3. Definition of rest
A projection or attachment usually
on the side of an object (GPT 8)
The component of a removable
partial denture that serve primarily
to transfer forces occuring against
the prosthesis down the long axis of
the abutment teeth (Stewart)
Any component of the removable
partial denture that is placed on an
abutment tooth , ideally in a
prepared rest seat , so that it limits
movement of the denture in a
gingival direction and transmit
functional forces to the tooth(
McCracken)
4. Definition of Rest seat
The prepared recess in a
tooth or restoration created
to receive the occlusal ,
incisal, cingulum or lingual
rest (GPT 8 )
Rest seat is the prepared
surface of a tooth or fixed
restoration into which a rest
fits (Stewart)
The prepared surface of an
abutment to receive the rest
is called the rest seat
(McCracken)
5. Introduction
In 1899 Bonwill
recommended use of rest in
RPD
Rest preserve the remaining
oral structures by
- Controlling the position of
the prosthesis in respect to
the teeth
- Position of the prosthesis in
respect to the periodontium
and mucosa
6. Controlling the amount and
the direction of movement of
abutment teeth
The rest can thus be
considered as the control
factor in the triad of
prosthesis- tooth -
periodontium
7. Classification of rest
A) Primary rest : That is a component part of a direct retainer unit
B) Secondary / Auxillary rest : Additional rest used for indirect
retention or extra support
According to location a) Anterior b) Posterior
According to surface : occlusal , incisal, cingulam, onlay,
interproximal,internal
8. Functions of rests
To transmit forces apically down the
long axis of the tooth
Acts as a vertical stop
Maintain the retentive clasp in its
proper position
9. Rest can be designed so that it
can act as a reciprocal clasp
arm
Rest may also help establish a
more acceptable occlusal plane.
Helps to transmit lateral or
horizontal forces applied to the
partial denture during function
to the supporting teeth
Prevents food impaction
between minor connector and
tooth
10. Forces on removable partial denture
Vertical or occlusal forces during chewing, swallowing
Lateral forces : developed when the lower jaw moves side to
side with teeth in contact
Anteroposterior forces : Forward and backword movement of
the lower jaw with teeth in contact
11. The forces acting on the partial denture are a result of a composite of
forces arising from three principal fulcrums
Fulcrum line is a theoretical line
passing through the point around
which a lever functions and at right
angle to its path of movement .
With respect to removable partial
denture , it is an imaginary line
connecting occlusal rests around
which a removable partial denture
tends to rotate under masticatory
forces
12. One fulcrum line is on horizontal
plane that extends through two
principal abutments , one on
each side of dental arch .
This fulcrum controls the
rotational movement of the
denture in the sagittal plane
The resulting force on the
abutment tooth is usually mesial
apical or distal apical
13. A second fulcrum line is on the
sagittal plane and extends
through the occlusal rest on the
terminal abutment and along
crest of the residual ridge on
one side of the arch
This fulcrum controls the
rotational movement of the
denture in the vertical plane
(rocking , or side to side
movement over the crest of the
ridge)
14. The main direction of the
resulting force is more nearly
horizontal and not well resisted
by the tissues
15. Third fulcrum line is located in
the vicinity of the midline just
lingual to the anterior teeth .
This fulcrum line is vertical and
it controls the rotational
movement of the denture in the
horizontal plane or the flat
circular movement of the
denture
16. Primary rests
These prevent the vertical movement of the prosthesis towards the
tissue or help transmit lateral or horizontal forces down the long axis of
the tooth
The action of transmitting lateral forces may be increased by
deepening the rest seat but only for a tooth supported prosthesis
17. 3 forms of primary rests
1) Occlusal rest - It is seated on the occlusal surface of the posterior
teeth
2) Lingual or Cingulam rest – Seated on the lingual surface of the
tooth
3) Incisal rest - Seated on the incisal edge of a tooth
18. Occlusal rest
It is a rigid extension of a
removable partial dental
prosthesis that contact the
occlusal surface of a tooth or a
restoration , the occlusal
surface of which may have been
prepared to receive it
19. Site selection
A suitable clasp design for a
given clasping situation may
often depend on the availability
of interocclusal space and on a
proper site on the tooth for the
rest recess.
20. In case of bicuspids and molars,
the occlusal rest is placed in the
fossa of the abutment tooth
adjacent to the edentulous
space though not compulsarily.
Placing the rest as far
posteriorly in the mouth as
possible in the distal extension
base type of denture is
advantageous due to the
leverage control
21. Form of occlusal rest and rest seat
The outline form of the occlusal
rest seat should be a rounded
triangular shape with the apex
towards the center of the
occlusal surface
The base of the triangular
shape (at the marginal ridge)
should be at least 2.5mm for
both molars and premolars
22. The marginal ridge of the
abutment tooth at the site of
the rest seat must be lowered
to permit a sufficient bulk of
metal for strength and rigidity
of the rest and the minor
connector. Approx 1.5mm
marginal reduction is necessary
23. The floor of the occlusal rest
seat should be concave or
spoon shaped and slightly
inclined apically from marginal
ridge and also there will not be
any sharp edges or line angles
in the preparation
24. The angle formed by the occlusal
rest and the vertical minor
connector from which it
originates should be less than
90 degree
25. For distal extension partial
denture , the rest seat should
be shallow and saucer shaped
so that the rest can move
slightly like a ball and socket
joint allowing the horizontal
forces to be dissipated
26. Occlusal rest seat preperation
It is essential that rest seat
preparation should be done for each
rest before final impression for
master cast are made
If this is not done , the forces
transmitted from the prosthesis to
the abutment teeth will occur
against inclined planes , resulting a
pushing action against the teeth and
a sliding effect on the prosthesis
The rest seat must always be
prepared after guiding planes have
been established on abutment teeth
27. Occlusal rest seat preparation in Enamel
Occlusal rest seat in enamel should
be prepared with a round diamond
stone approximating the size of a
no. 4 round carbide bur
First a channel of the correct depth
and at the desired outline of the
preparation is created by using the
small round diamond stone to lower
the marginal ridge at either the
buccal or lingual extent of the rest
seat, to continue inward towards
the center of the tooth and to
return to the marginal ridge
28. With the same diamond stone
remove the island of enamel so
that sufficient tooth structure is
removed to produce the
thickness of metal required for
strength of the rest
There should not be any
undercut in the path of insertion
29. Deepest portion of the rest seat
should be towards the center
of the tooth
The preparation should
gradually rise towards the
marginal ridge
Properly prepared rest seat is
round and smooth. So rest in its
rest seat can act as a ball and
socket joint
30. An occlusal rest must be at least
1mm thick at its thinnest point if
chrome alloy is used for the
frame work, 1.5mm if gold is to
be used.
