Polymers

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Polymers are long chain molecules composed of repeating structural units. They can be classified based on their structure, molecular forces, and source. Polymers have different structures including linear, branched, cross-linked, and network structures. They are also classified as thermoplastics, elastomers, or thermosettings based on the molecular forces. Polymers can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic and are produced through addition, condensation, step-growth, or chain-growth polymerization. Common medical polymers include polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and implantable polymers like polyethylene and bioresorbable polymers.

Engineering

POLYMER
S
LONG CHAIN
MOLECULES COMPLEX
[CH2 ]n

CLASSIFICATION
Based on,
structure
molecular forces
source

POLYMER
STRUCTURE
LINEAR
BRANCHED
CROSS LINKED
NETWORK

MOLECULAR
FORCES
ACT ON POLYMERS FIBERS
THERMOPLASTIC
ELASTOMERS
THERMOSETTING

POLYMER
SOURCE
NATURAL SEMI-SYNTHETIC
SYNTHETIC
CONDENSATION
ADDITION
STEP GROWTH POLYMERIZATION
CHAIN GROWTH POLYMERIZATION
Starch
Natural Rubber
DNA RN
A
Cellulose
Inorganic glass fibers vs. Cellulose fibers
Cellulose Nitrate

ADDITION POLYMERIZATION CONDENSATION
POLYMERIZATION

BLOCK
COPOLYMERS
HOMO-
POLYMERS
RANDOM
COPOLYMERS
ALTERNATING
COPOLYMERS
GRAFTED
COPOLYMERS
PERIODIC
COPOLYMERS

CHAIN GROWTH
POLYMERIZATION
STEP GROWTH
POLYMERIZATION
Initiation
1
7 6
4
3
5
2
2
1
5
4

PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
DEPENDS ON
TYPE OF MONOMER
UNIT
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF
POLYMER PRODUCT
DISTRIBUTION OF
MOLECULAR WEIGHT

POLYTHENE
TYPE OF MONOMER UNIT
POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHELENE)
• Comparatively high strength
• Heat resistant
• Low strength
• Comparatively low melting point
(melting temperature depends on the
type of polyethylene)

MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMER PRODUCT
Mn average molecular weight
Mw weight average molecular weight
Ni no: of moles of species
Mi molecular weight of species

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
1. TENSILE STRENGTH 2. YOUNG’S MODULUS

3. MELTING TEMPERATURE
4. GLASS TRANSITION
TEMPERATURE
Crystaline Solid
Melted
Glass
Rubber
y

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds

MIXING BEHAVIOR OF
POLYMERS
INCLUSION OF PLASTICIZERS

Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) PMMA
• Contact lenses
• Bone cement
• Membrane of dialysis
• Dental restoration
• Linear chain polymer
• Hydrophobic
• Very good light
transmittance

Polyethylene PE
• Used in high density form in BM
applications
• Good toughness
• Resistance to oil
• Relatively low cost
• Tubing in drain
• Catheters
• Upper component of artificial
hip

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon
• Very stable polymer both
thermally and chemically
• Used in vascular drafts

Polyvinyl Chloride PVC
• Mainly in tubing purposes
such as blood transfusion,
feeding and dialysis.
• Toxilogical safety
• Chemical Stability and Resistance
to Chemical Stress Cracking
• Clarity and transparency
• Biocompatibility
• Flexibility, Durability and
Dependability
• Low Cost

Nylon
• Sutures
widely used for general
closure of tissues
• Not recommended for
artificial prostheses in
cardiovascular surgeries
• Non-absorbable
• Excellent tensile strength
• Excellent knot security
properties
• Can be easily removed without
tissue adherence
• Infection resistant

IMPLANTABLE POLYMERS
• Used with biomedical additives to provide visibility on x-ray or stimulate bone
growth.
• Two types based on anticipated duration of the polymer in the body.
1. Long-Term Implantable Polymers
biodurable (non-resorbable) polymers
ex:- polyethylene
limited structural applications
polyketones (PEEK) for spinal applications or sutures
2. Bio resorbable Polymers
polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA) and copolymers of PLA/PGA
tailored to meet mechanical performance and resorption rates
non-structural drug delivery polymer applications

