Power point for Biology. Covers Cell structures & functions, ecology, and some other stuff

1. Biolog
y
1. The Chemistry of Life
2. Structure and Function of Cells
3. Ecology
By, Morgan Forsgren and Lilyann Mendenhall

2. 1.1 The Six Basic Elements That
Compose Life

The primary
elements that
compose biological
organisms are
CHONPS (Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, and
Sulfur)

CHONPS create
carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic
acids, and proteins
needed for life.
http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=10001941

3. 1.2 The Four Major Organic Molecules




Carbohydrates: CH2O- carbohydrates are
used as energy
Lipids: CHO- used to store energy
Nucleic Acids: CHONP- store and transmit
genetic information (DNA&RNA)
Proteins: CHON-. Proteins are amino acids
and have many functions. They control the
rate of reactions, regulate cell processes,
form bones and muscles, transport
substances in and out of cells, and help
fight diseases.
http://thehumanodyssey.typepad.com/neurodiversity_the_book/page/2/

4. 1.3 Enzymes
Enzymes are a catalyst. Enzymes
used as catalysts speed up the rate
of reactions and lower activation
energy.
 Enzymes are affected by different
temperatures and PH values
Ex: Human cells work best at 37°C.


5. 2. Structure and
Function of Cells



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2.1 Cell Organelles & Their Functions &
Diffusion and Osmosis
2.2 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
2.3 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
2.4 The Important Role ATP Serves in a
Metabolism

6. 2.1 Cell Organelles & Their Functions







Cells have many organelles and each one has a
different function.
Nucleolus: Where the assembly of ribosomes
begins
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like material inside the cell
Nuclear Envelope: The double membrane
surrounding the nucleus
Ribosomes: Make proteins
Smooth ER: contains enzymes that perform
specialized tasks such as the synthesis of
membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs.
Rough ER: has ribosomes on its surface &
chemically modifies proteins
http://www.stemcellsinc.com/science/stem-cells-101.htm

7. 2.1 Cell Organelles & Their Functions
Golgi Apparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
from the ER for storage
 Lysosomes: Digest Lipids, carbohydrates, and Proteins
and change it into usable molecules.
 Vacuole: Store materials like water, salt, and
carbohydrates.
Plant- single large central vacuole filled with liquid
Animal- pumps excess water out of the cell though
homeostasis
 Mitochondria: organelles that convert chemical energy
to food for the cell
 Pseudopod: Temporary cytoplasmic projections that make
a cell move forward.

http://www.stemcellsinc.com/science/stem-cells-101.htm

8. 2.1 Cell Organelles & Their Functions






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Chloroplast: In plant cells. Converts sunlight into
energy used to create food for the plant.
Cytoskeleton: a network of protein filaments that
help the cell move around and maintain its shape.
Nucleus: contains cell DNA and instructions for
making proteins.
Cell Wall: Strong supporting outer layer in plant
cells
Cell membrane: a flexible outer barrier in animal
cells
Cilium: Short hair-like projections used for feeding
and movement
Flagella: whip-like structures used for movement
http://www.stemcellsinc.com/science/stem-cells-101.htm

9. 2.1Diffusion and Osmosis




Diffusion: movement from an area of high
concentration to low concentration until
equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis: diffusion of water through a
selectively permeable membrane. Only
solvent (the substance a solute is
dissolved in to form a solution) particles
move, solute particles do not move.
Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of glucose
and proteins through carrier channels
Active Transport: diffusion in cells moving
against concentration.
http://www.toltec.biz/how_hemodialysis_works.htm

10. http://www.terrebonneonline.com/b2eukpro.htm
2.2 Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes

1.
2.
3.
4.
Prokaryotes:
Don’t have a
nucleus.
Genetic material
stored in the
cytoplasm.
Generally smaller
than eukaryotes.
Single-celled.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall
Eukaryotes:
Have a nucleus that
contains DNA and is
separated from the rest
of the cell.
Larger than
prokaryotes.
Can be multi-cellular.
Considered more
advanced than
Prokaryotes.
Have Membranebound organelles

