Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry 1 Example from a class assignment outside SMHM. 25 July 2011 Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry: An Annotated Bibliography Downing, K. (2006). Next generation: what leaders need to know about the Millennials. Leadership in Action, 26(3), 3-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from Wiley InterScience Journals. In this article, the author attempts to explain the generational differences of Millennial by looking at parental influence, social networks, and employer interactions. Emphasis is placed on how Millennials must be led in order to maintain their motivation at the work place. Field, R. G. (1982). A test of the Vroom-Yetton normative model of leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(5), 523-532. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from ScienceDirect. This article provides a historical analysis of the Vroom-Yetton normative model of leadership. Furthermore, interactions between leaders and employees are observed. Findings suggest there is validity on the applicability of the model. This paper will offer a historical background into the development of the Vroom-Yetton normative model of leadership, while also providing data as to how the theory applies to leader-employee relations. Although this article is old, it will introduce the historical development of the theory. Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., & Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational differences: an examination of work Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry 2 values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(3), 448-458. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from http://libproxy.library.unt.edu:2127/science/article/pii/S0278431907001223 In this article, the authors attempted to identify generational differences and similarities among hospitality employees and managers in order to develop leadership strategies and management styles that can be utilized to increase employee morale and productivity while enhancing recruitment and retention rates of highly qualified workers. In order to examine generational similarities and differences among hospitality employees and managers, the researchers conducted a series of focus group discussions on employees working in a North American branded hotel chain. The researchers found there are apparent generational differences between Baby Boomers (Boomers), Generation X (Gen X-ers), and the Millennial Generation. Regarding the Millennial Generation, the researchers found they believe in collective action, are optimistic about the future, and trust centralized authority. This article will provide the information needed to define those characteristics found in the Millennial Generation. Heskett, J. (2007). How will Millennials manage? Harvard Business School Working Knowledge. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from http://www.missionfacilitators.com/Articles/Team%20Building/Articles/H.

1. Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry 1
Example from a class assignment outside SMHM.
25 July 2011
Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry:
An Annotated Bibliography
Downing, K. (2006). Next generation: what leaders need to
know about the Millennials.
Leadership in Action, 26(3), 3-6. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from
Wiley InterScience
Journals.
In this article, the author attempts to explain the generational
differences of Millennial by
looking at parental influence, social networks, and employer
interactions. Emphasis is
placed on how Millennials must be led in order to maintain their
motivation at the work
place.
Field, R. G. (1982). A test of the Vroom-Yetton normative
model of leadership. Journal of

2. Applied Psychology, 67(5), 523-532. Retrieved July 25, 2011,
from ScienceDirect.
This article provides a historical analysis of the Vroom-Yetton
normative model of
leadership. Furthermore, interactions between leaders and
employees are observed.
Findings suggest there is validity on the applicability of the
model. This paper will offer a
historical background into the development of the Vroom-
Yetton normative model of
leadership, while also providing data as to how the theory
applies to leader-employee
relations. Although this article is old, it will introduce the
historical development of the
theory.
Gursoy, D., Maier, T. A., & Chi, C. G. (2008). Generational
differences: an examination of work
Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry 2
values and generational gaps in the hospitality workforce.
International Journal of

3. Hospitality Management, 27(3), 448-458. Retrieved July 25,
2011, from
http://libproxy.library.unt.edu:2127/science/article/pii/S027843
1907001223
In this article, the authors attempted to identify generational
differences and similarities
among hospitality employees and managers in order to develop
leadership strategies and
management styles that can be utilized to increase employee
morale and productivity
while enhancing recruitment and retention rates of highly
qualified workers. In order to
examine generational similarities and differences among
hospitality employees and
managers, the researchers conducted a series of focus group
discussions on employees
working in a North American branded hotel chain. The
researchers found there are
apparent generational differences between Baby Boomers
(Boomers), Generation X (Gen
X-ers), and the Millennial Generation. Regarding the Millennial
Generation, the
researchers found they believe in collective action, are
optimistic about the future, and

4. trust centralized authority. This article will provide the
information needed to define
those characteristics found in the Millennial Generation.
Heskett, J. (2007). How will Millennials manage? Harvard
Business School Working
Knowledge. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from
http://www.missionfacilitators.com/Articles/Team%20Building/
Articles/How%20Will%
20Millennials%20Lead.pdf
This brief article discusses the effects of Millennial employees
in workplace. In addition,
characteristics of this generation are further discusses. Most
importantly, it’s discussed
that Millennial employees demand "the immediate gratification
of making an immediate
impact by doing meaningful work immediately." In short,
Millennials are high
Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry 3
maintenance, high risk, and often high output employees. This
article provides a brief
look into the transactional nature of Millennials in the

5. workplace.
Ineson, E., & Stone, G. (2010). Personal attributes associated
with successful management in the
hospitality industry - a pilot study in licensed retail operations.
Tourism and Hospitality
Management, 16(2), 151-164. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from
ABI/INFORM Global.
This article sought to identify key qualities associated with
successful licensed retail
managers, defined as effective, efficient and profitable
operators. The researchers found
elements of emotional intelligence, including commitment and
hardiness, were identified
as primary success for managing a retail operation. This article
may be helpful in
providing insight in the description of those characteristics
managers need to exhibit
when working in a retail setting.
Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000). Millennials rising: the next
great generation. New York, NY:
Vintage Books.
This book offers insight into the personality types of the
Millennial Generation and

6. provides an in-depth analysis on how these characteristics will
influence the workforce
once they reach adulthood. This book will offer a foundation in
determining the
demographic and personality characteristics of Millennials.
Testa, M. R. (2007). A deeper look at national culture and
leadership in the hospitality industry.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(2), 468-
484. Retrieved from
ScienceDirect.
This article attempts to examine more closely how employees
evaluate leaders with
varying national cultures and how these relate to cultural
influences, perceived leadership
and work-related outcomes. Although this article does not focus
on the Millennial
Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry 4
Generation in the hospitality industry, it provides insight as to
how employees perceive
hospitality leaders.
Westaby, J. D., Probst, T. M., & Lee, B. C. (2010). Leadership

7. decision-making: a behavioral
reasoning theory analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3),
481-495. Retrieved July 25,
2011, from ScienceDirect.
In this article, the authors discuss how behavioral reasoning
theory proposes that context-
specific reasons are critical in leadership decision-making,
intention formation, and
behavior. The authors also provide insights into the positive
contributions of normative
decision-making models as they relate to leader development.
This article provides
insight into the theory behind the normative approach to
leadership.
Wieck, K. L. (2008). Managing the Millennials. Nurse Leader,
6(6), 26-29. Retrieved July 25,
2011, from
http://libproxy.library.unt.edu:2127/science/article/pii/S154146
1208002073
In this article, the author describes the Millennial generation
from a perspective of
analyzing how their characteristics contribute to the challenge
of leading and managing
them in the higher education and hospital work environments.

8. This article offers
extensive analysis on the Millennial Generation and offers an
overview of possible
implications that may arise in the workforce due to their unique
generational
characteristics. Although this article is specifically targeted to
the field of nursing, the
information may offer insight into the unique characteristics of
this generation.
Wisniewski, M. A. (2010). Leadership and the Millennials:
transforming today’s technological
teens into tomorrow’s leaders. Journal of Leadership Education,
9(1), 53-68. Retrieved
July 25, 2011, from
http://www.fhsu.edu/jole/issues/JOLE_9_1.pdf#page=66
Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality Industry 5
In this article, the author her findings concluding a year-long
research study of university
students’ perceptions of the factors that characterize effective
teaching and learning, in
general, and more specifically, leadership education. Findings
suggest that traditional

9. approaches to teaching will likely be met with resistance. A
leadership education model
for the Millennials detailing the purposes and content, along
with strategies for teaching
and learning is also presented. This article provides insightful
information as to how
Millennials perceive leadership and how they hope this
information is taught in the
classroom.
Jessica Alper discussion
Areas of concern
An important area of concern for this 16-year-old patient is to
find out why she is having difficulties concentrating in school.
As the practitioner, I would want to inquire in more details
about the child’s life. What are some stressors in the child’s life
that are making it difficult to focus in school? How is her
family life? How are her friends? Additionally, seeing that this
patient already looks thin and frail in appearance, I would
wonder what her diet consists of. Why would a thin and frail
teenager inquire about diet pills? What is the reason for her
wanting to lose weight?
It seems that this patient could be experiencing depression, as
well as body dysmorphic disorder, and an investigation of her
lifestyle is a must. There are six categories to discuss with a
teenager that can help the practitioner understand the health-
related behaviors leading to death and disability. The topics
include behaviors contributing to unintentional injuries and
violence, risky sexual behaviors that can lead to unintended
pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, the use of alcohol

10. or any drug use, tobacco use, unhealthy dietary behaviors, as
well as physical activity that can be inadequate (Youth Risk,
2020).
Screening tools
An important screening tool to be used at the beginning of the
visit is using the HEADSSS assessment. This acronym stands
for Home, Education, Activities, Drugs and alcohol, Sports,
Sex, Suicide as well as Safety. Asking these questions can help
the practitioner understand the patient a bit more in order to
better help them. When inquiring about the home, it is
important to note who the patient lives with and if they feel
safe. Questions related to the education includes grades,
interests, and career aspirations. Activities questions may
include extracurricular involvements, and favorite pass times.
When covering the topic of drugs and alcohol, many screens can
be performed, such as the CRAFFT assessment tool. This
specific tool includes questions regarding driving a
car while being under the influence of alcohol or drugs,
the need to take drugs or alcohol to be able to
relax, if the patient ever uses any substances when they
are
alone, if the patient ever
forgets things when using substances, if
family or
friends ever think they should cut down on drugs, and
finally, if the patient has ever gotten in
trouble while using mind alternating substances
(Adolescent Medicine, 2020).
The next step of the HEADSSS assessment includes asking
questions about sports. Such questions may be related to what
types of concussions, palpitations, or any history of cardiac
issues in the family. Sexual questions may include their age at
their first sexual encounters, number of partners, and sexual
orientation. Suicide questions may revolve around anxiety
and/or depression the teenager may be feeling. An assessment

11. tool that can be used at this point is the Patient Health
Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), modified for teens. This tool allows
the patient to understand questions about their moods and
feelings in the last two weeks. The patient answers these
questions with “not at all”, “several days”, “more than half the
days”, and “nearly every day”. Depending on the score,
depression may be better assessed, and additional help
provided, whether it includes referral to psychiatry, therapy, or
low-dose medications. The last portion of the HEADSSS
assessment includes inquiring about safety. These questions can
include physical and sexual abuse, bullies, gang involvement,
seatbelt usage, helmet, etc. (Adolescent Medicine, 2020).
Promotion strategies
For this patient, it would be important to focus on “nutrition
and the relationship between good nutrition, health, and a
positive body image” (Burns et al., 2019). Because the patient is
asking about diet pills when she is already looking thin and
frail, it is important to emphasize on healthy eating habits,
limiting the sugar intake as well as caffeinated drinks, and
lastly to not skip any meals. This patient should be encouraged
to following healthy paths to weight management. Body
dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is described as “a preoccupation
with perceived defects in physical appearance, as well as
avoidance and repetitive behaviors, causing distress and
impairment (Rautio et al., 2022). This condition can severely
impact the teenager’s education as well as social development,
and it can be associated with severe levels of psychiatric
comorbidities, poor insight, psychiatric treatment refusal, as
well as suicidal behaviors. It seems that this patient is
experiencing these symptoms on top of her depression.
Social media is an enormous component to BDD. In the last
couple decades, bullying has been very prevailing, and many
children and teenagers are affected. Different types of bullying
exist, such as body shaming and fat shaming, and can have a
great negative influence on one’s own perception of their body
image, leading to low self-esteem and BDD. Social media may

