This document discusses different types of cement and concrete mixtures. It describes ordinary Portland cement as the most widely used type, suitable for general construction. It also outlines other cements including pozzolana, rapid hardening, quick setting, low heat, sulfate resisting, blast furnace slag, high alumina, white, colored, air entraining, expansive, hydrographic, and their uses. The document also discusses nominal, standard, and designed concrete mix ratios and proportions for cement mortar and plaster.

1. CLASSIFICATION
OF PORTLAND
CEMENT

2. O R D I N A R Y P O R T L A N D
C E M E N T ( O P C )
Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type
of cement, which is suitable for all general concrete
construction. It is the most commonly produced and
used type of cement around the world, with annual
global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters
per year. This cement is suitable for all kinds of
concrete construction.

3. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding
pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement. It is also
produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of
gypsum or calcium sulfate or by intimately and
uniformly blending Portland cement and fine
pozzolana.

4. R A P I D H A R D E N I N G C E M E N T
Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in the
early days; it is used in concrete where formworks are
removed at an early stage and are similar to ordinary
portland cement (OPC). This cement has increased lime
content and contains higher c3s content and finer
grinding, which gives higher strength development
than OPC at an early stage.

5. Quick setting cement
The difference between the quick setting cement and
rapid hardening cement is that quick-setting cement
sets earlier. At the same time, the rate of gain of
strength is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while
quick hardening cement gains strength quickly.
Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier.

6. Low Heat Cement
Low heat cement is produced by maintaining the
percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by
increasing the proportion of C2S. A small quantity of
tricalcium aluminate makes the concrete to produce
low heat of hydration. Low heat cement suitable for
mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the
low heat of hydration, prevents the cracking of
concrete due to heat.

7. S U L F A T E S R E S I S T I N G
C E M E N T
Sulfate resisting cement is used to reduce the risk of
sulfate attack on concrete and thus is used in the
construction of foundations where the soil has high
sulfate content. This cement has reduced the contents
of C3A and C4AF.

8. B L A S T F U R N A C E S L A G
C E M E N T
Blast furnace slag cement is obtained by grinding the
clinkers with about 60% slag and resembles more or
less in properties of Portland cement. It can be used for
works where economic considerations are predominant.

9. High Alumina Cement
High alumina cement is obtained by melting a mixture
of bauxite and lime and grinding with the clinker. It is a
rapid hardening cement with initial and final setting
time of about 3.5 and 5 hours, respectively.

10. W H I T E C E M E N T
It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide
and is a type of ordinary portland cement, which is
white. It is costlier and is used for architectural
purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing
panels, terrazzo surface, etc. and for interior and
exterior decorative work like external renderings of
buildings, facing slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete
products, paths of gardens, swimming pools, etc.

11. C O L O R E D C E M E N T
It is produced by mixing 5- 10% mineral pigments with
ordinary cement. They are widely used for decorative
works on floors.

12. Air Entraining Cement
Air entraining cement is produced by adding
indigenous air-entraining agents such as resins, glues,
sodium salts of sulfates, etc. during the grinding of
clinker.

13. Expansive Cement
Expansive cement expands slightly with time and does
not shrink during and after the time of hardening. This
cement is mainly used for grouting anchor bolts and
prestressed concrete ducts.

14. H Y D R O G R A P H I C C E M E N T
Hydrographic cement is prepared by mixing water-
repelling chemicals and has high workability and
strength. It has the property of repelling water and is
unaffected during monsoon or rains.
Hydrophobic cement is mainly used for the
construction of water structures such as dams, water
tanks, spillways, water retaining structures, etc.

15. CONCRETE MIXTURE
PROPORTION

16. Nominal Concrete Mix Ratios
In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the
proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. These mixes of
fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate strength are
termed nominal mixes. Nominal mixes offer simplicity and under
normal circumstances, have a margin of strength above that
specified.

17. S t a n d a r d M i x e s o r R a t i o
T h e n o m i n a l m i x e s o f f i x e d c e m e n t - a g g r e g a t e r a t i o
( b y v o l u m e ) v a r y w i d e l y i n s t r e n g t h a n d m a y r e s u l t
i n u n d e r o r o v e r - r i c h m i x e s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e
m i n i m u m c o m p r e s s i v e s t r e n g t h h a s b e e n i n c l u d e d
i n m a n y s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T h e s e m i x e s a r e t e r m e d
s t a n d a r d m i x e s .

18. D E S I G N E D M I X R A T I O O F
C O N C R E T E
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the
designer but the mix proportions are determined by the producer of
concrete, except that the minimum cement content can be laid down.
This is most rational approach to the selection of mix proportions
with specific materials in mind possessing more or less unique
characteristics. The approach results in the production of concrete
with the appropriate properties most economically.

19. MORTAR &
PLASTER
MIXTURE
PROPORTION

20. Selection of Raw Materials
Although there are different types of materials available
for the preparation of Cement Mortar, it is necessary to
ensure that the right materials are selected based on the
type of construction and its purpose.
The Portland cement is used to make mortar. Ordinary
Portland cement is most suitable for common
construction purposes. For making composite mortars,
Lime is also used.

21. P R O P O R T I O N O F C E M E N T
M O R T A R
The Proportion means the relative quantity of different
components to be mixed to make good mortar, or simply the
ratio between different materials.

22. M I X I N G O F I N G R E D I E N T S
To prepare cement mortar, cement and sand are properly mixed in
dry condition. Water is then added gradually and mixed using a
shovel. The water should be free from clay and other impurities.
Cement mortar can either be mixed manually (Hand Mixing) or
mechanically (Machine Mixing). For small construction, hand
mixing is commonly used. Mechanical mixing is required when the
mortar is needed in large quantities and needs to be used in
continuous order.

23. 12 MM thick cement mortar in 1:4 ratios is recommended
on the walls where smooth side exists. Either 9 or 4.5 MM
thick and 15 MM thick cement plaster in 1:4 ratios is
recommended on the rough side of the walls. 20 MM thick
cement mortar in 1:3 with two coats is recommended in
case of vertical Damp Proof Course (DPC).

24. Reference:
https://www.hanson.my/en/types-cement-construction-industry
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-of-concrete-mix-design/5984/
https://gharpedia.com/blog/cement-mortar-its-proportion-preparation-and-uses/