11. 2.3 Photosynthesis
6Co2+H2O-lightC6H12O6+ 6O2
 Reactants: CO2 and H2O
 Products:C6H12O6 and O2
 Photosynthesis is the use of energy from
sunlight to convert water & carbon dioxide
into high energy sugars as food for the
plant.
 In the equation of photosynthesis, light is
neither a reactant nor a product, so it in
shown in the arrow between the reactants
and products.
http://www.blogcatalog.com/blogs/exploring-the-world-of-trees

12. 2.3 Photosynthesis



Photosynthesis is carried out by lightdependant and light- independent
reactions.
Light- dependant reactions occur in the
thylakoids, it uses ADP and NADP+; and
produces oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
The Calvin cycle (light- independent)
occurs in the stroma and uses CO2, H2O,
ATP, and NADPH. It gives off sugar, ADP,
and NADP+.
http://www.blogcatalog.com/blogs/exploring-the-world-of-trees

13. 2.3 Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6+ 6O2  6Co2+H2O

Cellular respiration releases energy by
breaking down glucose and oxygen.
Glycolosis is a process that uses one
molecule of glucose that is broken in half
and produces 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
The Krebs cycle is where pyruvic acid is
broken down into CO2. It begins when
pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion,
then continues to break down citric acidproducing ATP, NAD+, and FAD.


http://courtneystanifer.edublogs.org /

14. 2.3 Cellular Respiration



The electron transport chain uses the
high-energy electrons from the Krebs
Cycle to make ATP.
The electrons from NADH and FADH2 are
transported along the chain through
carrier proteins.
When they reach the end of the chain, an
enzyme combines the electron with
hydrogen ions and oxygen. H+ ions build
up in the inter-membrane and make the
opposite side negatively charged.
http://courtneystanifer.edublogs.org /

15. 2.3 Cellular Respiration



The inner membrane contains atp
synthase.
As H+ ions go through the
channels, the ATP synthase spins.
With each rotation, the enzyme
grabs a low-energy ADP and adds a
phosphate; creating ATP.
http://courtneystanifer.edublogs.org

16. 2.3 Connection between photosynthesis &
cellular respiration




Cellular respiration is photosynthesis
backwards.
Photosynthesis takes in CO2 and H2O, and
cellular respiration gives off CO2 and H2O.
Cellular respiration takes in C6H12O6 and
O2 and, photosynthesis gives off C6H12O6.
Photosynthesis requires cellular
respiration for carbon dioxide and water,
and cellular respiration requires
photosynthesis for oxygen and sugar.
http://www.methuen.k12.ma.us/mnmelan/understanding_cellular_respirati.htm

17. 2.4 The important role ATP serves in a
metabolism


ATP is the main energy source for
chemical reactions in the body.
Without ATP, many chemical
reactions in the body wouldn’t be
able to be carried out.
http://www.nutridesk.com.au/simple-sugars.phtml

18. 3. Ecology

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3.1 Emigration vs. Immigration &
Birth Rates vs. Death Rates
3.2 Effects on population and biodiversity
3.3 Food Webs and the Transfer of Energy
& Relationships Between Organisms
3.4 Nutrient Cycles & How Oxygen Cycles

19. 3.1 Emigration vs. Immigration &
Birth Rates vs. Death Rates


Emigration is when
the organisms leave
their habitat because
of limiting factors,
such as lack of
resources and/or loss
of habitat. This results
in a lesser population.
Immigration is when
organisms enter a
habitat, increasing
population size.


Higher birth rates
increase the
population size, and
lower birth rates
decrease it.
Higher death rates
decrease population
size and lower death
rates increase
population size.

20. 3.2 Speciation and Extinction.



Speciation is the development of a new
species. For a new species to develop, the
gene pool of one species must split. The
species evolves into a new species through
reproductive isolation (where the new species
isn’t able to reproduce with the original).
Reproductive isolation can be caused by:
geographical isolation (where two populations
of the species are separated), behavioral
isolation (where they’re separated by different
behaviors such as a mating call), and
temporal isolation (where they reproduce at
different times).
Extinction is when an entire species is wiped
out (possibly by disease, excessive hunting, or
loss of habitat).
http://cartoon-image.blogspot.com/2011/12/land-before-time.html

21. 3.2 What Effects Population and Biodiversity


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Natural disasters (tornadoes, hurricanes, volcanic
eruptions, etc) can decrease population size and
biodiversity.
Changes in Climate: Ozone depletion and global
warming can change the climate of a region- which
can decrease population size and biodiversity.
Human Activity: such as pollution (by burning fossil
fuels), habitat alteration (deforestation), and demand
for wildlife products (excessive hunting) can decrease
population size and biodiversity.
Invasive species: reproduce rapidly and lack
predators in the new area so they thrive where they
invade and decrease biodiversity.
http://scifipulse.net/2013/08/sharknado-2-the-second-one-hits-land-july-2014 /

22. ) http://www.talismancoins.com/servlet/Detail?no=1061
http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Clapper_Rail/id
http://greencompanyeffect.com/worldahoy/1321617044-why-does-the-airport-buy-worms
http://ibc.lynxeds.com/photo/little-blue-heron-egretta-caerulea/little-blue-heron-breeding-plumage
Producers: Algae and Marsh
grass
 Consumers: Ribbed Mussel,
Sand Hopper, Zooplankton,
Plankton-eating fish, Clapper
Rail, Heron, and Marsh Hawk.
 Decomposers: Decomposers
(worms, bacteria, and fungi)
 Each organism in the food web
gets 10% of the energy of the
organism below it. The other
90% is used by the organism
or released as heat.
Ex: The Zooplankton gets 10% of
the energy from Algae. The
90% left over is either used by
the Algae or released as heat.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/yellow_perch.htm
http://trialx.org/2012/05/16/information-and-images-of-the-animal-ribbed-mussel/ http://www.seftoncoast.org.uk/articles/04winter_strandline.html
3.3 Food Webs and the Transfer of Energy
http://www.123rf.com/photo_7606960_marsh-grass-on-the-bay-side-of-a-barrier-island-along-the-south-carolina-coast.html
http://inhabitat.com/researchers-use-algae-to-treat-wastewater-and-generate-biofuel/

23. 3.3 Relationships Between Organisms
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Organisms in communities are always interacting with
each other, and the ways that they interact has an
impact on the ecosystem they’re in.
Predation: When one organism captures another
organism and eats it. (+/-)
Competition: When two organisms try to use the same
resource at the same time. (-/-)
Parasitism: A relationship between two organisms in
which one benefits and the other is harmed. (+/-)
Commensalism: A relationship between organisms in
which one benefits and the other is unaffected. (+/0)
Mutualism: A relationship between two organisms in
which they both benefit. (+/+)

24. 3.4 Nutrient Cycles

1.
2.
3.
4.
The Water Cycle
During the water cycle, liquid
water turns to gas through
either evaporation or
transpiration.
The water then condenses in
the atmosphere to form
clouds
Then, the water falls as
precipitation (rain, sleet, or
snow)
The water is then runoff,
which flows to a river and
then to a lake or ocean where
the process begins again.
http://ih-igcse-geography.wikispaces.com/1.1+Hydrological+cycle

25. 3.4 Nutrient Cycles

1.
2.
3.
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is released into the atmosphere
by volcanic activity, the burning of fossil
fuels and vegetation, respiration, and
decomposition. Carbon is in the form of
CO2 when in the atmosphere.
CO2 is taken in by plants through
photosynthesis. Carbon is also turned
into calcium carbonate in the ocean by
marine organisms.
The carbon in plants in passed on to
other organisms when they consume the
plants.

26. 3.4 Nutrient Cycles

1.
2.
3.
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere
by dentrification.
Nitrogen in the atmosphere is returned
back to the earth through nitrogen
fixation and synthetic fertilizer
manufacturing.
The nitrogen in the fertilizer is consumed
by organisms, then released back into
the earth during decomposition.

27. 3.4 Nutrient Cycles

1.
2.
3.
The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is found in soils, minerals,
and ocean sediments.
Phosphorus is released as the minerals
and sediments wear down. The
phosphate then makes its way to the
ocean and to land.
The phosphate is used by producers and
then consumed by consumers in the
ocean and on land.

28. 3.4 How Oxygen Cycles

1.
2.
Oxygen is cycled through
respiration and photosynthesis.
During photosynthesis, plants
create oxygen using carbon
dioxide.
The oxygen created during
photosynthesis is used by
organisms to carry out cellular
respiration, which produces carbon
dioxide.
http://www.methuen.k12.ma.us/mnmelan/understanding_cellular_respirati.htm