Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and can be acute (less than 6 months) or chronic (lasting over 6 months or a lifetime). It is transmitted through bodily fluids and is a global health problem, with an estimated 240 million people chronically infected. Infants and young children are most at risk of developing chronic infections. Treatment focuses on reducing viral replication through antiviral drugs or interferon injections. Vaccination provides effective prevention against hepatitis B infection and development of chronic disease.

1. HEPATITIS B

2. What is Hepatitis B?
• Hepatitis B is spreadable infectious disease caused
by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and infects our liver.
•
Classification
Acute
Chronic
active

3. Differences
Acute Chronic active
< 6 months and recover (short
term)
> 6 months to life time(long
term)
Can lead to chronic infection
Can worsen to serious illness
liver damage and cancer
Mostly infected during
adulthood
Since infants and
childhood.(inherited)Normally
before 5 years old.

4. Incidence
■ An estimated 240 million people are chronically infected with
hepatitis B (defined as hepatitis B surface antigen positive for at
least 6 months).
■ More than 686 000 people die every year due to complications of
hepatitis B, including cirrhosis and liver cancer
■ Infection in adulthood leads to chronic hepatitis in less than 5%
of cases.
■ In infants and children,80–90% of infants infected during the first
year of life develop chronic infections; and 30–50% of children
infected before the age of 6 years develop chronic infections.
■ In adults,less than 5% of otherwise healthy persons who are
infected as adults will develop chronic infection; and 20–30% of
adults who are chronically infected will develop cirrhosis and/or
liver cancer.

5. ETIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS B
-Infection cause by hepatitis B virus
-Also known as blood borne virus
-Transmitted form one infected person to another through blood or fluid

6. Sexual contact
■ Might get infection if having unprotected sex
- having sex without using condom
■ blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions of that person will enter
our body and we will ended up getting infected

7. Mother to child
■ Pregnant woman who is infected with hepatitis B virus will pass virus to
their babies
■ Newborn is vaccinated immediately after birth to prevent infection.

8. Sharing of needles
■ Hepatitis B virus trasmitted through needles or syringes
■ Sharing intravenous (IV) drug paraphernalia -high risk of
hepatitis B.

9. The people who can be at risk of
getting Hepatitis B are as follow:
 Sharing needle during
Intravenous (IV) drug usage
 Have unprotected sex with
multiple sex partners or with
some one who is already infected
with Hepatitis B
 Man who had sex with other men
 Live with someone who has a
chronic Hepatitis B infection

10.  An infant born to an infected mother
 Have a job that has an exposure to Hepatitis B
 Travel to a region with high infection rates of Hepatitis B
Example of Job
exposure: Nurse

11. The person who is more susceptible towards chronic Hepatitis
B depends on their age.
 Infants during the first year of life, whereby the likelihood is
80-90%
 Children who are infected before the age of 6 years
whereby likelihood is 30-50%
 Adults who are less than 5% of otherwise healthy persons
who are infected will develop Chronic Hepatitis B

12. Clinical manifestation
(Incubation period)
■ 30-180 days (average approx. 75days)
■ Phases:
– Viral replication phase
– Prodromal or preicteric phase
– Icteric phase
– Convalescent phase
■ Also separate into acute and chronic phase

13. ■ Viral replication phase
– Asymptomatic
■ Prodromal or preicteric phase
– Anorexia, Malaise, Fatigue
– Liver become inflamed
– 15% may experience fever, arthritis,
arthralgia
■ Icteric phase
– Liver become tender
– Jaundice develops
– Urine darkness and stool in light color
– Nausea, vomiting and pruritus

14. ■ Convalescent phase
– fairly rapid improvements
in their symptoms
– prolonged disease
with slow resolution
– only to worsen later
(relapsing hepatitis)

15. DiagnosticTest
HBsA
g
HBsA
b
HBcAb
lgM
HBcAb
lgG
HBeA
g
HBeA
b
HBVDN
A
Acute + - + - + - +
Chronic
Active
+ - - +/- + - +
Healthy
Carriers
+ - - + - + -
Resolved - + - + - + -
Vaccinate
d
- + - - - - -

16. COMPLICATION
OF HEPATITIS B
CIRRHOSIS
LIVERCANCER
FULMINANT
HEPATITIS B
OTHER CONDITIONS
SUCH AS KIDNEY
DISEASE AND
INFLAMMATION OF
BLOOD VESSEL

18. Treatment
2 Phases of Hepatitis B
Acute Chronic

19. Acute Hepatitis B
■ No specific treatment
■ Restricted diet
■ Drink more water
■ Wellness & healthy lifestyle
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123442

20. Chronic Hepatitis B
■ Main goal: to reduce viral replication in liver
■ Medications: Antiviral drugs & Interferon
injection
■ Life –long treatment
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/

21. PREVENTION
■ Hepatitis B vaccine
■ Available since 1982
■ Safe and effective
■ 95% effective in preventing
infection and development of
chronic disease and liver cancer
due to hepatitis B

22. Hepatitis B vaccine
- Recommended for all newborn babies.
- Given intramuscularly in 3 doses
- Those who are at high risk routinely receive pre-exposure
immunization.
- Immunity persists for at least 15 years where booster
injections are not recommended.

23. ■ Blood safety strategies (Screening of all donated blood
and blood components used for transfusion)
■ Safe injection practice
■ safe sex practices
■ Do not share needles.
■ Do not share toothbrushes or razors.
■ Don't get a tattoo unless you are sure the needles have
been cleaned properly and are sterile.

24. Reference
■ Emedicine.medscape.com. (2016). Viral Hepatitis Clinical
Presentation: History, Physical Examination,Complications.
[online]Available at:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775507-clinical
[Accessed 6 Sep. 2016].
■ Heymann, D. (2008). control of communicable disease manual.
19th ed. america: american public health association, p.284.