This is a class lecture on Islamic Architecture in India. Architecture of Tughlaq Dynasty has covered in this lecture. Course Title: Architectural Heritage-IV Architecture Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna

1. Arch 2205 | Architectural Heritage – IV
| Kowshik Roy | Part Time Lecturer | Architecture Discipline | Khulna University |
Part-A
Islamic Architecture in India
Tughlaq Dynasty (1321- 1413 AD)

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Tughlaq Dynasty (13201- 1413 AD)
Ruler Reign Notes
Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq 1321–1325 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
Muhammad binTughluq 1325–1351 aka Muhammad Shah II
Mahmud Ibn Muhammad 1351 (March)
Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 Cousin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II 1388–1389
Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390
Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah
III
1390–1393
Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I 1393 (March–
April)
Nusrat Shah
1393–1394
Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq,
controlled the west from Firozabad.
Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah
1394–1399
Son of Mahmud Nasir-ud- din,
controlled the east from Delhi.

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Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din
Figure 01: Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din, Delhi

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Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
General Information
Known as a Fortress Tomb
Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq is placed within a fortress boundary.
The fortress boundary is located at southern (main) entrance of
Tughlaqabad Fort
Architectural Features
Only red sand stone structure of Tughlaq dynasty
Constructed in the midst of an artificial lake.
The courtyard of the tomb consisted of some underground chambers.
White marble panel and white marble blind alcove at upper part of
the structure.

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Figure 02: Plan of the Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, Delhi
Irregular pentagon
in plan.
The layout was
dominated by the
topography of the
land.
Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din
Elevated cause
way connection

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Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din
Figure 03: Aerial view of the Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, Delhi

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Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din
Figure 04: Causeway to the Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, Delhi

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Figure 05: West façade of the Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, Delhi
Covered dome
with white
marble casing
Blind
alcove
Blind
alcove

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Figure 06: Entarnce of the Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, Delhi
Intrados of the
arch has lotus
bud/ fringe
design.
Apex is slightly
ogee , similar to
Tudor type of
Arch
Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din

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Figure 07: Khirki mosque, Delhi
Khirki Mosque, Delhi

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General Information
The Khirki, named for the perforated windows or khirkis
Built by Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah, the Prime Minister of Feroz Shah Tughlaq
(1351–1388)
Architectural Features
Built as a fortress with an unusual fusion of Islamic and traditional Hindu
architecture
The sahn was partially covered by a combination of a domed and flat roof,
leaving four symmetrically arranged open-to-sky courtyards for lighting and
ventilation
The mosque's walls are of rubble masonry construction with plastered surface
on the outside
Khirki Mosque, Delhi

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The Mosque is 170.6 ft x 170.6 ft square plan, raised on a plinth of 9.8 ft
Khirki Mosque, Delhi
Figure 08: Plan of Khirki Mosque, Delhi

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Khirki Mosque, Delhi
The southern gate, with imposing steps at the main entrance, exhibits a combination
of arch and trabeated construction with an rectilinear frame.
Figure 09: Southern entrance of Khirki mosque, Delhi

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Khirki Mosque, Delhi
Figure 10: Axonometric view of Khirki mosque, Delhi

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Khirki Mosque, Delhi
Figure 11 & 12: Southern entrance (left) and corner tower (right) of Khirki mosque, Delhi
There are four tapering corner towers and three projected gateways one in the
middle of each face, with tapering turrets flanking each gate.

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Khirki Mosque, Delhi
The southern gate, with imposing steps at the main entrance, exhibits a combination
of arch and trabeated construction with an rectilinear frame.
Figure 13: Southern entrance of Khirki mosque, Delhi

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Khirki Mosque, Delhi
Figure 14: Arcade around the courtyard of Khirki mosque, Delhi

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Figure 15: Remains of buildings at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi, 1795.
Firuz Shah Kotla
(Fortress of Firuz Shah Tughlaq)

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Firuz Shah Kotla
(Fortress of Firuz Shah Tughlaq)
General Information
Popularly known as Kushk-I-Feroz (Feroz's palace)
Erected on the bank of the river Yamuna because of availability water.
Architectural Features
Consist of three rubble-built walled rectangular enclosures
an irregular polygonal plan with its eastern wall in one alignment.
The eastern wall was built on the bank of the River Yamuna.
The central & largest enclosure had an imposing main gateway from
the western direction and bastions on either side flanked it.

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Figure 16: Plan of Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi
Firuz Shah Kotla
(Fortress of Firuz Shah Tughlaq)

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Figure 17: aerial view of Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi.
Firuz Shah Kotla
(Fortress of Firuz Shah Tughlaq)

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Figure 18: Ashokan Pillar on top of Hawa Mahal at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi
Structures within Firuz Shah Kotla
Ashokan Pillar (Ashok Lat)
Made of sandstone, but so
polished that looks like metal
Called as Minar-i-Zarin (gold
or gloden) as ornamented by
Feroz Shah
In the afternoon on a bright
day it glitters like gold

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Figure 19 Jami Masjid at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi.
Structures within Firuz Shah Kotla
Jami Masjid
Located just next to the
Ashokan Pillar
Built on a series of
underground cells and
made of quartzite stone,
covered with lime stone
Surrounded by a large
courtyard with cloisters
and a Prayer Hall

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Structures within Firuz Shah Kotla
Figure 20 Jami Masjid at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi.

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Figure 21: Baoli (step well) at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi
Structures within Firuz Shah Kotla
Baoli (step well)
Located northwest of the
Ashokan pillar, just in the
center of the garden
It has subterranean
apartments served as a cool
retreat in summer and was
used by persons of royal
lineage
A large underground drain
for the water towards its
eastern side

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Structures within Firuz Shah Kotla
Figure 22: Baoli (step well) at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi

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Structures within Firuz Shah Kotla
Hawa Palace
A tired structure
combined with
arched facades ,
influenced by of
Buddhist stupa.
Figure 23: Hawa Mahal with Ashokan Pillar on top at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi

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Structures within Firuz Shah Kotla
Figure 24: Plan (left) and Section (right) of Hawa Mahal at Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi

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Massive battered wall made of rubble stone & brick
Distinct Features of Tughlaq Architecture
Figure 25: Out side view of Fort Wall, Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi

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Tapered conical shaped corner bastion (tower)
Distinct Features of Tughlaq Architecture
Figure 26: Corner Bastion, Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi

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Fort like structure with
Barbican (outer defense of a castle or walled city)
Merlon (solid part of a crenellated parapet)
Battlement (parapet at the top of fort or castle with regularly spaced openings)
Distinct Features of Tughlaq Architecture
Merlon
Figure 27: Battlement, Firoz Shah Kotla, Delhi

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Hall room ceiling has crossed arch
Distinct Features of Tughlaq Architecture
Figure 28: Celing of Khirki mosque, Delhi

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Hall room ceiling has crossed arch
Distinct Features of Tughlaq Architecture
Figure 29:Typical Crossed Arch

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Four centered Arch along with
two centered arch
Combination of Arcuated &
Trabeated system in
construction of arched
openings
Usage of Pier also multiple
pillar & pier in arcade
Shallow dome a bit angular in
mosque
Distinct Features of Tughlaq Architecture
Figure 30:Four Centered Arch