this PPT contains history of the EV, components of the modern EV, different problems associated with it and different solutions to improve quality and user friendliness of EV. different problems like lack of standardization, range anxiety, cost of the vehicle, performance of the vehicle, different environmental issues, are there in modern EV. different solutions like aluminum air battery, battery swapping stations, hybrid battery of li ion battery and al air battery.

1. EV and their Problems and
Solutions
Presenter : Lav Jivani
Guide : Mr. Mitul Patel

2. Content
• History and Evolution of EV
• Modern EV andTechnology
• Different drawbacks of EV
• Different Solutions
• Conclusion

3. Starting of An Electric era
From early 19th century to 1970

4. History of ElectricVehicle
• EV is not a new technology and its been around for more than a century.
• Horse and buggies were the primary mode of transportation but inventors
in Hungary, Netherlands and USA thinks to the future and created some of
the first small scale electric car In early 19th century.
• Robert Anderson, a British inventor, developed the first crude electric
carriage around this same time, it wasn’t until the second half of the
19th century that French and English inventors built some of the first
practical electric cars.

5. • Ferdinand Porsche, founder of the Porsche a sports car company
invented the first hybrid vehicle in early 20th century.
• Then comes Henry Ford with the First ModelT and it was a gasoline
powered car.
• Mass production of the ModelT makes Gas powered car widely
available and affordable in 1912.
• Electric starter was introduced which helps increase gas powered
vehicle sales more and helped in lose popularity of Electric vehicle.
• Better road quality and discovery of cheap crude oil further contribute
to decline EV sales.
• By 1935, they have all but disappeared.
• But in the 1960s and 1970s there was need for alternative fuel vehicles
due to high gas prices and creating interest in electric vehicle again.

6. Thomas parker EV
• It has 25 amp motor
• Max speed was 12 mph
• As a battery 44 chloride cells, has capacity of 75 Ahr at 3
hour rate.
• Mileage was 35 miles.
• And weighted over 2570 pounds

7. First Hybrid EV
• Engine : 2* single cylinder de-dion bouton IC engine
• Motor : 2.7 hp (2 kW) per wheel
• Top speed : 35 km/h (22 mph)
• Range : 200 km (124 miles)
• Weight : 1.7 tones

8. ModelT launch
• Here is picture of Mr. Henry Ford with first modelT and
one millionth ModelT.
• It has 2.9 L inline four cylinder engine producing 20 hp.
• Top speed was 42 mph.
• It also has motor start engine which further reduces the
EV sales.

9. Modern EV era
From 1970 onwards

10. Start of modern EV era
• Gas shortages spark interest in electric vehicles.
• Many big and small automakers begin exploring options for alternative fuel vehicles around
1970.
• Compared to gas powered cars, EV at that time have many drawbacks, including limited
performance and range, causing interest in EV to fade again.
• New regulations raise interest in EV as a result automakers started modifying popular
vehicle models into EVs, enabling them to achieve speeds and performance much closer to
gasoline powered vehicles around 1990-92.
• In 2000,Toyota releases the first mass produced hybrid vehicle named Prius becomes an
instant success and increase the EV profile.
• BTSs, scientists and engineers work to improve EVs and their batteries.
• A Silicon valley startup nameTesla motors takes on EVs in 2006. they announced that it will
produce a luxury electric sport car with a range of 200 miles.
• Other automakers take note, accelerating work on their own EVs.

11. • To help consumers charge their vehicles on the go, the energy department
invests in nation wide charging infrastructure. including chargers installed
by automaker and other private companies.
• In 2010 first commercially available plug-in hybrid chevy volt was released
by GM.
• In December 2010 Nissan releases the Leaf, an all electric, zero tailpipe
emissions car
• In 2013 due to investment by the energy department in battery technology
in four years battery cost drop by 50 percent, helping vehicles more
affordable for consumers.
• Nowadays consumers have multitude of choices when buying an electric
vehicle, including hybrids, plug in hybrids and all electric.

12. Prototype BY GM
• Many small and big automakers started to exploring
alternative fuel vehicles.
• For example, General Motors developed a prototype
for an urban electric car, which the company
displayed at the first symposium on low pollution
power system development In 1973.

13. First Mass Produced Hybrid
• In 2000,Toyota introduced first mass produced
hybrid EV.
• It was In series parallel hybrid topology.
• Toyota released it worldwide and became a instant
success.

