ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN SPECIES DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF HALU WEREDA, ILUBABOR ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA

College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mettu University, Dec, 2011 /2019
ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN SPECIES DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF HALU
WEREDA, ILUBABOR ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH WEST
ETHIOPIA
LETA JIMA DESTA (MA): Geo.ES.
Abstract
Mankind has been fascinated by birds, observed, used, painted, wrote and sung, kept in
captivity, protected and gave them great respect, since the earliest times. The general
objective of the study was to assess the current diversity, distribution and relative
abundance of avian fauna in study area. Cross sectional sampling design was used.
Preliminary survey data collection was conducted for wet land habitats. The counting of
birds was carried out using naked eyes, digital camera. The species diversity of each
habitat was analyzed using Shannon diversity Index, evenness index, similarity index and
relative abundance. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index revealed that highest avian
species diversity (H’ =3.60) was recorded in Kersa wetlands followed (H’=3.89). The next
highest avian species diversity was recorded in Sardo wet land (H′=3.73) and the least
diversity of avian species was recorded in Hamuma wetland (H’=3.55). The highest and
the lowest even distribution of species were recorded in the Sardo habitat (E=1.69) and
Hamuma (E= 1.82) respectively. Lastly the highest species evenness was recorded in the
Kersa habitat (H ’ =2.4). The presence a high number of species suggests that Sardo and
its adjoining areas are key conservation sites of birds. The seasonal variation in avian
species and number of individuals in the study area was related to the differences in
resource availability between habitats. Therefore, conservation measures are needed to
protect the biological diversity of the area. Local communities are advised to take training
on bird’s protection and must increase their awareness. Clear demarcations are essential
to minimize the exploration of wildlife of the area. Illegal activities of the local community
in the forest should be controlled and enhance the competency and their effectiveness
significantly through training and patrol equipment.
Key Words: Avian, abundance, indices, diversity, species

1. INTRODUCTION
Mankind has been fascinated by birds, observed,
used, painted, wrote and sung, kept in captivity,
protected and gave them great respect, since the
earliest times (Daimond, 1987). They are the
most universally celebrated form of animals,
found in pictures, photographs, sculptures,
words and songs (Clifford et al., 1998). They
have been particularly important to the cultural,
religious and aesthetic sides of human life from
time immemorial. Religion and birds were used
as religious symbols until the renaissance.
According to the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural
History Society (EWNHS) (1996), Ethiopia is
one of the Mega-diversity countries consisting
of various types of living organisms with
variations in species composition. It is endowed
with great ecological diversity. Moreover, it is
one of the few countries in the world with
relatively high number of endemic species
(EARO, 2002).
The physiographic, climatic and edaphic
diversity resulted in a variety of vegetation from
high altitude alpine to semi-desert plant
communities (Gebremarkos Woldeselassie,
1998). Vegetation in various parts of the country
supports several fauna including those that are
endemic to the country (Yonas Yemshaw,
2002). The faunal diversity of Ethiopia is very
high. There are 288 known terrestrial mammal
species, of which 31 are endemic (Sewnet
Mengistu, 2012). The country is also one of
Africa leading birding destinations. Its avifauna
represents an interesting mixture of East and
West African, Palearctic and some strikingly
unusual endemic components (EWNHS, 1996).
Ethiopia is one of the most significant countries
in Africa in terms of biodiversity (Urban and
Brown, 1971). The highlands and Horn of Africa
are major parts of conservation international’s
Eastern Afromontane hotspot. This is due to the
diverse and isolated ecosystems with a large
number of endemic species. These hotspot areas
are among the world’s most important
biodiversity areas. However, they are the most
degraded and disturbed ecosystems. This
includes the entire eastern area below 1,100m
and higher altitudes including all highland areas
(Mckee, 2007).
Among 2100 bird species so far recorded in
Africa (Sinclair and Ryan, 2003), Ethiopia
harbors 926 species (Lepage, 2006) of which 21
species are endemic and 19 species are globally
threatened (Redman et al., 2009). Out of the
threated bird species of the country, two species
are critically endangered, five species
endangered, and 12 species vulnerable (Collar et
al., 1994). In Ethiopia, a total of 73 hotspots
have been identified as important Bird Area.
Nationally, Ethiopia IBA sites have been
grouped into three conservation categories: 19
critical sites, 23 Urgent sites and 31 highly sited
areas (Mengistu Wondefrash, 2003). IBSAs are
internationally important for the conservation of
bird biodiversity. EWNHS has identifies three
globally recognized endemic Bird area, (Bird
Life International, 2007).

Ethiopia is one of the most prominent countries
in Africa, in terms of its avifauna. The country's
diverse habitat types contribute for the
tremendously diverse avifauna, over 926 species
are recorded from Ethiopia of which 21 species
are endemic to Ethiopia, 14 other bird species
are shared with Eretria and 19 are globally
threatened (Lepage, 2006). Forests, wetlands
and reverine systems are sites for wintering or
passage migrant birds in Ethiopia (EWNHS,
1996). There are 214 Palarctic migrant bird
species occurring in Ethiopia. Of these total, 45
species have been found to over summer within
the boundaries of the country. A large number of
these birds have breeding populations in
Ethiopia (Pol, 2006). So the study focused on
assessing the avian diversity, abundance and
evenness in the study area.
Many of the regions of Ethiopia were covered
with thick natural forest and woodland with
varieties of trees and wild animals. Due to
serious human pressure, at present, it is left with
less than 2.7% of the original plant cover. This
has also brought relative decline in wild animal
species. Destruction of habitat, excessive human
predation, introduction of toxic chemicals and
natural uncontrolled events have threatened
about 1,000 species worldwide (Gill, 1995).
Currently many species of birds are in danger of
extinctions. This problem is associated with
human activities such as destruction or
fragmentation of bird habitats for agricultural
expansion is the main threats for the bird
species. There is a need to know more about
birds and their habitat requirements in order to
protect them (ICBP, 1990). The present study is
an attempt to asses the species composition,
distribution, relative abundance of avian
diversity in Halu Wereda wet lands.
1.1.Definition and concept of Avian Diversity
Avian diversity refers to all categories of birds.
Birds are numerically the most successful
terrestrial vertebrates (Welty, 1975). According
to Kotpal (1985), the world population of birds
is nearly 100 billion. Birds make up less than
half a percent of global animal species diversity
(Jews, 2004). The power of flight is a means of
quick direct access to almost any spot on earth.
They can feed on variety of food items and build
homes on infinite variety of sites (Welty, 1975).
They are the only animals that have feathers and
the only living vertebrates apart from bats that
have evolved wings and powered flight (Birdlife
International, 2007).
Birds are one of the most important components
of biodiversity. This can be indicated by their
ecological, economical and aesthetic values.
From the earliest times, birds have captured the
imagination of people the world over. Their
flight, songs, color displays and migrations are
among the world’s most compelling natural
wonders (ICBP, 1990). Birds are conspicuous
and possess diagnostic calls or songs that are
necessary to identify them in the field (Walace
and Maham, 1975). Birds are associated with
mankind. They also serve as game animals, pest
control agents and means of cleaning the
environment (Kotpal, 1985). One economic

importance of birds is their contribution in seed
and fruit dispersal. It is well known that many
fruit producing plants and bird species are co-
evolved to disperse the plants in both tropics and
temperate region (Wilkinson, 1997).
1.2.Distribution of birds
Birds are ubiquitous animals that frequent both
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The power of
flight allows them to move easily between earth
and sky, and yet they are perfectly adapted to
every environment that man inhabits. Although
birds collectively occupy most of the earth’s
surface, most species are found only in
particular regions and habitats, whereas others
are cosmopolitan.
Some species, particularly those of recent origin
and those handicapped by lack of mobility, may
still be at or near their place of origin, never
having succeeded in occupying new regions.
Other species, with greater adaptability, better
means of dispersal, or a higher reproductive or
genetic potential, which creates population
pressure and peripheral spreading, have
successfully invaded new areas. Some of them,
such as the hawks and owls, gulls and terns,
swallows and swifts, andmany water birds are
now virtually worldwide (Wallace and Mahan,
1975).
1.3. Diversity of birds
The taxonomy of birds and their distribution are
well known and documented. Birds have long
been popular with amateurs and professionals
and consequently their systematic position and
distribution patterns are better known than any
other comparable groups of animals, with the
possible exception of large mammals (Furness
and Greenwood, 1993). According to Ehrlich et
al. (1994), there are nearly 10,000 known
species of modern or recently extinct birds. The
living species of birds are grouped into 27 orders
and these in turn have been grouped into 155
families (Peterson, 1963). Africa is home to two
endemic bird Orders, ten endemic Families (with
two more only reaching Madagascar or Arabia)
(Sinclair and Ryan, 2003).
Ethiopia has a diverse set of ecosystems ranging
from humid forest and extensive wetlands to the
desert of the Afar depression. Because of its
geographic position, range of altitude, rainfall
pattern and soil variability, the country possesses
ecological diversity and a huge wealth of
biological resource. The geographical location
of Ethiopia, particularly the plateau, makes it a
bio-geographical island surrounded by expanse
of dry lands. This complex topography coupled
with environmental heterogeneity offers suitable
environments for a wide range of life forms.
Ethiopia provides habitat for more than 800
species of birds (Urban and Brown, 1971).
According to Avibase (2006), out of the 926 bird
species listed for the country, 21 are endemic
and 19 are globally threatened species. Ethiopia
is one of the few countries in the world that
possesses a unique and characteristic fauna with
a high level of endemism (WCMC, 1991). There
are thirteen species restricted to the geographical
region of Ethiopian highlands and thus shared by
Ethiopia and Eritrea (Vivero Pol, 2001

1.4. Climatic Factors and Species Richness
Species richness increases as climatic variation
decreases. Unpredictable climatic variation is a
form of disturbance for bird species.
Environmental factors influence species richness
(Oindo et al., 2001). Seasonal irregularities lead
birds to migration in order to search for
alternative food source available and breeding
sites (Alerstam, 1990). Various bird migration
systems have evolved in response to particular
temporal and spatial changes in the environment,
and most of the aspects of these migratory
systems for shaped by evolutionary selective
pressure associated with change in time and
space (Bauchinger and Klaosen, 2005). Birds
perform long range movements or migrations.
Traveling alone or in flocks, they navigate with
precision, dividing their habitats between places
that are far apart. Unlike many other animals,
birds need abundant food all the year round
migration allows them to exploit seasonal
changes and to breed where the food supply is
best (Birdlife international, 2007).
Species diversity is not determined by any single
factor but the outcome of many contributing
factors. Patterns of variation in species diversity
are patters of variation in many biophysical
factors as well as anthropogenic processes that
could conceivably influence biological diversity
(Diamond, 1988). Within sites, it is fairly
evident that habitat is likely to be important
determinant factor in the distribution and
number of birds. Variations in habitats might be
natural origin for instance by soil type, along a
gradient of rain fall or by altitude. Important
variation might have human origin such as the
degree of deforestation (Bibby et al., 1998).
Temporal diversity of birds during breeding
season is the result of specific feeding difference
together with temporal diversity in the
availabilities of different food resources
(Ricklefs, 1966).
The ecological and life history of birds in
association with habitat loss due to climatic
change and human impacts are explained by the
narrow distribution of most bird species (Cofre
et al., 2007). Narrow sized natural habitats are
mostly disturbed through intensive human
activities like deforestation, logging, subsistence
farming, plantation and mining as the major
threats for majority of birds (Francis and
Shirihai, 1999; Fuentes, 1999). Livestock
grazing, selective logging and agricultural
intensification are contribution factors for the
quality decline of the habitats and this intern
leads to the decline of grassland, forest and
farmland bird (Whited et al., 2000; Janson et al.,
2001). In line with this, when the natural
habitats are disturbed, the species that have
restricted ranges, particularly the endemic
species, usually lack adaptability due to their
relatively less ability to tolerate the modified
conditions (Cofre et al., 2007).
1.5.Objectives
 General Objectives
The general objective of the study was to assess
the current diversity, distribution and relative
abundance of avian fauna in study area.