12. be a trigger to the teenagers who already are predisposed to the
disorder, and could therefore worsen the symptoms (Body
Dysmorphic, 2022).
At this point, I would not feel comfortable prescribing this
patient any diet pills. Once I have evaluated the patient and I
am more informed on her situation from the questions I will be
asking her, I believe a referral to therapy is advised so that she
can receive the proper care. During therapy, a deeper
understanding can be communicated through the use of
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This type of therapy added
to an antidepressant, such as SSRI, can greatly increase
outcomes. Additionally, the patient should be encouraged to
continue participating in family activities and social gatherings,
encourage the parent to show their child unconditional love, to
be patient and supportive, to maintain a positive and close
relationship, to be a good role model and a good listener. The
main advice to the parent of a child with BDD is to not be
critical of their child, but rather to encourage them to receive
professional help (Body Dysmorphic, 2022).
Additionally to referring the child to psychiatry and therapy, I
would also refer the child to a nutritionist. Sometimes patients,
especially teenagers, may be falsely informed on foods and food
groups and they do not necessarily know the right foods to eat.
Focusing on protein and vegetables, while limiting portions and
not skipping meals is of great importance and the patient should
be thoroughly educated on it. Lastly, education about
incorporating a light workout routine may be complementary to
the healthy diet.
References
Adolescent medicine: Routine screening [The University of
Chicago]. (2020).
https://pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu/page/adolescent-medicine-
routine-screening
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and youth. (2022). Mental
Health America.
https://www.mhanational.org/body-dysmorphic-

13. disorder-bdd-and-youth
Burns, C., Dunn, A., Brady, M., Starr, N., & Blosser, C. (2019).
Burns' pediatric primary care (7th ed.). Elsevier.
Rautio, D., Gumpert, M., Jassi, A., Krebs, G., Flygare, O., &
Monzani, B. (2022). Effectiveness of multimodal treatment for
young people with body dysmorphic disorder in two specialist
clinics, Behavior Therapy, 53, 1037-1049.
Youth risk behavior surveillance system (YRBSS). (2022).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/index.htm
Annotated Bibliography #1
Creating the Annotated Bibliography.
The purpose of writing an annotated bibliography can be two
fold. It can provide a current overview of the published
literature on a specific subject and this may be published in a
scholarly journal, etc. It can also be the starting point of your
research project. The annotated bibliography provides the APA
reference but also it provides a summary of the main points of
the source. Instead of skimming and listing the APA citation on
a reference page, you must read the articles with more detail
and be more critical.
Creating an annotated bibliography, you can see where your
research ideal or purpose fits. It will help you form your
research problem statement. You will review what research and
writings have been established in this field and/or topic and you
will create a current, detailed review of the literature.
For the CMHT 5100 Class Assignment:
Establish and specify your research focus: Millennial
Generation, Leaders in Hospitality Industry
Create your title: Millennial Leaders in the Hospitality
Industry: An Annotated Bibliography
Complete exhaustive review of literature: Use a bookmarking

14. or referencing system like RefWorks to compile your literature
review.
Re-evaluate literature review list to establish usable references.
Create the APA reference and summary for each reference. See
example below and the example in the BBL folder.
Target a minimum of 20 references (journal articles).
Submit as a typed, APA style manuscript. 1” margins, double
spaced, etc.
Grading: Each article (20 total) is worth 2 points each. 1 point
for summary, 1 point for APA reference. This is an “all or
none” item grade so proof read carefully before submitting.
You can read more about annotated bibliographies on Purdue
Online Writing Lab
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_as
signments/annotated_bibliographies/index.html