14. Entry of Tesla
• In 2006 tesla announces its first all EV car rodster.
• nowadaysTesla makes luxury EVs with range of more
than 200 miles and some of them is included in one of
the fastest cars also.
• Tesla is one of the leading electric vehicle company
today.

15. First Plug-in Hybrid
• General motors released the ChevyVolt, making it the
first commercially available plug-in hybrid.
• It uses battery technology developed by the Energy
Department of USA.
• Battery can be charge externally which can increase
range of the vehicle.

16. Drop in Battery prices
• Battery is the most expensive part in a EV.
• Due to heavy investment in research & development
of Li-ion battery technology by Energy Department
of US battery costs drop by 50 percent in just four
years.

17. Components in Modern EVS
There are many necessary components in EVs likeTraction battery pack, Electric
Traction motor, Controller and Inverter, cooling system, transmission and onboard
charger.

18. Electric motor
• It is used for energy storage in the form of direct
current electricity.
• If it gets a signal from the controller, the battery will
flow DC current to the inverter to then used to drive
the motor.
• Type of battery used is rechargeable battery that is
arranged as to form what is called a traction battery
pack.
• There are many types of battery used in EV but
most widely Li-ion battery is used.

19. Power Inverter
• The inverter functions to change the direct current
on the battery into alternating current and then this
alternating current is used by electric motor.
• In addition, the inverter is also has a function to
change the AC current when regenerative braking to
DC current and then used to recharge the battery.
• Inverter used in some vehicle is bi-directional
inverter category.
• Some inverter also used for DC to DC conversion
which is called Chopper.
• Inverters used for DC to AC conversion called
alternator.

20. Controller
• The main function of the controller is a regulator of
electrical energy from batteries and inverters that
will be distributed to electric motors.
• Controller itself gets input from the car pedal.
• This pedal setting will determine the frequency
variation or voltage variation that will enter the
motor and at the same time determine the car
speed.
• In short, this component will determine how electric
car work.

21. Electric Motor
• Because of the controller provides electric power
from the traction battery, the electric traction
motors will work turning the transmission and
wheels.
• Some hybrid cars uses type of generator motor that
performs the functions of propulsion and
regeneration .
• Many types of motors are used nowadays like BLDC
motor, 3 phase induction motor, SRM motor, SynRM
motor, PM BLDC motor.

22. Charging Device
• It is a battery charging device.
• It gets electricity from outside source, such as the
utility grid or solar power plants.
• AC electricity is converted into DC electricity and
then stored in the battery.
• There are two types of charger like on board charger
and off board charger.

23. BMS
• It is used for battery protection, in order to prevent
operations outside its safe operating area.
• Battery monitoring by estimating the battery pack
state of charge(SOC),depth of discharge and state
of health(SOH) during charging and discharging.
• Battery optimization thanks to cell balancing that
improves the battery life and capacity, thus
optimizing the driving range.
• it manages evenly charging and discharging of cells
in battery pack.

24. Other components
• There are many other components transmission, DC/DC converter, axillary battery,
cooling system, charge port.
• Many other sensors for other vehicle operations also used in EV.
• As a cooling system air cooling system, water cooling system is used.
• Different types of motor like in wheel motor which is placed inside wheel rim which
is known as radial motor is also used.
• This kind of EV does not require transmission system.
• and for motor placed outside wheel require gearbox or other transmission device
like belt drive, chain drive etc.

25. Problems associated with modern EV
Different disadvantages of modern EV which creates some uncertainty while
buying an electric vehicle.

26. EV cost and Battery Cost
• The cost is the most concerning point for an individual when it comes to
buying an EV.
• There are many incentives given off by central and state government. But
these incentives are only applicable for up to a certain number of vehicles
only when these subsidies and incentives are off, suddenly EV becomes
unaffordable.
• This high costs are mainly due to the high cost of battery.

27. BetaVersions ofVehicles
• Right now many companies are new to the market and their products are
possibly facing real costumers for the first time and it’s nearly impossible to
make such a complex product like automobile in the first go.
• All of them has to update their vehicle up to a very high extent after
consumer feedbacks and reviews.
• So buying the vehicle from the first batch of the company’s production
would be a bad idea and can give very bad experience.

28. Poor infrastructure & Range anxiety
• Poor infrastructure is among the most pressing issue among people thinking
to opt for EVs.
• Poor infra doesn’t only include a lack of charging stations but also the lack of
proper charging set up in their home.
• Range anxiety is one of the main reason due to lack of inf

29. Lack of standardization
• Every second EV making company has its own different charging port which is
becoming a hurdle to setting up a proper charging ecosystem.
• One user can not charge their vehicle in another company’s charging station.
• It’s a curse on Indian EV industry and damaging the present and future of EV
industry.
• Every second electric scooter has it’s own differ charging port and no specific
charging station can be built that can have all types of chargers and can charge all
types of Evs.