 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are:
 To determine the species composition and
distribution of Avifauna in the study area.
 To compare diversity of bird species among
different habitats of study area.
 To study abundance and evenness of avian
diversity at study area.
1.6.Research Questions
 What are the species composition and
distribution of Avifauna in the study area?
 What is the relation ship between diversity
of bird species among different habitats of
study area?
 What is abundance and evenness of avian
diversity at the study area?
1.7. Significance of the study
The study result is expected to contribute a lot
for Wereda Institutions, offices, experts and
other development agents by providing
information /hint of avian diversity in the study
area. It provide data for government and NGOs
working in the Wereda to take appropriate
measures to reduce the removal of avian
diversity, and in turn to increase the
understanding of both literate and illiterates
about the role of these species diversity. The
study result could be used as a source/ base for
further research understandings by researchers
interested in the area.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Description of the Study Area
Halu Wereda is found in Ilubabor Zone,
Oromiya National Regional State in South
Western part of Ethiopia. It is located at about
662 km from Addis Ababa in South West
direction on the way to Gambella regional state
main road. Geographically it is located at
8o
0′00′′N - ′8o
21′00′′N latitude and 35o
8′30′′E -
35o
30′30′′E longitude with altitudinal range
between 1200- 1900m above sea level ( Halu
Wereda Agricultural Office, 2019).

Figure 1. Map of Study Area

 Soil Type
The most dominant soil type of the district
constitutes Nitosoils which is the most important
soil for cash crop production like coffee. The
farmers practice shifting cultivation by clearing
forest for agriculture (Halu Wereda Agricultural
and Rural Development Office Report, 2019)
 Climate:
Due to the rugged topography the district
experiences three agro-ecological zones, Dega,
Woina Dega and Kola covering 17%, 66%, and
17% of the total area respectively. Climatic
condition of the study Wereda is divided in to
three agro-climatic zones, Dega, Woina Dega
and kola .Dega zone gets the maximum rainfall
annually whereas kola gets the minimum rainfall
for shorter period of time. Similarly the
distribution of the rainfall varies from season to
season as other parts of the country (Halu
Wereda Agricultural Office, 2019).
Based on the meteorological data collected for
23 years’ rainfall and temperature records from
Mettu station, the mean annual rain fall of the
Wereda is about 1750 mm, while the total
annual rainfall of the study area ranges between
1236- 2000 mm, and the mean daily temperature
is 250
c ( Halu Wereda Agricultural Office,
2019).
2.2.Study Period
Preliminary survey was carried out in September
to May 2018/2019. In this survey, the study site
and the habitats were identified. The habitats
identified during the survey were Wet lands of
Halu Wereda habitats.
2.3. Sample design
Cross sectional sampling design was used. Point
count sites were widely and evenly spread
throughout the habitats. In each point a
maximum of 15 minutes elapsed to count all
avian species seen or heard.
2.4. Data collection
Preliminary survey data collection was
conducted in their species habitats. The counting
of birds was carried out using naked eyes, digital
camera. For birds’ identification, field guide
books will be used. The survey was carried out
by walking on foot through all the habitat types
and random blocks form on vegetation types and
transects in the field. Data was collected by
observing the study area twice a day.
2.5. Data Analysis
The species diversity of each habitat was
analyzed using Shannon diversity Index (H’)
(Shannon and Wiener, 1949). Species evenness
was evaluated using Shannon-Wiener evenness
Index (E) (South wood and Henderson, 2000).
Simpson’s similarity index (SI) will be used to
assess the similarity of species between two
different habitat types. The relative abundance
of avian species was determined using encounter
rates that give crude ordinal scales of abundance
as abundant, common, frequent, uncommon and
rare (Bibby et al., 1998).
The community structure of avian species of
each habitat was described in terms of Shannon-

Wiener diversity Index (H’) (Shannon and
Wiener, 1949). Shannon-Wiener diversity Index
was calculated as.
Where, H’ = Shannon diversity index
S = the number of species
Pi = the proportion of individuals or the
abundance of the ith
species expressed as a
proportion of the total, ln= Natural logarithm
Then finally, product multiplied by -1. The
Shannon’s index ranges typically from 1.5 to 3.5
and rarely reaches 4.5 (Gaines et al., 1999).
The evenness (J) of the mammalian species
will be calculated as J , Where, Hmax꞊
ln (S) and S is the number of species.
Where, S = Number of species in each habitat,
ln = Natural logarithm, I= Number of species in
each habitat.
 Simpson’s similarity index (SI) was
used to assess the similarity of species
between different sites by using the
formula:
SI = 2c/a+b =c
Where, SI = Simpson’s similarity index; a =
Number of species that occur in a site a; b =
Number of species that occur in a site b; c =
Number of common species that occur in a site a
and b.
 Mammalian Abundance Distribution
(AD) was calculated as: AD = ∑
Where, n is number of individuals encountered
from different species in a community.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Species Diversity, Evenness and Dominance of birds in the study area
Table 3.1 species diversity and occurrence
No Scientific name Common name Local name Occurrence
Site
Sardo wet
land
Hamuma
wet land
Kersa wet
land
1 Corvus capensis Cape Crow Quraa Common 4 5 7
2 Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded Vulture Rumicha Common 5 2 8
3 Turdus abyssinicus Mountain thrush Uncommon 2 4 4
4 Lagonistica senegala Red-billed Fire-finch Sinbira birraa Un common 2 1 3
5 Zosterops abyssinicus Abyssinian White- eye Guuttiyyee Common 3 2 1
6 Corvus albus Pied Crow Rare 1 - 3
7 Terpsiphone virdis African Paradise Monarch Uncommon 2 - 5
8 Nectarinia tacazze Tacazze Sunbird Urtuu Common 4 1 1
9 Milvus aeqyptius aegyptius Yellow-billed Kite Allaacha Common 6 8 2
10 Columba guinea Speckled Pigeon Gugeee Common 4 6 2
11 Cossypha semirufa Ruppell's Robin Chat Rare 3 1 1
12 Bostrychia carunculata Watled Ibis Huummoo Common 5 3 7
13 Streptopelia lugens Dusky Turttle- dove Uncommon 1 2 5
The Shannon-Weiner diversity index revealed that highest avian species diversity (H’ =3.60) was recorded in Kersa wetlands
(H’=3.89). The next highest avian species diversity was recorded in Sardo wet land (H′=3.73) and the least diversity of avian species
was recorded in Hamuma wetland (H’=3.55). The highest and the lowest even distribution of species were recorded in the Sardo
habitat (E=1.69) and Hamuma (E= 1.82) respectively. Lastly the highest species evenness was recorded in the Kersa habitat (H’ =2.4).