The mesiodistal extension of the
rest seat should not be less
than 3mm
Buccolingual extent should be
half the distance between the
buccal and lingual cusp tips
31. Occlusal rest seat preparation in new gold restorations
Occlusal rest seats in cast gold
restorations should always be
placed in the wax patterns.
The preparation for the rest
seat must be carved in the wax
after the establishment of
guiding planes
Ensure that enough
interocclusal space will be
present to accommodate
thickness of crown casting plus
thickness of rest.
32. No 4 round steel bur or wax
instruments like small
excavators can be used for rest
preparation in wax pattern
After the preparation has been
cast , the rest preparation must
be polished with a small round
finishing bur
33. Occlusal rest seat preparation in existing gold restorations
Preparation is same as for
sound enamel .
Any proximal preparation is
done first
The possibility of perforation of
the restoration is always
present
The rest may be widened to
compensate for shallowness but
the floor of the rest seat should
be inclined apically from the
marginal ridge. If not possible
secondary occlusal rest is
considered
34. Occlusal rest seat preparation in Amalgam restoration
An occlusal rest seat
preparation in amalgam
restoration is less desirable
since the amalgam alloy tends
to flow when placed under
constant pressure
No 4 round carbide bur is used
for rest seat preparation in
amalgam restoration
Preparation is polished by
reversing the revolution of no 4
round bur
35. Rest seat preparation for embrasure clasp
This preparation extends over
the occlusal embrasure of two
approximating posterior teeth ,
from mesial fossa of one tooth
to the distal fossa of other tooth
A small round diamond stone is
used to establish the outline
form for a normal occlusal rest
in each of the approximating
fossa.
36. The contact point between the
teeth should not be broken
No 4 diamond stone is used to
carry the buccal and lingual
extensions of the occlusal rests
over the buccal and lingual
embrasures
An alternative method is the use
of cylindrical diamond stone
held horizontally from the
buccal surface of the teeth
pointing towards the lingual
surface
37. The stone is held against the
distal incline of buccal cusp of
one teeth and the mesial incline
of the buccal cusp of the other
tooth
Preparation over the buccal and
lingual embrasure should be 1.5
– 2mm wide and 1- 1.5 mm
deep
38. Rest seat in rotated teeth
When it is necessary to clasp a tooth rotated out of its normal position ,
the preferred treatment is to cover the crown with a restoration that
realigns the surface of the tooth in a more conventional relationship to
other teeth in the arch
If not , axial surfaces are altered sufficiently to render it more suitable
for clasping and to place the occlusal rest on the mesial or distal or on
the buccal or lingual side of the alveolar ridge as a result of rotation .
39. Rest recess in abraded teeth
Preparation of rest recess in enamel that has been worn thin is
questionable , therefore covering the teeth with cast restoration
incorporating the rest seat is preferable
40. Extended occlusal rest
In Kennady class11 modification
1 , and Kennady class111
situations in which the most
posterior abutment is a mesially
tipped molar , an extended
occlusal rest should be designed
and prepared to minimize
further tipping of the abutment
and to ensure that the forces
are directed down the long axis
of the abutment
41. This rest should extend more
than one half the mesiodistal
width of the tooth and one third
the buccolingual width of the
tooth and allow for a minimum
of 1mm thickness of the metal
and the preparation should be
rounded with no undercut or
sharp angles
42. Lingual or Cingulam rest
Lingual rest is a metallic
extension of a removable partial
denture frame work that fits
into a prepared depression with
in an abutment tooth’s lingual
surface
Used primarily on maxillary
canine
43. The thickness of the enamel on
the lingual surface of
mandibular canine does not
permit a lingual rest to be
placed
Lingual rest on incisor teeth are
rarely used
In some instances where canine
is missing multiple incisor teeth
are used for lingual rests to
distribute the stresses over a
number of teeth
44. A lingual rest is preferred to an
incisal rest . Because it is nearer
the center of rotation of the
supporting tooth, so it does not
tend to tip the tooth.
Minor connector required for an
incisal rest magnifies the forces
being transferred to the
abutment tooth
Since lingual rest is confined to
lingual surface , it is more
acceptable esthetically
45. Form of Lingual rests
Out line form of lingual rest is
half moon shaped. Sharp angles
must be avoided and slope of
outer lip of rest seat must be
labiogingival , forming an angle
of less than 90 degree to long
axis of tooth
46. Lingual rest seat preparation in Enamel
Indication
Tooth should be sound
Good oral hygiene
Low caries index
Prominent cingulum with
gradual slope to the lingual
surface rather than a steep
vertical slope
47. To prepare the lingual rest in
enamel ¼ inch diamond disk
should be used.
The disk must be held so that it
parallels or is inclined slightly
labial to the path of insertion
The cut with the disk should
start low on one marginal ridge,
pass over the cingulum, and
then pass gingivally to contact
the opposite marginal ridge.
This will provide the desirable
half moon shape
48. A flat end large diamond
cylinder is the next best choice
for lingual rest seat preparation
It must be held at the proper
angle , inclined slightly
gingivally from the horizontal ,
so that the cutting is done by
the flat end and side of the
cylinder
49. The preparation must be
polished with the carborundum
imprignated rubber wheels and
points to polish the enamel
surfaces and to round angles
and corners
50. Lingual rest seat preparation in cast restoration
If a cast restoration is to be
placed on the abutment tooth,
rest seat should be carved in
the wax pattern using a wax
excavator. So that a definite
rest preparation can be
developed that will direct the
forces of occlusion through the
long axis of the abutment tooth
51. Incisal rest and Rest seat
Incisal rest is a rigid extension
of an RPD that contacts at the
incisal edge.
Requirements of ideal Incisal
rest
It should provide the seat by
extending over the incisal edge
onto labial surface of tooth.