30. Temperature issues
• Temperature can affect the performance of an EV battery at a large extent
which makes EV’s inappropriate for too cold (Uttarakhand, J&K) or too hot
regions like (Rajasthan, MP).
• Battery can give ideal performance under temperature range between 15-40
degrees.
• In Li-ion batteries which is most commonly used battery can explode due to
short circuit between two electrodes caused by evaporation of separator in
high temperature.

31. performance
• IC engine driven vehicles are still very ahead of EV when it coms to
performance.
• In order to make sure that an EV is giving the promising range it becomes
highly important to drive the vehicles at lower performance and be aware of
maximum usage of “regen”.

32. Electricity demand
• It’s just matter of assuming the increment in electricity demand when
everyone in the city is using solely electricity to charge their vehicle.
• It’ll be horrific increment in the electricity demand and as of now we are
majorly dependent on burning fossil fuel for generating electricity.
• Until we use renewable sources of energy for generating electricity EV
revolution will be of no use.

33. Environment concerns
• EV revolution is necessary for the most polluted and populated cities of India like Delhi,
Mumbai etc.
• But in these cities most electricity is produced from fossil fuel which are equivalent to
spreading pollution through the ICE vehicle, even most of the charging stations are
reportedly operating upon diesel driven electricity generator.
• Even elements which is used for making battery like Lithium is very rare and mining of
lithium is require extensive amount of water which is major concern in lithium mining
countries likeArgentina,Chile, Brazil.
• Life cycle of battery in EV is limited like 7-8 years and after that recycling of the Li-ion
battery is major issue and there is no proper recycling infrastructure for lithium as of now.
• Most of the batteries are dumped on the ground as of now which is threat to human being
and environment.

34. Different solutions
Solutions for high costing, range anxiety, and charging infrastructure

35. Alternative for Li ion battery
• It is necessity to find alternative of Li-ion battery because of high cost, rarity of lithium,
dependency on countries like China, recycling issues and toxicity of lithium.
• One of many alternative for Li-ion battery is Metal air battery.
• It is a non rechargeable battery.
• Aluminum can be used as anode and air is used as cathode.The result is much higher
energy density.
• Due to abundance of aluminum in India and world it can be a good alternative
• Aluminum air battery function similarly to a fuel cell.

36. • Al-air batteries high advantage over Li-ion batteries.
• Although a battery, it works like an engine. Only difference is fuel which is
aluminum in Al-air battery.
• It has a travel range similar to that gasoline
engine.
• Energy density is far higher than a li-ion
battery.
• It is much lighter than Li-ion battery opening
a door to E-planes too.
• Unlike lithium, it requires battery swapping
reduces time for charging.
• Aluminum recycle infrastructure is already
out there so no need for high infrastructure
requirement.
• Indian companies like Hindalco, IOC tied up with Israeli company Phinergy
for R&D of Al-air battery in India.

37. Battery swapping station
• This type of infrastructure can be develop for rapid charging of the EV In city and
on highways.
• Waiting time during travelling can be reduced.
• Battery pack can be divide in multiple modules which can be easily replaceable at
the swapping station.
• These replaced modules can be charge separately at the station.
• For this standardization of battery module is necessary.
• Due to swapping journey time can be reduced.

38. Hybrid Battery
• Combination ofAl-air battery and Li-ion can be used.
• Rechargeable Li-ion battery can be used for daily usage of vehicle.
• Al-air battery can be used for long journeys.
• Weight can be reduced, cost of vehicle can be reduced, range of the vehicle
can be increase.

39. Conclusion
• Currently EVs have many major issues which needs to be solve, if not solve it is of no use.
• Indian government is trying to give benefits to the EV companies and its consumers by
giving subsidies.
• EV’s are inevitable and we have to reduce usage of ICE vehicle but as of now all electric
vehicle is not at all green and pocket friendly to the customers.
• Many car enthusiast including me will agree that a vehicle should give driving experience
which includes sound of an exhaust, power of an engine, range, feeling that an ICE vehicle
gives which is totally missing in EV.
• As long as electricity is produced from fossil fuel and charging infrastructure is not
developed I will prefer to buy an ICE vehicle.

40. Thank you