1. Poster template by ResearchPosters.co.za
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION CHARACTERSTICS OF DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL
ENGINE USING JATROPHA-BUTANOL BLENDS
ABSTRACT
Vegetable oils are renewable by nature and the non-edible category of
these oils can be used as an alternate fuel to C.I. engines.
In our project we have tried Jatropha oil (biological name Jatropha
curcas), as methyl ester at various blends of butanol in the ratio of 90%
& 10% , 80% & 20% and 70% &30% as the alternate fuel. The jatropha
oil esterified by trans-esterification process to minimize the problems of
volatility, viscosity and polyunsaturated fats which are unfavourable to
engine operation.The fuel blends were then tested for their performance,
combustion and emission parameters and were compared with that of
pure diesel and were able to achieve higher brake thermal efficiency
which was increases by 2.8% compared to diesel and emissions were
also reduced drastically.
JATROPHA OIL
BUTANOL
The blends of bio diesel (jatropha) and alcohol (butanol) that were used
were :
➠ Jatropha (90%) and Butanol (10%) – J90B10
➠ Jatropha (80%) and Butanol (20%) – J80B20
➠ Jatropha (70%) and Butanol (30%) – J70B30
TEST ENGINE
TESTS CONDUCTED
Tests were conducted on the engine fueled with diesel fuel,
Jatropha bio-diesel and blends of jatropha and butanol (JB90B10,
J80B20 AND J70B30) for two injection pressures of 200 bar and
250 bar. The performance, combustion and emission were noted
for various load conditions of 0% , 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.
The load was applied by means of electric dynamomter which is
coupled to engine. The engine was connected to computer which
notes the other parameters like imep, maximum pressure, volume,
and crank angle for each cycle were computed and graphed in
real time.
EMISSIONS ANANLYSIS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Emissions were analyzed for all tested blends under various load
conditions for both injection pressures of 200 bar and 250 bar. The
emissions that were measured are carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide
compounds, hydrocarbon emissions and smoke opacity.
Jatropha plant oil was selected as the base fuel of our project because,
Jatropha oil has a high cetane number, which is very close to diesel. This
makes it an ideal alternative fuel as compared to other vegetable oils.
The flash point of Jatropha oil is 2400 C as compared to 750 C for diesel.
Due to its higher flash point, Jatropha oil has certain advantages over
petroleum crude like greater safety during storage, handling and
transport.
HIGHLIGHTS
☞ TO SYNTHESIZE AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
☞ TO ACHIEVE HIGH BRAKE THERMAL
EFFICIENCY WITH MINIMAL ENGINE
CHANGES
☞ TO DECREASE THE AMOUNT OF POLLUTANTS
OR ATLEAST MAINTAIN THEM STABLE
M.TEJSWAROOP(1021010314) , T.K MAHESH CHOWDARY (1021010316) , K.V SAI PRATHIK (1021010332)
GUIDE : MR. V.RAJASEKAR, M.E(Ph.D)
The above shown are the jatropha plant and its seeds. It grows in tropical and
subtropical regions. They can grow rapidly almost anywhere even on gravelly,
sandy and saline soils and its water requirement is extremely low.
A typical jatropha seeds when pressed yields about 65% oil to its weight, which
shows the high yielding capacity of the seeds.
It can be noted from the properties that calorific value obtained was close to
the calorific value of the diesel (42,500 KJ/Kg).It can also be noted that the
cetane number of the blend was higher compared to diesel fuel, having higher
cetane number enhance the smooth running of the engine by preventing
knocking.
ENGINE%PARAMETERS% DIMENSIONS!
Rated%power% 4.4!Kw!
Rated%Speed% 1500!rpm!
Bore%Diameter%[D]% 87.5!mm!
Stroke%Length%[l]% 110!mm!
Compression%ratio%[r]% 17.5!:!1!
Orifice%diameter%[d]% 13.4!mm!
CoEefficent%of%dicharge%[cd]% 0.62!
!
The performance parameters analyzed were brake power, specific fuel
consumption, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption.
The graphs plotted against brake power were bthe, sfc, bsec.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 1.115 2.16 3.165 4.4
B
T
H
E
%
BRAKE POWER (kW)
Brake Power Vs BTHE
J100-200BAR J90-200BAR J80-200BAR J70-200BAR D100-200bar
J100-250BAR J90-250BAR J80-250BAR J70-250BAR D100-250BAR
189
213
207
205
193
204
179
192
204
195
364
410
402
387
378
407
374
392
386
382
637
706
645
634
644
655
658
618
623
610
862
944
875
854
806
904
839
836
813
816
1158
1054
1115
1075
1033
1166
1051
1134
1127
1098
J100 DIESEL J90 J80 J70
HCEmissions(PPM)
Brake Power (kW)
NOX EMISSIONS
0% load 200 Bar 0% load 250 bar 25% load 200 Bar 25% load 250 bar 50% load 200 Bar
50% load 250 bar 75% load 200 Bar 75% load 250 bar 100% load 200 Bar 100% load 250 bar
0.01
0.07
0.04
0.04
0
0.09
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.13
0.02
0.03
0
0.1
0.08
0.14
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.1
0.05
0.03
0.13
0.77
0.11
0.14
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.29
0.51
0.051
0.18
0.85
0.82
1.2
1.06
0.94
2.21
1.9
2.11
2.04
0.99
1.75
2.27
2.7
2.3
2.07
J100 DIESEL J90 J80 J70
Smoke(FSN)
Brake Power (Kw)
SMOKE OPACITY (FSN)
0% load 200 Bar 0% load 250 bar 25% load 200 Bar 25% load 250 bar
50% load 200 Bar 50% load 250 bar 75% load 200 Bar 75% load 250 bar
The below is comparisons between performance and emissions
parameters of the blend “J70B30” and diesel fuel at 100% load capacity for
injection pressure of 250 bar.
!
PARAMETER J70B30 DIESEL
BTHE (%) 30.4! 27.6!
SFC (kg/kW-h)
0.31! 0.305!
NOX (ppm)
1098! 1051!
Co (% volume)
0.04! 0.05!
Smoke (FSN)
2.07! 2.27!
BUTANOL:
Butanol is more similar to gasoline than ethanol and methanol. It
can be used in standard vehicle without the need for modifications.
Butanol has energy density (29.5MJ/lit ) and near to energy density
of diesel(35.5MJ/lit) .Butanol produces about 2.03kg CO2 /kg fuel
while Diesel is 3.2kg CO2/kg fuel. Butanol is less corrosive and
less explosive than ethanol.
BLENDS USED
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.115 2.16 3.165 4.4
BSFC(kg/kW-hr)
Brake Power (kW)
Brake Power Vs BSFC
J100-200bar J100-250BAR J90-200BAR J90-250BAR J80-200BAR
J80-250BAR J70-200BAR J70-250BAR D100-200BAR D100-250BAR
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.04
JATROPHA DIESEL J90 J80 J70
Brake Power (kW)
CARBONMONOXIDE EMISSIONS
0% load 200 Bar 0% load 250 bar 25% load 200 Bar 25% load 250 bar 50% load 200 Bar
50% load 250 bar 75% load 200 Bar 75% load 250 bar 100% load 200 Bar 100% load 250 bar
PROPERTIES
JATROHA
METHYL
ESTER
J90B10 J80B20 J70B30
Kinematic
Viscosity @ 40
Deg.C
3.24 cst 3.98 cst 3.61 cst 3.24 cst
Density @ 30
Deg.C (in
gm/cc)
0.89 0.8610 0.8513 0.8417
Gross Calorific
Value in J/kg
39,270 39,064.2 38,673 38,283
Calculated
Cetane index
51 51 52 53
!
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1.115 2.16 3.165 4.4
BSEC(kg/kW-h)
Brake Power (kW)
Brake Power Vs BSEC
J100-200bar j100-250bar J90-200bar j90-250bar
j80-200bar J80-250bar J70-200bar J70-250bar
ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS
Based on the analysis of combustion, performance and emission
parameters, its noted that brake thermal efficiency for the blend
“J70B30” was increased by 2.8% and brake specific fuel consumption
was increased by 1.63% compared to diesel at higher loads.
Emission of Nox (1098 ppm) was increased by 47 ppm and smoke
was reduced by 0.2 FSN.
CONCLUSION
1) Chauhan BS, Kumar N, Cho HM. Performance and emission studies on an agriculture engine
on neat Jatropha oil. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 2010;24(2):529e35.
2) H. Hardenberg and A. Schaefer, "The Use of Ethanol as a Fuel for Compression Ignition
Engines," SAE Technical Paper 811211, 1981,doi:10.4271/811211
REFERENCES
BATCH : T26