Restore anterior anatomy as
required
Stabilize mobile teeth
52. Indications are
Sound abutment , non interference with opposing occlusion
Cast restoration not indicated
Used as auxillary rest or indirect retainer
On mandibular canine applicable mostly to restore anterior guidance
55. Forms of incisal rest
According to Kelly incisal rest can be prepared in the form of a V
shaped notch at the incisal angle or edge approx 1.5 -2mm from
proximo incisal angle of tooth
Deepest part is towards center of tooth mesiodistally
Notch is rounded extends on to facial surface to provide a positive rest
Enamel on lingual surface prepared as a shallow depression to
accommodate the minor connector and avoid annoying the tongue
56. Minor connector has greater length , So it should be rigid
An incisal rest should be approximately 2.5mm wide and
1.5mm deep for adequate strength without having to exceed
natural contour of incisal edge
57. Incisal rest seat preparation
Incisal rest seats should be
used only on enamel surfaces.
The incisal rest seat is placed
near one of the incisal angles of
canine
If the incisal rest is used in
conjunction with a
circumferential clasp the rest
should be placed at the distal
incisal angle .
58. If it is used in conjunction with
a bar clasp that uses a distal
buccal undercut , the
preparation should be made at
the mesial incisal angle
In this position the mesial
incisal rest will reciprocate the
action of bar clasp
59. The incisal rest seat preparation
is begun with a small safe side
diamond disk or a knife edge
stone held parallel to the path
of insertion
The first cut is made vertically
1.5 to 2mm deep in the form of
a slice or notch and approx 2to
3 mm inside the proximal angle
of the tooth
60. A small flame shaped diamond
point is used to complete the
preparation
The notch created by the disk
must be rounded
The enamel wall created by the
disk towards the center of the
tooth must be rounded with
flame shaped diamond point.
The groove must be carried
slightly over on to the labial
surface
61. This projection on to the labial
surface provide a locking device
to prevent the tooth from being
tipped or moved facially
This groove should be
continued partway down the
lingual surface as an indentation
This will help to accommodate
the minor connector
After the preparation , the
enamel surface should be
polished with carborundum
containing rubber wheel
62. Full incisal rest
In the absence of other suitable
placements for incisal rest and rest
seat , full incisal rest may be
considered for the following reasons
To restore defective or abraded
tooth anatomy
Provide stabilization
Restore or provide anterior guidance
In cases where tooth morphology
does not permit other designs
63. Milled rest or semiprecision rest or internal rest
It consists of a narrow slot or key
way built into a metal casting that
has been constructed for an
abutment tooth , and into which is
fitted a male attachment that has
been made as an integral part of
the removable partial denture
framework
64. The depth and taper of the rest
seats are important
considerations for retention
together with bracing action
The rest seat depth should not
be less than 3mm and
convergence of the lateral walls
should not exceed 5 degree
Increasing the angle of
convergence of the walls
facilitate insertion and removal
of the prosthesis, but decreases
the bracing and retentive action
of the unit
65. Advantages
1. Elimination of a visible clasp
arm buccally
2 .Permits the location of the
rest seat in a more favorable
position in relation to the
tipping axis (horizontal) of the
abutment
3. Retention is provided by the
lingual clasp arm either clasp or
wrought wire lying in a natural
or prepared infrabulge area on
the abutment tooth
66. Disadvantages
Bracing action may be less
It can not be relied upon by itself to produce adequate retention
67. Rest seat designs for inclined posterior abutments : A
comparitive study
Byron P Sansome, Robert J Flinton JPD1987 58 (1)
Designs investigated were 1 . Mesial rest only 2. Distal 3. Mesial and
Distal 4 Lingual groove rest 5. Long channel occlusal rest
Results
1. Rest seat placement of the abutment tooth primarily affects stress
concentration of that tooth. There is no direct relationship between rest
seat design on one abutment and resultant stress on another
2. Inclined abutment demonstrate greater resultant bending of
interradicular bone than vertical abutment, and the greater the
inclination, the greater the bending (as the result of tipping force)
68. 3. Mesial rests on inclined molar
abutments demonstrate maximum
tipping forces
4. Channel rests on inclined molar
abutments demonstrate the least
amount of tipping force
69. Bibiliography
Mc Cracken ‘s Removable Partial Prosthodontics, 11th Ed, 2005
Stewart , Clinical removable partial Prosthodontics
Lammie & Osborne, Partial Denture 4th Ed
Miller Removable Partial Prosthodontics
Boucher Removable Partial Denture
70. Contents - Direct retainers
Introduction
Direct retainers
Requirements of clasp design
Strategic clasp positioning
Basic clasp designs
R.P.I Concept
R.P.A Clasp Design
Rotational path design
Other clasp designs
71. Introduction
An essential key to success in practice of removable partial
denture prosthodontics is thorough knowledge about each
structure details of prosthesis
Removable partial denture must have support derived from
abutment teeth through use of rest and from residual ridge
through well fitting base.
It must be stabilized against horizontal movement through use
of rigid connectors, indirect retainers , and other stabilizing
components
72. In addition , removable partial denture should have sufficient
retention to resist reasonable dislodging forces.
Retention is that quality inherent in a prosthesis that resist force
of gravity , the adhesiveness of food and forces associated with
opening of jaw.
Retention of removable partial denture is accomplished
mechanically by placing retaining elements on abutment teeth
(primary retention) and also by the intimate relationship of
denture base and minor connectors with underlying tissue
(secondary retention)
73. Secondary retention is similar to the retention of complete
denture and proportionate to the
- Accuracy of impression registration
- Accuracy of fit of denture base
- Total area of contact involved
74. Direct retainer
According to MC Cracken , direct retainer is any unit of
removable partial dental prosthesis that engages on abutment
tooth in such a manner as to resist displacement of prosthesis
away from basal tissue
According to Stewart and Rudd, it is the component that
engages on abutment tooth and in so doing resists dislodging
forces applied to a removable partial denture
According to GPT -8 , Direct retainer is that component of a
removable partial denture used to retain and prevent
dislodgement , consisting of a clasp assembly or precision
attachment.
75. Types of direct retainer
Direct retainer
Intracoronal Extracoronal
A.Precision attachment
B.Semi precision attachment a.Retentive clasp assemblies
1.Suprabulge clasp
2.Infrabulge clasp
b.Attachments
76. Based on construction direct retainers can be classified in to
1. Cast clasp
2.Wrought clasp
3.Combination clasp
Based on design
1.Circumferential clasp
2.Bar clasp
77. Retention clasp assembly
Retention clasp assembly represents most common method of
extracoronal direct retention .
