General Anatomy Al Azhar university Gaza Lama K EL Banna

1. Integumentary system

2. The Integumentary System
• The integumentary system consists of
the skin, its accessory structures such
as hair and sweat glands, and the
subcutaneous tissue below the skin.
• The skin is made of several different
tissue types and is considered an organ

3. Histology of skin
• .
Layers of skin
Epidermis Ectoderm
Dermis Mesoderm
Hypodermis
Epidermis stratified keratinizing Squamous
epithelium
Melanocytes which produce pigment melanin
Langerhans cells immune cells
lymphocytes,merkel cells touch receptors are present
in it
Nerve ending are present in it
Does regenerate

9. Dermis
 Major component is CT rich in collage
fibers
 Blood vesseles,nerves,and lymphatics
 Sweat glands, sebaceous glands,hair
follicles
 Dermal collagen is responsible for
elasticity, and produced by fibroblasts
 Cannot regenerate

10. Ageing of skin
 Is a natural process
 Accelerated by exposure to UVR
 Epidermis becomes thinner ,No of
melanocytes & Langerhans decrease
 Dermal collagen content decreases
 Skin appendages decrease in No & function.
 The result is sagging, stretched and wrinkled
skin of the elderly .

11. Skin
The skin covers the External surface of the
body
Largest organ in body in surface area and
weight
In adult it cover an area of two square meter
Skin weighs about 5 kilogram,16% of body
weight

12. Function of skin
It protects the deeper structures.
It excretes salt and urea
It regulates body temperature
It has pain pressure receptors.
Synthesis of vit D.

13. Accessory skin structures
• Nails
• Hair : are present in most area of body except
hands and feet.
• Hair consist of a shaft above skin surface,
root which penetrate the dermis
• Skin glands
• Sebaceous glands ; secrete Fatty material
• Wax glands : secrete waxy material
• Sweat glands : secrete sweat
• Mammary gland : secrete milk

15. Fascia
It is the connective tissue that surrounds the
body deep to the skin .
It covers the body wall and limbs.
It is divided into two layers:superficial&deep.
A-Superficial fascia: it is a loose area of
connective tissue containing variable
amounts of fat that acts as energy reservoir.

16. Cont
It act as thermal insulator preventing heat
loss from skin
It soften and smoothen the surface skin,
giving the body shape and contour
Facilitate movement of skin over underlying
structures
Act as medium conducting vessels and
nerves and lymphatics to skin surface
It contain skin muscles as muscles of facial
expression
Contain special type of glands like mammary
glands, Deep sweat glands ,and lymph nodes

17. Cont,
B-Deep fascia:
It is an inelastic membrane formed of dense
connective tissue.
Formed mainly of compact and regular collagen
fibers.
Site:
• Well defined in the limbs.
• Very strong and thick in palm &sole.
• Absent in the face and anterior abdominal wall.

18. Parts and functions
Formation of broad sheath that surround muscles.eg
limbs aid venous return
Formation of sheath surround blood vessels eg
neck, limbs
Formation of intermuscular septa,separating large
groups of muscles
Formation of interosseus membranes, which
connect two bones
Formation of palmer and planter aponeurosis in
hands and feet
Formation of retinacula

20. Intermuscular septa

22. ADMINISTERING MEDICATIONS
• Transdermal:((Patches)):
• At upper part of arm, chest.
• For medications needed for small but
continuous amounts over long period.
• Ex:medications for birth control, overactive
bladder, high blood pressure, and both
systemic and localized pain relief,nicotine
patch.
• The recommended site for a patch to prevent
motion sickness is the skin behind the ear.

23. Cont.
• Subcutaneous:
• Moderate rate of absorption.
• Ex;insulin
• Intramuscular:
• Rapid absorption.
• Ex:vaccines.