Table 3.2 Avian Species Diversity and Evenness index in the study sites
Study site No of Species Abundance H´ H’max H´/H´max
Sardo wet land 9 42 3.73 2.197 1.69
Hamuma wet land 7 35 3.55 1.94 1.82
Kersa wet land 5 49 3.89 1.6 2.4
Moreover, Harvey et al. reported that tree covers in secondary and riparian forests would be associated
with higher animal species richness and abundance since they are likely to provide resources and habitat
for the species originally present in the area than highly modified tree covers. This supports the high
species richness and diversity in Sardo wetland habitat, which are adjacent to the secondary forests.
Riparian forests are also important because this type of forest provides forage to forest-dependent bird
species.
Table 3.3 Avian Similarities in the study sites
Study site Common species
Sardo wet land 31
Hamuma wet land 27
Kersa wet land 28
SI = 1.36
 Relative Abundance
Results show higher species dominance in Sardo. Probably because many nesting sites available
in the wetland shore line and food availability, Yellow-billed Kite was found to be the dominant
species with a highest dominance index. Dominance results when one or several species control
the environment and conditions and influence associated species. A high index implies that a
dominant bird species exists in this habitat. Lee and Rotenberry stressed that modification of the
natural environment affects the relative abundance of species. Moreover, as noted by Monadjem
et al, Hooded Vulture is known to move large distances. Similarly, large movements in other
large colonial-breeding scavenging birds have been recorded in Namibia. Similar situations
might also contribute to seasonal variations in the abundance of the birds in the present study
area.

Field survey: Photographs taken from the study area, while capturing photos

4. Conclusion and Recommendations
4.1. Conclusion
The presence of high number of species
suggests that Sardo and its adjoining areas
are key conservation sites of birds. The
seasonal variation in avian species and
number of individuals in the study area was
related to the differences in resource
availability between habitats. The highest
species richness and individuals of species
were recorded in Sardo wet lands among
other study sites. More sampling efforts in
Sardo wetland could likely yield to a higher
number of species. This shows that both
habitats are important for birds that provide
the necessary requirements such as food,
water and nesting and breeding sites. Most
avian species recorded were locally common
and frequent. Yellow-billed Kite, were the
most abundant species in Sardo and
Hamuma wetland. Generally, the study sites
have diverse bird species. However,
interferences with this system were
observed. Therefore, conservation measures
are needed to protect the biological diversity
of the area.
4.2. Recommendation
 Local community takes training on
bird’s protection and must increase
their awareness.
 Clear demarcations are essential to
minimize the exploration of wildlife
of the area.
 Illegal activities of the local
community in the forest should be
controlled.
 Enhance the competency and their
effectiveness significantly through
training and patrol equipment.
 Implementation of rural development
program might be designed to move
the local people from the forest
proximity.
 Regular assessment and monitoring
of fauna and flora of the Halu
Wereda essentially by plant and
animal experts.

 Acknowledgement
First and foremost I would like to express
my heartfelt thanks to my Almighty God for
all of my life and giving me a sound mind
and support in skillful handling of this study.
My sincere gratitude and appreciation go to
my close friends for their assistance,
guidance and encouragement during this
study. I deeply appreciate the co-operation
of my wife Bizunesh Kelifa. Finally my
especial thanks also goes to my Close fiend
Asmera Bekele (Lecturer at Jijjiga
University) for his guidance and advise for
the completion of this work.
STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR
I declare this study is my own original work.
I have followed all ethical and technical
principles of scholarship in the preparation,
data collection, data analysis and completion
of this study. Any scholarly matter that is
included in the study has been given
recognition through citation.
I seriously declare that this study has not
been submitted to any other institution
anywhere for the award of any academic
degree, diploma or certificate. Clear
quotations from this study may be made
without special permission provided that
accurate and complete acknowledgement of
the source can be made. Requests for
permission for extended quotation or
reproduction of this study in whole or in part
may be granted by the Author:
Contact: (derartu32late@gmail.com,
abu32jima@gmail.com,sifolan2020@gmail.
, (jima3202late@gmail.com)
com
 Phone No. : + 251932025277,
+251954594220
Author: LETA JIMA DESTA
Signature: JESUS
Geography and Environmental Studies
Date: Dec, 2011/2019
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Appendices
Birds Species Identified during study

ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN SPECIES DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF HALU WEREDA, ILUBABOR ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA

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ASSESSMENT OF AVIAN SPECIES DIVERSITY: THE CASE OF HALU WEREDA, ILUBABOR ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA