Smart cards and public key infrastructure (PKI) provide data access control and security benefits like confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation, but also carry some risks. They use digital certificates and encryption to securely store and transmit sensitive information, helping verify identities and prevent unauthorized access and tampering, though private keys must be carefully protected to ensure security.

1. Why is there a need for data access control?
What are the benefits and risks for using Smart Cards and PKI?
How do Smart Cards/PKI protect the data's confidentiality,
integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation?