Living Buildings & Living Communities: la sfida della rigenerazione. Matera, 06.02.2018.

1. Resilienza del patrimonio edilizio:
qualità intrinseche e strategie di intervento sostenibili
Prof. Fabio Fatiguso, Prof. Francesco Fiorito
Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento DICATECh

2. Global challenges in the built environment
Population increase
Total Global population in 2014 = 7 billion
Total Global population in 2050 = 9.5 billion

3. Global challenges in the built environment
Population increase
193,107 new people are being
added to world’s cities every day

4. Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
OverheatingTrend(DegreesperDecade)
Source : M. Santamouris, On The Energy Impact of Urban Heat Island and Global Warming on Buildings, Energy and Buildings, 82, 2014
(courtesy of Mattheos Santamouris)

5. Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Urban_heat_island_%28Celsius%29.png

6. Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
Source: M. Santamouris, S. Haddad, F. Fiorito, P. Osmond, L. Ding, D. Prasad, X. Zhai, R. Wang, Urban heat island and overheating
characteristics in Sydney, Australia. An analysis of multiyear measurements, Sustainability (Switzerland), 9 (5) (2017).

7. Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
Source: M. Santamouris, Innovating to zero the building sector in Europe: Minimising the energy consumption, eradication of the energy
poverty and mitigating the local climate change, Solar Energy, 128 (2016) 61-94.

8. Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
Source: M. Santamouris, Analyzing the heat island magnitude and characteristics in one hundred Asian and Australian cities and regions,
Science of the Total Environment, 512-513 (2015) 582-598.

9. Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
Source: M. Santamouris, On the energy impact of urban heat island and global warming on buildings, Energy and Buildings, 82 (2014)
100-113.

10. Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
Source: M. Santamouris, On the energy impact of urban heat island and global warming on buildings, Energy and Buildings, 82 (2014)
100-113.

11. Economic impact
Global challenges in the built environment
Global and local climate change
Source: M. Santamouris, Innovating to zero the building sector in Europe: Minimising the energy consumption, eradication of the energy
poverty and mitigating the local climate change, Solar Energy, 128 (2016) 61-94.

12. Impact on health
Source: M. Baccini, A. Biggeri, G. Accetta, T. Kosatsky, K. Katsouyanni, A. Analitis, H.R. Anderson, L. Bisanti, D. D'Iippoliti, J. Danova, B. Forsberg, S. Medina, A. Paldy, D.
Rabczenko, C. Schindler, P. Michelozzi, Heat effects on mortality in 15 European cities, Epidemiology, 19 (5) (2008) 711-719. (Courtesy of Mattheos Santamouris)
Athens
32,7 C
-5,0 0,0 10 20 30 40
Barcelona
22,4 C
Milan
31,8 C
Rome
30,3 C
Turin
27 C
Valencia
28,2 C
0
1
2
3
-1
-2
-3
Apparent Temperature
LogMortalityRate
London
23,9 C
Helsinki
23,6 C
Praha
22,0 C
Stockholm
21,7 C
27 32,721,7 23,9

13. future development has to follow the principle of
Resilience

14. “Capability of a system, a community or a society exposed to hazards to mitigate, resist,
change and recover from the effects in a timely and efficient manner, by keeping its
functions and structures”
City as a “resilient system” new perspectives for the planning and
management models of towns
Environ_
mental
SocialEconomic
Political
The “resilient” experiences
Resilient city dimensions

15. THREE DIMENSIONS OF RESILIENCE
The case of the historic built environments
Inherent qualities and vulnerabilities of the historic built environment
SOCIO-
CULTURAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
SOCIO-
ECONOMIC
EXPOSURE TO NATURAL HAZARDS (floods, earthquakes, temperature elevation)
CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC AND ARCHITECTURAL VALUES
vs PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
PERFORMANCE DEFICIENCIES IN SAFETY, WELL-BEING AND ACCESSIBILITY
(functional, technological and normative obsolescence)

16. A new methodology for the whole historic urban settlement
STRATEGIES TO ENSURE THE
BALANCE
PRESERVATION
ADAPTATION
EVERY DIMENSIONS
(socio-cultural, socio-economic and
environmental)
EVERY PHASES OF
REFURBISHMENT
(analysis, diagnosis, intervention)
1. RECOGNITION AND ENHANCEMENT
OF THE ACTUAL QUALITIES
2. IDENTIFYING AND OVERCOMING
THE VULNERABILITIES
3. SELECTION ENHANCEMENT AND
IMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS

17. A new methodology for the whole historic urban settlement
• Historical-geographical level
• Urban-architectural level
• Functional level
• Normative level
the historical evolution of the settlement and the
processes of transformations over the time
morphology of the territory, the mechanical and
hygrometric characteristics of the soil, the urban
arrangement, the building typologies, the
construction materials and techniques, the
mobility, the state of conservation and the
residual performances
the demographic trends and distribution of
residential areas, productive, cultural and
touristic activities, real estate market, touristic
attractiveness and features of social spaces
at national, regional and local levels
1. ANALYSIS PHASE

18. A new methodology for the whole historic urban settlement
the assessment of weaknesses and
strengths in showing a resilient
behaviour in response to risk
exposure.
the selection of suitable strategies
and solutions
Vulnerabilities and qualities are referred to the
three dimensions of resilience – environmental,
socio-cultural and socio-economic.
To exploit and enhance the inherent qualities,
To learn from them principles and rules to
overtake the vulnerabilities.
2. DIAGNOSIS PHASE OF
VULNERABILITIES & QUALITIES
3. INTERVENTION PHASE

19. The case study: the Sassi of Matera
Due to its peculiar complexity, it is highly
representative of several aspects of the urban
resilience:
• the symbiosis with the topography of the area
and the local climate
• the efficient exploitation of resources
• the transmission of traditional values of the
rural culture
• the construction practice, expression of an
empirical and established wisdom

20. URBAN -
ARCHITECTURAL
FUNCTIONAL NORMATIVE
1. FOUNDATION NUCLEUS “CIVITA”
on the “Sperone Mediano” promontory, near valleys of fertile
lands for agricultural activities, as a natural interaction among
settlement, production and defence.
2. XIII-XIV centuries, “SASSI CAVEOSO and BARISANO”
as villages for agricultural labourers in anthropic caves
excavated in the limestone rock.
3. XV-XVI centuries, EXPANSION OF SASSI
by structures built beside either/or above grottoes, exploiting
the local “tuff” limestone. The “Sassi” became ghettos
surrounded by customs borders
4. MIDDLE XIX century, HIGHEST DENSITY OF “SASSI”
5. BEGINNING XX century, the life quality and the sanitary
conditions worsted, so the symbol of status of the rural class
in South Italy.
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
HISTORICAL -
GEOGRAPHICAL

21. • RUPESTRIAN CAVES excavated in the rock;
• MIXED DWELLINGS, with a single vaulted
room, the “lamione”, connected with
contiguous caves;
• COURTYARD HOUSES;
• PALACE HOUSES with hypogeal ground
floor and built first and second floors;
• MONUMENTAL PALACES, featured by
several vaulted rooms and decorated facades
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
HISTORICAL -
GEOGRAPHICAL
URBAN -
ARCHITECTURAL
FUNCTIONAL NORMATIVE
TYPOLOGIES

22. THICK CAVITY MASONRIES
made out of local “tuff” limestone squared blocks
close the hypogea and border the structures built
beside either/or above
BARREL VAULTS
with “tuff” limestone at the lowest levels and clay
bricks at the highest levels, with deep extension
toward the inside that provide the indoor space with
natural cooling in summer due to the rock thermal
inertia.
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
HISTORICAL -
GEOGRAPHICAL
URBAN -
ARCHITECTURAL
FUNCTIONAL NORMATIVE

23. RESIDENTIAL USE (internal spaces) “NEIGHBORHOOD”
as relationships among people guaranteed mutual
protection, assistance and sustenance (open
spaces)
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
HISTORICAL -
GEOGRAPHICAL
URBAN -
ARCHITECTURAL
FUNCTIONAL NORMATIVE
ORIGINARY FUNCTION

24. THE BIENNAL PLAN, 1988
THE SECOND BIENNAL PLAN, 1994
THE THIRD BIENNIAL PLAN, 2004
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
HISTORICAL -
GEOGRAPHICAL
URBAN -
ARCHITECTURAL
FUNCTIONAL NORMATIVE

25. ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
QUALITIES AND VULNERABILITIES, TIME AND DIMENSIONS OF RESILIENCE
VULNERABILITIES  projecting in the future the effects of their evolution
QUALITIES  assessing based on their role in the past, as
conditions that helped the historic site overcome
pressures over the centuries and persist as
resistant, responsive and adaptive ecosystem in
the present

26. ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
ENVIRONMENTAL
VULNERABILITIES
MORPHO-TYPOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT AND MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL
Fracture of the karst plateau, along the Sassi side
The limestone soil shows heterogeneous and poor mechanical properties
Va1
PLANIMETRIC LAYOUT AND DISTRIBUTION OF
UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS
Poor air quality due to the rising dampness along the permeable tuff
Low resistance and cohesion of the soil
Potential floating of squares and roofs in case of severe rainfall
Va2
PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE “TUFF”
STONE AS BUILDING MATERIAL
Chemical and physical vulnerability to the atmospheric agents and ground water
Va3
LIVEABILITY OF INDOOR SPACES
Inadequate thermal, visual and air conditions (standard) in hypogeal spaces
Va4

27. ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
QUALITIES
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF RAINWATER
Self-sufficiency of rainwater with an efficient system of canalization
“REDUNDANT” AND “RESOURCEFUL”
Qa1
BIOCLIMATIC BEHAVIOUR
Thermal comfort of indoor spaces for the massive tuff wall, especially
in summer
“RESISTANT”
Qa2
STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE HYPOGEA
Acceptable static condition for the grottoes, with limited failures of the
rocks
 “RESISTANT”
Qa3
ENVIRONMENTAL

28. STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE COMPARTS
Abandoned open spaces and buildings, failing in protection and control
Vsc1
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
VULNERABILITIES
USE OF URBAN CHAMBERS
Limited accessibility in urban public chamber due to the presence of
fences, orchards, gardens and gates by private users
Vsc2
ACCESSIBILITY
Inaccessibility and insecurity during events of emergency of the site
due to the lack of accessible roads
Vsc3
Qsc1. Local construction tradition.
Traditional techniques of construction as the reveal of the local identity
 “resourcefulness” and “flexibility”
Qsc2. Social value of places.
The concept of “neighbourhood” as a social cohesion reflection during
the crisis and a solid reaction during the post-crisis
 “reflective”
SOCIO-CULTURAL

29. ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
QUALITIES
LOCAL CONSTRUCTION TRADITION
Traditional techniques of construction as evidence of the local identity
 “RESOURCEFULNESS” AND “FLEXIBILITY”
Qsc1
SOCIAL VALUE OF THE PLACES
The concept of “neighbourhood” as a social cohesion reflection during
the crisis and a solid reaction during the post-crisis
 “REFLECTIVE”
Qsc2
SOCIO-CULTURAL

30. ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
VULNERABILITIES
CONNECTION WITH THE MODERN CITY
Limited fruition of “Sassi” with spaces of modern city
Vse1
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERTIARY SECTOR
Critical perspectives linked at touristic flows: “Sassi” as a “museum
town” or an abandoned one
Vse2
SOCIO-ECONOMIC

31. ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
QUALITIES
TOURISTIC DEVELOPMENT
Reuse and management of areas and buildings with balanced
functional distribution (residential, cultural, artistic, commercial and
social uses) that guarantee activities and facilities for both residents
and tourists
Qse1
SOCIO-ECONOMIC

32. ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
FOCUS ON COMPART «A»

33. MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF
RAINWATER
Self-sufficiency of rainwater with an
efficient system of canalization”
Qa1
BIOCLIMATIC BEHAVIOUR
Control of building exposure
Thermal comfort of indoor spaces
for the massive tuff wall
Qa2
PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF
“TUFF” STONE
Chemical and physical vulnerability
of tuff
Va3
DISTRIBUTION OF
UNDERGROUND AND
SURFACE WATERS
Poor air quality, rising dampness
along the tuff
Va2
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
ENVIRONMENTAL
FOCUS ON COMPART «A»

34. STATE OF CONSERVATION
OF THE COMPARTS
Abandoned open spaces and
buildings, failing in protection and
control
Vsc1
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
SOCIO-CULTURAL
LOCAL CONSTRUCTION
TRADITION
Traditional techniques of
construction as the reveal of the
local identity
Qsc1
FOCUS ON COMPART «A»

35. SOCIO-ECONOMIC
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES
TOURISTIC DEVELOPMENT
Reuse and management of areas
and buildings with balanced
functional uses
activities and facilities for both
residents and tourists
Qse1
CONNECTION WITH THE
MODERN CITY
Limited fruition of “Sassi” with
spaces of modern city
Vse1
DEVELOPMENT OF
TERTIARY SECTOR
Critical perspectives linked at
touristic flows
Vse2
FOCUS ON COMPART «A»

36. 1) RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING OF THE BUILDING
- Reinforcement and dehumidification works (Va1, Va2, Va3)
- using traditional techniques to ensure cultural and technical continuity to the local construction
practice (Qsc1)
- preserving the architectural identity (Qa3)
- preserving the bioclimatic performances of the structures (Qa2)
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES

37. 2) REUSE AND MAINTENANCE
- balancing residential and touristic uses (Vse2) and the high compatibility with the internal and
external “spaces” (Va4)
- understanding the territory needs and requirements (Qse1)
- recovery of the public nature of the urban chambers (Vsc2), requalification of abandoned and
decayed areas (Vsc1), enhancement of the relationship with the water resource, by exploitation of
available collection and drainage structure at the compart scale (Qa1) and improvement of urban
water management systems (Va2).
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES

38. 3) RECONNECT PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL SPACES
- with the modern town (Vse1)
- guaranteeing higher accessibility levels (Vse3), through the installation of compatible, non-invasive
and reversible systems for fruition and mobility of the site
ANALYSIS DIAGNOSIS STRATEGIES

39. Conclusion
CASE STUDY TO SUPPORT THE VALIDATION OF THE
METHODOLOGY TOWARDS THE REPLICABILITY FOR SIMILAR
HISTORIC URBAN SITES
ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSIS TOWARDS COMPATIBLE
STRATEGIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS, FOR
DIFFERENT THEMATIC AREAS
SUITABLE SOLUTIONS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITIES
AND IMPROVEMENT OF VULNERABILITIES, WITHIN THE
SAFEGUARD OF THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL VALUE OF THE
BUILT HERITAGE
«We should avoid leaving our children a smaller treasure
than the one left to us by our fathers»
William Morris

40. GRAZIE PER L’ATTENZIONE
fabio.fatiguso@poliba.it
francesco.fiorito@poliba.it