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A polymer is a giant molecule made from small identical repeating molecules called monomers joined together by covalent bonds. The process of interlinking the monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization. The Classification of Polymers is possible based on different parameters. Origin, thermal processing Behavior, Mechanism of polymerization, line structure, physical property, Crystallinity, and Degradability are such parameters. The spatial arrangements of substituents like alkyl, phenyl, chloro groups on the carbon chain of polymer are called tacticity. Based on tacticity polymers are classified into isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic polymers. Tacticity depends on the temperature of formation and solvent used. Steps involved in addition polymerization or chain-growth polymerization are initiation, propagation, and termination. Polythene is an addition polymer that exists as LDPE or HDPE.LDPE is formed from ethylene at a high pressure of 1500-3000 atmosphere at a temperature range of175-250oC in presence of some oxygen, peroxide, or azocompounds as initiators.LDPE has nearly 20–50 branches (both long and short branches) per 1000 linear carbon atoms in the chain molecules. The polymerization at a low temperature and pressure in presence of metal oxide catalyst results in HDPE. 2–5 short branches or side chains per 1000 carbon atoms in the main chain, thus having a higher density range (0.945–0.96) and high melting temperature (125–130°C) compared to LDPE. Polystyrene is a transparent, amorphous addition polymer of styrene.PMMA is an addition polymer of methyl methacrylate.PAN is an acrylic fiber obtained by addition polymerization of acrylonitrile. Condensation polymerization or step-growth polymerization happens by the intermolecular reaction with the elimination of water, HCl, etc. Monomers of nylon 66 are hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid. The first 6 in 66 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diamine and the second 6 denotes the number of carbon atoms in diacid. Nylon 6 is formed from caprolactam which has 6 carbon atoms in its ring. Bakelite is a three-dimensional phenol-formaldehyde polymer. Kevlar is an aromatic polyamide formed from-phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride. Terylene is the condensation polymer from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. A typical Ziegler Natta catalyst is a mixture of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl Aluminium. This catalyst permits the synthesis of unbranched, stereospecific, high molecular weight polyolefins. The process is coordination polymerization and the product is the cis product. Biodegradable polymers get decomposed by bacteria into natural byproducts such as gases (CO2, N2), water, biomass, and inorganic salts. These polymers are esters, anhydrides or amides. PLA(polylactic acid), PGA (Poly(glycolic acid), and PHBV -Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate) are examples of biodegradable polymers. The plastic identification code identifies the type of plastic.

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Polymers

1. POLYMERS

2. POLYMER S LONG CHAIN MOLECULES COMPLEX [CH2 ]n

3. CLASSIFICATION Based on, structure molecular forces source

4. POLYMER STRUCTURE LINEAR BRANCHED CROSS LINKED NETWORK

5. MOLECULAR FORCES ACT ON POLYMERS FIBERS THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS THERMOSETTING

6. POLYMER SOURCE NATURAL SEMI-SYNTHETIC SYNTHETIC CONDENSATION ADDITION STEP GROWTH POLYMERIZATION CHAIN GROWTH POLYMERIZATION Starch Natural Rubber DNA RN A Cellulose Inorganic glass fibers vs. Cellulose fibers Cellulose Nitrate

7. ADDITION POLYMERIZATION CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION

8. BLOCK COPOLYMERS HOMO- POLYMERS RANDOM COPOLYMERS ALTERNATING COPOLYMERS GRAFTED COPOLYMERS PERIODIC COPOLYMERS

9. CHAIN GROWTH POLYMERIZATION STEP GROWTH POLYMERIZATION Initiation 1 7 6 4 3 5 2 2 1 5 4

10. PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS DEPENDS ON TYPE OF MONOMER UNIT MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMER PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT

11. POLYTHENE TYPE OF MONOMER UNIT POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHELENE) • Comparatively high strength • Heat resistant • Low strength • Comparatively low melting point (melting temperature depends on the type of polyethylene)

12. MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF POLYMER PRODUCT Mn average molecular weight Mw weight average molecular weight Ni no: of moles of species Mi molecular weight of species

13. DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT

14. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 1. TENSILE STRENGTH 2. YOUNG’S MODULUS

15. 3. MELTING TEMPERATURE 4. GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE Crystaline Solid Melted Glass Rubber y

16. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS Hydrogen Bonds Ionic Bonds

17. MIXING BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS INCLUSION OF PLASTICIZERS

18. APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS

19. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) PMMA • Contact lenses • Bone cement • Membrane of dialysis • Dental restoration • Linear chain polymer • Hydrophobic • Very good light transmittance

20. Polyethylene PE • Used in high density form in BM applications • Good toughness • Resistance to oil • Relatively low cost • Tubing in drain • Catheters • Upper component of artificial hip

21. Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Teflon • Very stable polymer both thermally and chemically • Used in vascular drafts

22. Polyvinyl Chloride PVC • Mainly in tubing purposes such as blood transfusion, feeding and dialysis. • Toxilogical safety • Chemical Stability and Resistance to Chemical Stress Cracking • Clarity and transparency • Biocompatibility • Flexibility, Durability and Dependability • Low Cost

23. Nylon • Sutures widely used for general closure of tissues • Not recommended for artificial prostheses in cardiovascular surgeries • Non-absorbable • Excellent tensile strength • Excellent knot security properties • Can be easily removed without tissue adherence • Infection resistant

24. IMPLANTABLE POLYMERS • Used with biomedical additives to provide visibility on x-ray or stimulate bone growth. • Two types based on anticipated duration of the polymer in the body. 1. Long-Term Implantable Polymers biodurable (non-resorbable) polymers ex:- polyethylene limited structural applications polyketones (PEEK) for spinal applications or sutures 2. Bio resorbable Polymers polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA) and copolymers of PLA/PGA tailored to meet mechanical performance and resorption rates non-structural drug delivery polymer applications

Polymers

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