„Kompiuterininkų dienos 2021“ Rugsėjo 24 d. Klaipėdos universitete

1. Eugenijus Valavičius,
Vilniaus verslo kolegija

2.  Standartų kūrimas
 Hiperteksto vystymas
 Prognozės
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hiperteksto kelias, KODI-21

3.   20000 BC – abstrakčių objektų
skaičiavimas.
 > 3000 BC – raštas -
Mesopotamia, šumerai.
 Knygos dauginamos
perrašinėjant (vienuolynuose
scriptorium)
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hiperteksto kelias, KODI-21

4.  Mediniai blokai
Rytų Azija,  200AD
 Spausdinimo staklės
 Gutenbergo biblija 1455.
Pirmoji revoliucija
informacijos sklaidoje.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

5. Dokumentų perdavimas
Dokumentų aprašų
standartai
 1945 V. Bush “As
we may think”,
Memex
 1976 TeX, 1985
LaTeX
 1990 .pdf,
Adobe, ISO
32000. Atviras
standartas.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hiperteksto
kelias, KODI-21

6. Hiperteksto realizacijos Hiperteksto standartai
 1965 T. Nelson –
“hypertext”, Xanadu
 Guide, Hypercard,
LinkWay, Toolbook, …
 WAIS, Gopher, Hyper-G
 1990 T. Berners-Lee,
R. Cailiout (CERN) –
WWW
 1992 Lynx, 1993
Mosaic (later Netscape)
 1986 SGML (ISO 8879)
and DSSSL (document
style semantics and
specification
language):
◦ HTML->xHTML->HTML5
and CSS
◦ XML and XSL
 1994 VRML-X3D, SMIL
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hiperteksto
kelias, KODI-21

8. SGMLdefinitions
Browser
Document typedefinition
DTD
Document
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hiperteksto
kelias, KODI-21

9. DTD Document
SGML definitions
Browser
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hiperteksto
kelias, KODI-21

10. Document
SGML definitions
DTD
Browser
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hiperteksto kelias,
KODI-21

15.  Svetainių rūšys: statinė,
dinamine, ekomercijos, turinio
valdymo sistema, flash.

16.  Pvz.: https://hefissto.gr/en/

17.  Nielsen-Norman Group (Ted Nielsen),
pirmosios pranašystės (1995):
◦ Hipertekstas keliaus iš Macintosh kompiuterių į IBM
PC. Įvyko
◦ Hipertekstas integruosis su kitomis kompiuterio
galimybėmis. Įvyko
◦ Universitetai jungs siūlomus kursus į bendrą
sistemą. Prasidėjo ir sustojo
https://www.nngroup.com/articles
/hypertext-future/

18.  Pasaulio voratinklis (Web) peržengė hiperteksto ribas ir
tapo specifinių programų terpe (sandbox).
 Kliento-serverio sistema pavirs lygiateisių programų
sistema. Bet kuri programa, kuri paėmė turinio porciją, ją
galės perduoti kitoms programoms.
 Nebus skirtumų tarp autoriaus ir komentatorių. Visi tekstai
bus savarankiški.
 Dokumentai bus ne tekstai, o ryšių (links) rinkinys. Turinį
iš saugyklų surinks naršyklė pagal ryšius.
 Turinys bus talpinamas nekintamais adresais. Neliks
dinamiškai kuriamo teksto.
 Hiperteksto sąsaja leis ir skaityti, ir redaguoti ar kurti
naują turinį. Naujas turinys nebūtinai publikuojamas.
https://hackernoon.com/guideline
s-for-future-hypertext-systems-
647b6a10f7dd

19.  XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language)
is a variant of HTML that uses the syntax of XML,
the Extensible Markup Language.
 XHTML has all the same elements (for
paragraphs, etc.) as the HTML variant, but the
syntax is slightly different. Some differences:
case sensitivity, all elements must be closed,
attribute minimization, etc.
 Because XHTML is an XML application, you can
use other XML tools with it (such as XSLT, a
language for transforming XML content).
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

20.  CSS is the language for describing the
presentation of Web pages, including colors,
layout, and fonts.
 It allows one to adapt the presentation to
different types of devices, such as large screens,
small screens, or printers.
 CSS is independent of HTML and can be used
with any XML-based markup language. The
separation of HTML from CSS makes it easier to
maintain sites, share style sheets across pages,
and tailor pages to different environments. This
is referred to as the separation of structure (or:
content) from presentation.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

21.  The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a text-
based format for representing structured
information: documents, data, configuration,
books, transactions, invoices, and much more.
 In HTML there is a built-in set of element names.
In XML, there are no built-in names (although
names starting with xml have special meanings).
 XML is very widely used today. It is the basis of a
many standards such as the Universal Business
Language (UBL); of Universal Plug and Play
(UPnP); word processing formats such as ODF
and OOXML; graphics formats such as SVG etc.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

22.  WebFonts is a technology that enables people to
use fonts on demand over the Web without
requiring installation in the operating system.
W3C has experience in downloadable fonts
through HTML, CSS2, and SVG.
 Until recently, downloadable fonts have not been
common on the Web due to the lack of an
interoperable font format.
 The WebFonts effort plans to address that
through the creation of an industry-supported,
open font format for the Web (called "WOFF").
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

23.  In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) proposed
ENQUIRE for CERN researchers to use and share
documents.
 In 1989, Berners-Lee and Robert Cailiout wrote a
memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext
system. HTML, server and browser in 1990.
 1994 HTML working group (IETF). Draft of css. HTML
2.0 in 1995.
 1996 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
 2004 Web Hypertext Application Technology Working
Group (WHATWG) started to develop HTML5 targeting
media and mobile. Apple, Mozilla, Opera Software.
W3C joined 2009. Google and Microsoft 2010.
 HTML5 replaces HTML4.01 and xHTML.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

24.  First versions of HTML consisted of tags
which were responsible about both document
structure (layout) and format (style).
 The aim of css is to separate the structure
from the presentation (R. Cailiou). CSS 1
specification was completed in 1996.
 CSS is the language for describing the
presentation of Web pages, including colors,
layout, and fonts.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

25.  All components of page are separate files.
Difficult to manage.
 Document structure: only Head and Body.
 Links only 1->1. No 1:n (fat links), no n:m,
no links with links.
 No back links. Result – dead links.
 No source tracking.
 Parameters of interactive websites are
transmitted as comments.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

26. Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata
◦ 404 not found
A
B

27.  Main reason for HTML to become “killer app”
– simplicity.
 Servers had to know only “get” and “put”
commands. Browser sends a request (get),
server returns needed file (put).
 Browser had to “understand” (interpret) only a
small and simple tag set.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

28.  HTML is a constantly evolving system. New
tags are created and some old tags become
not needed.
 New websites usually follow new
requirements but there are many sites
created a long time ago. They were built
using old tags.
 This is a problem for browsers. They have to
interpret correctly both old and new tags.
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

29. <HTML>
<Head>
<Title> Hello HTML </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
Hello World!
</Body>
</HTML>
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata

30.  With frames, several Web
pages can be displayed in
the same browser
window.
 Each HTML document is
called a frame, and each
frame is independent of
the others.
 HTML5 does not support
frames. But it has
<iframe> tag to embed
another document within
the current HTML
document.
<HTML>
<Head>
<Title> … </Title>
</Head>
<Frameset Rows=“ “>
<Frame Name=“ “ Src=“ “>
</Frame>
</Frameset>
</HTML>
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata
Eugenijus Valavičius, Hypertext,
Kalamata