bonds?
A: Cycloalkanes

3. alkenes
 Only carbon and
hydrogen
 A carbon to carbon
double bond
C C
H H
H
H
Q: What should you call a molecule with two C=Cs?
A: A diene

4. alcohols
 Only one oxygen
 Has an O-H group
 Can classify as 1º/2º/3º
according to position
of O-H group on
carbon skeleton
C
C
H H
H
H
H
H
O
Q: Why are short-chain alcohols so soluble in water?
A: They can form hydrogen bonds with H2O molecules

5. phenols
 Only one oxygen
 Has an O-H group
 The O-H group is
directly attached to a
benzene ring
H
O
Q: The C6H5- group has a special name. What is it?
A: Phenyl

6. aldehydes
 Only one oxygen
 Has a C=O group
 C=O group is at the
end of carbon chain,
so is next door to a
hydrogen atom
C C
H
H
O
H
H
Q: Aldehydes can be easily oxidised to form …?
A: Carboxylic acids

7. ketones
 Only one oxygen
 Has a C=O group
 C=O group is not
at the end of carbon
chain, so is next
door to 2 carbons
C C
H
H
O
H
H
C
H
H
Q: Ketones cannot easily be oxidised. Why not?
A: No hydrogen atom attached to the C=O group.

8. carboxylic acids
 Has 2 oxygens
 Has O-H and C=O
groups on the same
carbon atom
 This -COOH group has
to be at the end of a
carbon chain (why?)
C C
H
H
O
O
H
H
Q: Write an equation showing how ethanoic acid can
a act as a (weak) acid.
A: CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)

9. esters
 Has 2 oxygens
 One oxygen is part
of a C=O bond, the
other is next door,
sandwiched between
two carbons
C C
H
H
O
O
H
C H
H
H
Q: This ester can be made by reacting ethanoic acid with
a an alcohol. Name the alcohol, and name the ester.
A: Alcohol = methanol; ester = methyl ethanoate

10. ethers
 Has 1 oxygen
 No O-H or C=O
group
 The oxygen is
sandwiched between
two carbon atoms
C C
H
H O
H
C H
H
H
H
H
Q: Why do ethers have much lower boiling points
t than their isomeric alcohols?
A: No hydrogen bonds between ether molecules (why?)

11. “What family…?” quiz
Family names:
 cycloalkane
 alkene
 primary (1º) alcohol
 secondary (2º) alcohol
 tertiary (3º) alcohol
 phenol
 aldehyde
 ketone
 carboxylic acid
 ester
 ether
… are you ready?
5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

12. What family does it belong to? (1)
C C
H H
H
H

13. Answers: “What family?” quiz (1)
C C
H H
H
H
alkene

14. What family does it belong to? (2)
C C
H
H
O
H
H

15. Answers: “What family?” quiz (2)
C C
H
H
O
H
H
aldehyde

16. What family does it belong to? (3)
C
C
H O
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H

17. Answers: “What family?” quiz (3)
secondary alcohol
C
C
H O
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H

18. What family does it belong to? (4)
O
C
H
H
H

19. Answers: “What family?” quiz (4)
primary alcohol
O
C
H
H
H

20. What family does it belong to? (5)
H C O C H
H
H
H
H

21. Answers: “What family?” quiz (5)
ether
H C O C H
H
H
H
H

22. What family does it belong to? (6)
C C
H
H
O
O
H
C H
H
H

23. Answers: “What family?” quiz (6)
ester
C C
H
H
O
O
H
C H
H
H

24. What family does it belong to? (7)
C C
H
H
O
H
H
C
H
H

25. Answers: “What family?” quiz (7)
ketone
C C
H
H
O
H
H
C
H
H

26. What family does it belong to? (8)
H
O

27. Answers: “What family?” quiz (8)
phenol
H
O

28. What family does it belong to? (9)
C C
H
C
O
O
H
H
H
H
H

29. Answers: “What family?” quiz (9)
carboxylic acid
C C
H
C
O
O
H
H
H
H
H

30. What family does it belong to? (10)
C
C
H
H
H
H
O
C
H H
H
C
H H
H

31. Answers: “What family?” quiz (10)
tertiary alcohol
C
C
H
H
H
H
O
C
H H
H
C
H H
H

32. What family does it belong to? (11)
C
C
H
H
H
H
H

33. Answers: “What family?” quiz (11)
cycloalkane
C
C
H
H
H
H
H

34. “Spot the functional groups” quiz
Functional groups:
 alkene
 primary (1º) alcohol
 secondary (2º) alcohol
 tertiary (3º) alcohol
 phenol
 arene (NEW!)
 aldehyde
 ketone
 carboxylic acid
 ester
 ether
… are you ready?
5 … 4 … 3 … 2 … 1 … GO!

35. Spot both the functional groups (1)
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
O

36. Spot both the functional groups (1)
OH
OH
O
OH phenol
OH
O
carboxylic acid

37. Spot all three functional groups (2)
OH
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O

38. Spot all three functional groups (2)
OH
O
O
O
O
O
OH
O
carboxylic acid
arene
ester

39. Spot both the functional groups (3)
O
O
OH
O
O
OH

40. Spot both the functional groups (3)
O
O
OH
O
O
OH
phenol
ester

41. OH
OH
OH
Spot both the functional groups (4)
OH
OH
OH

42. OH
OH
OH
Spot both the functional groups (4)
OH
OH
OH
primary alcohols
secondary alcohol

43. Spot all three functional groups (5)
OH
O
OH
O

44. Spot all three functional groups (5)
OH
O
OH
tertiary
alcohol
ketone
alkene
O

45. Spot all three functional groups (6)
H
O
H
O

46. Spot all three functional groups (6)
H
O
H
O
arene
alkene
aldehyde

47. Spot all three functional groups (7)
OCH3
O
O
OCH3

48. Spot all three functional groups (7)
OCH3
O
O
OCH3
ketone
arene
ether

49. Functional groups quiz: results
Maximum score = 18
How did you do?