First appeared in dental literature with W.G.A.Bonwill
description in 1899
Proper use of dental surveyor is only reliable method of
effectively analyzing teeth for their contribution to the retention
of partial denture
78. Parts of a clasp assembly
Rest
Reciprocal arm
Retentive arm
Minor connector
79. The component of clasp that
provides vertical support for
the prosthesis is called rest
and portion of the abutment
tooth prepared to receive
rest is called rest seat.
Properly prepared rest seat
and rest serve to resist
displacement of prosthesis
towards supporting tissue
and transmit functional
forces parallel to the long
axis of the abutment.
80. Retentive arm is the only
portion of the RPD that contacts
the surface of the abutment
apical to the height of contour.
Depending on their approach to
the undercut region of the
abutment they are termed-
suprabulge clasp arm and
Infrabulge clasp arm
81. The portion of the clasp arm
arising from the minor
connector is known as shoulder
.
From the shoulder the clasp
arm follows a curved path on
the surface of the abutment and
the clasp arm passes over the
height of contour and its tip
contacts undercut and this
portion of the clasp is terminus.
82. Infrabulge clasp arm consists of
approach arm and terminus.
Approach arm is a minor
connector that originates from
frame work travels horizontally
along the surface of the mucosa
and then turns vertically to
cross the free gingival margin at
90 degree.
The terminus arises from the
vertical portion of the approach
arm and engages undercut area
of the abutment.
83. Reciprocal arm is that part of
clasp assembly which provide
reciprocation to the prosthesis.
The reciprocal element may be
a cast clasp,lingual plate or a
combination of mesial and distal
minor connectors.
Reciprocal elements must
contact the abutment tooth
occlusal to the height of
contour.
84. Mechanism of action of reciprocal arm
As the retentive arm passes
over the height of contour
the arm displaces a slight
amount of flexure. This
flexure places lateral stress
in the abutment and
significant damage to the
supporting periodontium.
To prevent these effects , a
rigid reciprocal element
should be used.
85. Minor connectors join the
other units of prosthesis
such as clasp, rest, indirect
retainers , and denture
bases to the major
connector.
It must be rigid enough to
distribute the stresses to
other components.
86. Basic principles of clasp design
Surround more than 180 degree or three areas of tooth contact
Occlusal rest - prevent the cervical movement of the clasp arms
Each retentive tip should be opposed by the reciprocal arm
Retention should be as minimum as possible, should only resist
the minor dislodging forces
Retainers on the abutment should not transmit tipping or
rotational forces on the abutment tooth
87. The retentive tip should be placed more gingival than the
reciprocal element
Closer the retentive area to the edentulous area greater the
retention
88. Criteria for selecting clasp design
Flexibility
Rigidity
Stability
Esthetic
Adjustibility
Repairability
Maintains the original morphology
Malposed and rotated abutment tooth
Undercut
89. Requirements of clasp design
Retention - resist forces in occlusal direction
Stability - against horizontal forces
Support - against vertical forces
Encirclement – surround more than 180 degree
Reciprocity – equal and opposite forces by clasp arm
Passivity - at rest when seated
90. Retention
In 1916 Prothero advanced a
cone theory as basis for
clasp retention.
He described the shape of
crowns of premolars and
molars as that of two cones
sharing a common base
91. The clasp tip that ends on
cervical cone would resist
movement in occlusal
direction because to release
from the tooth it would be
forced to undergo
deformation.
92. The metal used for clasp
construction is resilient and
will deform when the
stresses acting on it exceed
the proportional limit.
It is essential to have a
definite path of insertion and
removal for a RPD
93. Height of contour
The term used by Kennedy
to indicate the line at which
two converging cones meet.
Or it is a line at which
occlusally sloping surface
meet cervically sloping
surface
It represents the greatest
bulge or diameter of crown
when viewed from specific
angle
94. Devan in 1955 described the
surface of a tooth that is
occlusal to the height of
contour as suprabulge and
the surface inclining
cervically as infrabulge
95. Retention of the clasp assembly is determined by
Magnitude of angle of cervical convergence below the point of
convexity
Depth of which clasp terminal is placed in the angle
Flexibility of clasp arm
96. Angle of cervical convergence
When the surveyor blade
contacts a tooth on the cast
at its greatest convexity , a
triangle is formed .The apex
of the triangle is at the point
of contact of the surveyor
blade with the tooth and the
base is the area of the cast
representing the gingival
tissue. The apical angle is
called the angle of cervical
convergence
97. According to Robert L
Schnerdor (1987) – greater
the angle of cervical
convergence the greater
potential for clasp retention
Necessitates the placement
of clasp terminus nearer the
height of contour
98. Retentive undercut has three dimentions
1. Distance between the tip of
the clasp and height of contour
2. Mesiodistal length of the
clasp
3. Buccolingual depth of the
clasp
99. Buccolingual dimention is more
critical because when the clasp
tip enters or leave the
infrabulge area of the tooth it
has to flex an amount equql to
the depth of this undercut
Undercut can be measured by
undercut gauge and is
expressed in thousandths of an
inch
100. Clasp made up of cast
chrome metal are placed in
undercut of 0.010inch
Cast clasp of gold- 0.015
inch
Clasp of wrought metal-
0.020 inch
0.030 inch undercut rarely
used in conventional partial
denture
101. Flexibility of the clasp arm
Length of the clasp
Diameter of the clasp
Cross sectional form
Material from which clasp is made
102. Flexibility is directly proportional to the length of the clasp
Flexibility is inversely proportional to the diameter of clasp
A round clasp has greater flexibility than a half round clasp with
same diameter
Chrome alloys have higher modulus of elasticity (218 Gpa) than
gold alloys (99.3Gpa) and therefore less flexible
103. Wrought alloys – internal longitudinal structure – greater ability
to flex
A recent study on comparison of titanium clasp and Co-Cr clasp
by Jay .T and Bridgeman et al (1997) revealed that titanium
and titanium alloy clasp is more useful for situations involving
deeper undercut because of higher flexibility
Titanium and titanium alloys have long term retentive resiliency
and risk of fracture in case of titanium is comparatively less to
Co-Cr clasp
104. Support
It is the property of a clasp to
resist the displacement in a
gingival direction
Rest is the prime support unit of
the clasp
105. Stability
It is the property of a clasp to resist the horizontal displacement
of prosthesis.
All the clasp components except the retentive clasp terminal
contributes to this property
Cast circumferential clasp has a rigid shoulder and provide
more stabilization than wrought wire clasp
106. Reciprocation
Reciprocal arm provides reciprocation by resisting the horizontal
forces exerted on tooth by retentive arm
Reciprocal arm should be at the level of retentive arm otherwise
when the denture is withdrawn the bracing arm looses contact
with tooth and retentive arm can cause displacement
107. Encirclement
Each clasp should be designed
to encircle more than 180 of
the abutment tooth
Encirclement may be in the
form of continuous contact
(circumferential clasp) or
broken contact (bar clasp)
108. Passivity
When clasp is in place on tooth , it should be passive
The retentive action is activated only when dislodging forces are
applied on partial denture
Incomplete seating of the clasp can cause pain or tenderness on
the abutment tooth
109. Factors in clasp selection
Tooth to be clasped- Whether molar , bicuspid , or cuspid
Tooth surface – lingual , labial , buccal
The area on the tooth where the most favorable retentive undercut is
to be found
The esthetic requirement
If two retentive clasp are to be used on the same side of arch it is
possible to have one clasp on such side engage a buccal undercut and
other clasp on such side engage a lingual undercut
110. Effect of friction coefficient – According to a recent study by Yuji
Sato et al (1997) on” Effect of friction coefficient in Akers clasp
retention” suggested that retentive force increased linearly by
increased friction coefficient between abutment material and
clasp material. Therefore clasp design should be changed
depending on abutment material.
111. Strategic clasp positioning
Leverage can be controlled by means of clasp if there are
sufficient abutment teeth and if they are strategically distributed
in the dental arch
Even when number and location of potential abutment is less
than ideal, harmful effects of leverage can be reduced by
strategic placement of clasp
112. Quadrilateral configuration
When four abutment teeth
are available for clasping ,
partial denture can be
confined with in these four
clasp and this quadrilateral
pattern of clasping reduces
the leverage
113. Tripoid configuration
When distal abutment on
one side of the arch is
missing , the lever arm is
created by distal extension
bone . In this circumstances
leverage can be controlled to
some degree by creating
triangular pattern of clasp
placement
114. Bilateral configuration
In bilateral distal extension
situations, the single retentive clasp
on each side of the arch should be
located near the center of the
dental arch or denture bearing area
The terminal abutment tooth on
each side of the arch must be
clasped
In bilateral configuration the clasp
exert little neutralizing effect on the
leverage induced stresses generated
by the denture base and these
stresses must be controlled by other
means
115. Types of direct retainer
Circumferential clasp - Where the retentive arm approaches
the retentive undercut area from above the survey line
Bar clasp - Where the retentive arm approaches the undercut
area from below the survey line
Combination clasp - which is a modification of circumferential
clasp
116. Cast circumferential clasp (Aker’s clasp,Simple
circlet clasp)
It is the most logical clasp
choice for tooth supported
partial denture because of its
excellent support , bracing,
and retentive qualities
Easiest to repair
It cause fever problems of
food retention
117. Disadvantages
More tooth surface is
covered than bar clasp. So
increased chance of dental
caries
This clasp changes the
morphology of the abutment
crown
Normal buccolingual contour
of the tooth is altered
118. This alteration may interfere
with the normal food flow
pattern. This could leads to
the damage of the gingival
tissue because of a lack of
physiologic stimulation of the
tissue
119. If these clasps are
positioned high on the
tooth, they can increase the
width of the food table
which in turn causes greater
occlusal force to be exerted
on the tooth
Can be adjusted only in one
plane , inwards and
outwards ie, perpendicular to
the tooth surface
120. Reverse circlet clasp
It is used when retentive
undercut is located on the
surface of the abutment
tooth adjacent to the
edentulous space
Usually bar clasps are used
for such type of undercut ,
but in cases of presence of
soft tissue undercut reverse
circlet clasp is the clasp of
choice
121. Disadvantage
Sufficient occlusal clearance is
needed
Poor esthetics with excessive display
of metal
An occlusal rest on the surface of
the tooth away from the edentulous
space does not protect the marginal
gingiva adjacent to the abutment
tooth. This marginal gingiva may be
traumatized if food packs between
the denture base and tooth. So it is
advisable to place an additional
occlusal rest next to the edentulous
space
122. Multiple circlet clasp
Multiple circlet clasp is two
opposing simple circlet
clasps joined together at
terminals of reciprocal arms
It is used to share retention
among several teeth
This may be considered a
form of splinting weakened
teeth by a removable partial
denture
123. Disadvantages
More tooth surface is
covered . So increased
chance of dental caries
This clasp changes the
morphology of the
abutment crown
Normal buccolingual
contour of the tooth is
altered
124. Embrasure clasp or Modified crib clasp
It is two simple circlet clasps
joined at the body
It is indicated most
frequently on the side of the
arch where there is no
edentulous space
The greatest problem with
this clasp is providing
sufficient space for adequate
thickness of metal
125. Ring clasp
Ring clasp can be used on
tipped molars
It permits the engagement
of undercut by encircling the
tooth from its point of origin
Because of its greater length
clasp must be designed with
additional support , in the
form of auxiliary bracing
form
126. Contraindication
When there is a soft tissue
undercut on buccal side
adjacent to the mandibular
molar
When there is close
attachment of buccinator to
crown of abutment toooth
128. Hairpin clasp ( Fish hook or c clasp or Reverse loop )
This clasp is designed to
permit engaging the
proximal undercut from an
occlusal approach
When a proximal undercut
must be used on posterior
abutment and when tissue
undercut or high tissue
attachment prevent the use
of bar clasp , this clasp may
be used successfully
129. Properly designed reverse
action clasp should make a
hairpin to engage an
undercut below the point of
origin
The upper arm of this clasp
is considered as a minor
connector giving rise to
tapered lower arm
130. Disadvantage
This clasp covers
considerable tooth surface
and may trap the food debris
Its occlusal origin may
increase functional load on
tooth and flexibility is limited
Display of more metal
131. Onlay clasp
Onlay clasp is an extended
occlusal rest with buccal and
lingual clasp arms
It is indicated where occlusal
surface of one or more teeth
is below occlusal plane
132. Disadvantage
Onlay clasp covers a large
amount of tooth structure
and may lead to the break
down of enamel surface
Opposing enamel occlusal
surface may also be
subjected to rapid wear
133. Combination clasp
It consists of a wrought
round wire retentive clasp
arm and a cast reciprocal
clasp arm
It is most often indicated on
an abutment tooth adjacent
to the distal extension space
When the usable undercut is
on the mesiobuccal surface
134. The greater flexibility of the
wrought wire acts as a stress
equalizer
Because of the greater
flexibility of the combination
clasp , it is placed on deeper
undercut area.
It can be placed in the
gingival third of the clinical
crown of the abutment tooth
135. So it is esthetically
acceptable
It can be used in caries –
prone individuals
Round wrought wire clasp
makes only a line contact
with tooth surface
136. Disadvantage
It requires extra steps in
laboratory fabrication
More prone to breakage or
damage
It can be easily distorted by
the careless handling of the
patient .Because of the
increased flexibility of the
retentive arm it does not
posses stabilizing qualities of
most circumferential clasp
137. Bar clasp or Vertical projection clasp or roach clasp
Approaches the retentive
undercut from gingival
direction, giving a push type
retention
Push type retention is more
effective than pull type
retention characteristic of
circumferential clasp
138. Advantage
More retention
Flexibility of the bar clasp
can be controlled by the
taper and length of the
approach arm
Since it is gingivally
approaching , esthetics is
good
139. Disadvantages
Greater tendency to collect
and hold food debris
Increased flexibility of the
retentive arm does not
provide much stabilization
Additional stabilizing units
should be employed in the
design of partial denture
140. Rules for use
The bar retentive clasp is
used only when the retentive
undercut is adjacent to the
edentulous area from which
the approach arm originates
Approach arm must not
impinge on soft tissue
It is desirable to provide an
area of relief under the arm
141. Minor connector that
attaches occlusal rest to the
framework should be strong
and rigid to provide some
bracing
The approach arm must be
tapered uniformly from its
attachment at the frame
work to the clasp terminal
142. The approach arm must never
be designed to bridge a soft
tissue undercut
The approach arm should cross
the gingival margin at a 90
angle
Retentive terminal of bar clasp
should point towards occlusal
surface
The clasp should be placed as
low on tooth as possible
143. Types of bar clasp
Depending on retentive
terminal, bar clasp may be
classified as T, modified T,
I, Y
144. T clasp
It is used most frequently on
a distal extension ridge
where the usual undercut is
on the distobuccal surface of
the abutment tooth
T clasp is used in
combination with a cast
circumferential reciprocal
arm
145. The fingers of the T clasp
should point toward the
occlusal surface of the
abutment tooth
The one finger should
engage the retentive
undercut and the other stays
on the supra bulge of the
tooth
146. T clasp can never be used if
the approach arm must
bridge a soft tissue undercut
It should not be used on a
terminal abutment adjacent
to a distal extension base if
the undercut is located on
the side of the tooth away
from the edentulous space
147. Modified T clasp
It is a T clasp with non
retentive finger of the
crossbar of the T terminal
omitted
Clasp is indicated for
premolars and canines for
esthetic reason
Care must be taken to
ensure 180 degree
encirclement of abutment
148. Y clasp
It is basically a T clasp
It is indicated when the
height of contour on the
facial surface on the
abutment tooth is high on
the mesial and distal line
angles but low on the center
of the facial surface
149. I clasp
I clasp is usually used on the
distobuccal undercut of the
abutment tooth for esthetic
reason
Since only a 2-3mm contact
of the retentive clasp on the
abutment tooth,
encirclement and horizontal
stabilization may be a
problem with I clasp
150. I bar
The I bar is a component
part of the partial denture
design philosophy referred to
as the RPI Concept
It differs from I clasp in
position on abutment tooth
that retentive undercut is
selected
I bar retention is normally
near center of facial surface
of tooth
151. The RPI clasp concept
The modification of I bar
clasp was advocated by
Krotochvil in 1965
Krol in 1973 introduced the
RPI clasp concept
It consist of buccal I bar
retentive arm engaging a
0.10 inch undercut
152. A proximal plate contacting a
proximal guiding plane
adjacent to edentulous area
Mesial occlusal rest and
minor connector positioned
on the opposite side of the
tooth from the proximal
plate
153. Advantages
Proximal plate and I bar
move away from the tooth
during function to reduce
torque
Mesial minor connector and
proximal plate provide
reciprocation and eliminate
need for a lingual arm
I bar is more esthetic
154. Minimal contact alters
contour less , advantageous
on caries prone individuals
Mesial rest eliminate class 1
lever
155. Contraindication
Shallow vestibule
Lingually tilted tooth
Labially or buccally flared
tooth
Soft tissue undercut
High floor of the mouth in
which lingual plate is used
156. Three basic philosophies on application of RPI system
The location of the rest , design of minor connector(proximal
plate) as it relates to guiding plane and location of the retentive
arm are factors that influence how this clasp system function
Variation in these factors provide the basis for the difference
among philosophies
157. Second philosophy suggest that guiding plane and
corresponding proximal plate minor connector extends from
marginal ridge to the junction of middle and gingival third of
proximal surface
Both philosophies recommend that retaining clasp arm be
located in the gingival third of buccal and labial surface of
abutment
Functional stresses in second philosophy distribute to both tooth
and edentulous ridge
158. One philosophy recommends that guiding plane and
corresponding proximal plate minor connector extend the entire
length of proximal tooth surface with minimum tissue relief to
eliminate impingement of free gingival margin. In this case
teeth are loaded more with functional stress than edentulous
ridge
159. 3rd philosophy favours a proximal plate minor connector that
contacts approx 1mm of gingival portion of guiding plane and
retentive clasp arm located in a 0.01 inch undercut in gingival
third of tooth at greatest prominence or to mesial away from
edentulous arch
In case of 3rd philosophy more functional force is distributed to
residual ridge than on abutment tooth
160. RPA clasp system (Rest, Proximal plate, Aker’s retentive
arm)
Akers clasp arises from the proximal plate adjacent to
edentulous base area
The shoulder of the clasp arm should be constructed so that
only its occlusal border contacts the tooth at height of contour
The retentive component of the direct retainer engages a
retentive undercut located on the facial surface of the abutment
tooth at height of contour at junction of middle and gingival
third of tooth
161. According to Kratochvil and Krol this type of clasp is best suited
for distal extension RPDs where the undercut is located away
from edentulous area
162. Rotational path removable partial denture design
The main advantage of this design is minimal use of clasp . This
enhances esthetics and reduce tendency towards plaque
accumulation
With conventional path of insertion all the rest are seated more
or less simultaneously. With rotational path of insertion one
segment of removable partial denture is seated first , then
remainder of the prosthesis is rotated in to position
163. This concept uses a rigid portion of frame work as retentive
component
Either a minor connector or proximal plate provides retention
through its intimate contact with proximal tooth surface below
ht of contour or survey line indicated at 0 degree tilt
These rigid retentive component must gain access to infrabulge
portion of tooth by rotating on to place
A specially designed rest in conjunction with retentive
component satisfy basic requirement of clasp design
164. Swing lock attachment system (Simmons 1963)
I bars can be used with swing
lock attachment system
It consists of labial bar which is
attached to the RPD by hinge at
one end and latch at other end
Reciprocation is achieved
through a lingual plate
contacting all clasped teeth
The teeth are directly retained
by I bar on labial surface
165. Advantages
Abutment tooth with poor
periodontal support
Key abutment is missing
Tooth that requires splinting
Tooth contours unfavourable
167. Spring Clasp
Proposed by D M Belles in 1997
It is an esthetic alternative for anterior retention that maintains
excellent esthetic called as Spring clasp or Twin flex clasp
Here a wrought wire of 19 guage is soldered in to channel in major
connector that is previously casted
168. Hinge clasp assembly
This clasp assembly was first proposed by Oddo in 1996 and later
described by Campbell and Weener
It has a rigid clasp arm that is hinged at a point of attachment of
denture base and held in place where it contact with tooth by clasp or
spring lock
169. Advantages
Retention with hinge clasp is considerably better
Can be used in severe soft tissue undercut
Minimal display of metal
Complete passivity during insertion and removal
170. VRHR Clasp concept
This concept was developed by Dr . Grasso
Vertical reciprocal arm contacts the lingual height of contour at
greatest mesiodistal prominence.
Horizontal retentive arm is completely below height of contour with
only terminal third of clasp contacting abutment tooth.
The remaining two third is positioned slightly out of contact
171. Intracoronal retainers
Internal attachment or intracoronal
retainer was developed by Dr.
Herman.E.S.Chayes in 1906
It consists of two parts, one which
is a receptacle(keyway) that is built
in to a crown or inlay constructed
on abutment tooth. And the second
part is an insert (key) that is
attached to removable partial
denture
172. The insert is machined to fit
precisely in to the
receptacle.The retention does
not result from friction between
insert and receptacle but from
torsional resistance by binding
or wedging
Eg: Ney attachment, Stern
Goldsmith,Bakers
173. Some intracoronal attachments include locking mechanisms and
frictional or spring retention . Eg : Schatzmann Snap
Advantages of Intracoronal attachments :
Elimination of visible retentive and support component
Better vertical support and horizontal stabilization
174. Disadvantages:
They require prepared abutment and castings
Complicated clinical and lab procedures
Eventual wearing away of assembly
Difficult to repair and replace
More expensive
Length of clinical crown may prevent its use
175. Extracoronal direct retainers
It can be classified into
1.Retentive clasp assembly
2. Attachments
Extracoronal attachments
Any prefabricated attachment
for support and retention of a
removable dental prosthesis.
The male and female
components are positioned
outside the normal contour of
the abutment tooth
Eg: ASC 52, Dalbo,Ceka And Era
176. Advantages
It has an ability to provide more resilience as a stress director
Insertion of these attachment is easier than intracoronal
attachment
Esthetically acceptable
They are indicated for anterior prosthesis for younger patients
who have large dental pulps.
177. Disadvantages :
It is bulky outside the tooth crown so that more space is
required with in the removable partial denture
Many of them have springs and parts that can break or wear
and require adjustments or replacement
178. J P D 1983 ,49, 25
RPA clasp design for Distal extension removable partial
denture - Eliason
Purpose : To define the features of RPA clasp design
Discussion : The mesial rest and proximal plate are designed
identically to those of the RPI clasp. The difference is in the
retentive arm. Aker’s clasp or circumferential clasp arm is used
If a conventional Aker’s clasp is used , with the retentive arm
coming off the proximal plate above the survey line and
crossing the survey line in the middle of the tooth to engage the
undercut,the releasing capability will be lost
179. With RPA clasp system the circumferential clasp is placed so
that the rigid portion of the clasp arm will contact the tooth only
along its superior border at the level of survey line
Conclusion
The circumferential type retentive arm is easier to grasp for
removal of the prosthesis
Simple in design
Avoid problems associated with large tissue undercut , excess
tissue surrounding the abutment teeth and high frenum
attachments
180. RLS – Lingually retained clasp assembly for distal extention
removable partial denture Aviv et al
quint Int 1993 21, 221
Purpose : To describe a clasp assembly for distal extension
partial denture that takes advantage of surveyed lingual
undercut
RLS : 1. Mesio occlusal rest
2. A distolingual L bar direct retainer , located on the
abutment tooth adjacent to the residual ridge
3. A disto buccal stabilizer
181. Summery : The tip of the direct retainer is placed distal to the
mesial occlusal rest to maintain the class 11 lever effect,
minimizing damage to the abutment tooth. A distobuccal
reciprocating stabilizer disengages from the tooth as the
denture base moves tissueward
182. Indirect retainer
The component of a partial
removable denture prosthesis
that assist the direct retainer in
preventing displacement of the
distal extension denture base by
functioning through lever action
on the opposite side of the
fulcrum line when the denture
base moves away from the
tissue in pure rotation around
fulcrum line (GPT 8)
183. Factors that influence the effectiveness of indirect retention
The principal occlusal rest on
the primary abutment teeth
must be reasonably held in their
seats by the retentive arms of
the direct retainer . If they are
held in their seats , rotation
about an axis will occur which
activate the indirect retainer .
If the total displacement occurs
, there would be no rotation
about the fulcrum and the
indirect retainers would not be
activated
184. Distance from the fulcrum line. The following three areas must
be considered
1. Length of the distal extension base
2. Location of the fulcrum line
3. How far beyond the fulcrum line the indirect retainer is
placed
185. Rigidity of the connectors supporting the indirect retainer. All
connectors must be rigid if the indirect retainer is to function as
intended
Effectiveness of the supporting tooth surface. The indirect
retainer must be placed on a definite rest seat on which
slippage or tooth movement will not occur. Tooth inclines and
weak teeth should never be used to support indirect retainer
186. Auxiliary functions of indirect retainer
In addition to effectively activating the direct retainer to prevent
movement of distal extension base away from the tissue, an
indirect retainer may serve the following auxillary functions
1. It tends to reduce the anteroposterior tilting leverages on the
principal abutments
2. Contact of its minor connector with axial tooth surface aids in
stabilization against horizontal movement of the denture
187. 3. Anterior teeth supporting the indirect retainers are stabilized against
lingual movement
4. It may act as an auxiliary rest to support a portion of the major
connector facilitating stress distribution
5. It may provide the first visual indications for the need to reline an
extension base partial denture. Deficiencies in basal seat support are
manifested by the dislodgement of indirect retainers from their
prepared rest seats when the denture base is depressed and rotation
occurs around the fulcrum
188. Fulcrum lines and indirect retention
Fulcrum line is an imaginary line connecting occlusal rest around which
a partial removable dental prosthesis tends to rotate under masticatory
forces
Determinants for the fulcrum line are usually the cross arch occlusal
rests located adjacent to the tissue borne components
189. The primary fulcrum line on distal
extension partial denture is an
imaginary line passing through the
most distal rest seat on each side of
the arch. If the denture base
extends mesially, the primary
fulcrum line passes through the
most mesial rest seat on each side
of the arch
190. Secondary fulcrum line
A secondary fulcrum line is the line
established when a partial denture
includes indirect retention
When a second fulcrum line is
produced by indirect retention , the
prosthesis rotate around the
primary fulcrum line if the denture
base is forced tissueward, and
around the secondary fulcrum line if
the denture base is lifted off the
tissue
191. Forms of Indirect retainers
Auxiliary occlusal rest
An occlusal rest can be
prepared on an occlusal surface
so that forces transmitted to it
can be directed apically through
the long axis of the tooth.
Occlusal rest seat can be
prepared in enamel, as part of a
new cast metal restoration, on
the surface of an existing cast
metal restoration
192. Rest should never be placed on
a tooth that has not been
adequately prepared
The outline form of an occlusal
rest seat should be triangular,
with the base of the triangle
located at the marginal ridge
and the rounded apex directed
towards the center of the tooth
193. The rest seat should occupy one
third to one half the mesiodistal
diameter of the tooth and
approx one half the
buccolingual width of the tooth
measured from cusp tip to cusp
tip
194. Canine rest
When the mesial marginal ridge
of the first premolar is too close
to the fulcrum line or when the
teeth are overlapped so that the
fulcrum line is not accessible, a
rest may be used on the
adjacent canine tooth.
Such a rest may be made more
effective by placing the minor
connector in the embrasure
anterior to the canine, either
curving back onto a prepared
lingual rest seat or extending to
a mesio incisal rest
195. Canine extension from occlusal rest
Occasionally a finger extension
from a premolar rest is placed
on the prepared lingual slope of
the adjacent canine tooth. Such
an extension is used to effect
indirect retention by increasing
the distance of a resisting
element from the fulcrum line
196. This method is particularly
applicable when a first molar
must serve as primary
abutment.
The distance anterior to the
fulcrum line is only the distance
between the mesio occlusal rest
and the anterior terminal of the
finger extension
197. Continuous bar retainers and linguoplates
In class1 and class11 partial
dentures , a cingulam bar or
linguoplate may extend the
effectiveness of the indirect
retainer if it is used with a
terminal rest at each end.
In tooth supported partial
denture , a cingulam bar or
linguoplate is placed for other
reasons but always with
terminal rest
198. In class1 and class11 partial dentures a continuous bar retainer or the
superior border of the linguoplate should never be placed above the
middle third of the tooth so that the orthodontic movement is
prevented during the rotation of a distal extension denture.
199. Modification areas
Occasionally the occlusal rest on a
secondary abutment in a class11
partial denture may serve as an
indirect retainer . This will depend
on how far from the fulcrum line the
secondary abutment is located.
The primary abutments in class 11
modification 1 partial denture are
the abutment adjacent to the distal
extension base and the most distal
abutment on the tooth supported
side. The fulcrum line is a diagonal
axis between the two terminal
abutments
200. The anterior abutment on the tooth
supported side is a secondary
abutment serving to support and
retain one end of the tooth
supported segment as well as
adding horizontal stabilization to the
denture.
The presence of a modification
space conveniently provides an
abutment tooth for support ,
stabilization and retention
201. Rugae support
Coverage of the rugae area of the
maxillary arch can be considered as
a means of indirect retention since
the rugae area is firm and usually
well situated to provide indirect
retention for a class 1 denture
202. Edentulous situations
Class 1
Indirect retainer must always be
used and is positioned as far
anteriorly as possible
203. Class 11
Its use is not as critical as in
class 1
If no modification space exists –
an abutment tooth suitable for
clasping should be selected as
far anterior on the tooth
supported side as possible
This rest and the clasp
assembly may serve as the
indirect retainer if it is located
far enough anterior to the
fulcrum line
204. Two indirect retainers should
generally be used in a class 1
design, where as one placed on
the side opposite the distal
extension base may be
adequate in a class 11 design
205. If modification space exists-
most anterior abutment on
the tooth supported side ,
with its rest and clasp
assembly, may be located far
enough anterior to the
fulcrum line to serve as the
indirect retainer
206. Class 111
Auxillary rest may be needed to
provide additional vertical
support for a lingual plate major
connector , lingual bar major
connector or an extensive
palatal major connector
207. Class 1V
The indirect retainer must be
located as far posterior as
possible
208. Bibiliography
Mc Cracken ‘s Removable Partial Prosthodontics, 11th Ed, 2005
Stewart , Clinical removable partial Prosthodontics
Lammie & Osborne, Partial Denture 4th Ed
Miller Removable Partial Prosthodontics
Boucher Removable Partial Denture