Professional Writing Service http://StudyHub.vip/An-Examination-Of-Sustainable-Local-Com 👈

1. i
HTMi, Hotel and Tourism Management Institute, Switzerland
An examination of sustainable local
community involvement within the tourism
industry: A case study in Mauritius
Rohanrao Suddhoo
May 2019
A research paper submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of BSc
(Hons) International Hospitality Management, Ulster University
Words count: 8,798
(excluding abstract, acknowledgement, table of contents, list of figures,
reference list and appendices)

2. ii
Statement of Authenticity
This research paper is an original and authentic piece of work carried out by myself.
I have fully acknowledged and referenced all secondary sources of information. It
has not been presented in whole or in part for assessment elsewhere. I have read
the examination regulations and am fully aware of the potential consequences of
any breach of them. I understand that supervisor approval does not necessarily
contribute to a pass.
Signed:
Date: ___________ 25/05/2019
Declaration
I hereby declare that, with effect from the date on which this research paper is
deposited in the Module Coordinator Office, HTMi Sörenberg Switzerland, I permit
it to be copied in whole or in parts without reference to myself, in understanding
that such authority applies to single copies made solely for studying purposes and
are not published. An additional condition is that acknowledgement is credited to
the actual source.
This restriction does not apply to the copying of publication title, abstract or
introduction to this research. It is a condition that anyone who consults this
Research paper must recognise that the copyright rests with the author and no
quotations from the Research Paper or information derived from it may be
published unless the source is properly acknowledged.
Signed: __
Date: ___ _ 25/05/2019

3. iii
Abstract
The aim of this research paper is to analyse how Mauritius’ local community
can be more involved in the industry in a sustainable way. The significance
of the paper is that the practice of sun, sea and sand tourism in resort based
islands are no more considered sustainable as locals are not benefiting from
it. To achieve the aim, the paper will take into consideration the tourist’s
motivations to have community experience and the local needs, to find the
gap whether they are matching together and to eventually find possible
solutions based on the gaps found. A quantitative approach was used by
applying quota sampling, where 7 tourists and 7 local artisans were
interviewed. Then comparisons were made based on the 2 parties answers,
to find the gap and to find solutions. Findings show that primarily visitors
choose Mauritius for its scenery, beaches and climate not for the locals. Also,
locals want interaction with tourists only if they receive a decent economic
profit but on the other hand, tourists find the island expensive and are
reluctant to spend more money while having local interaction. It implies that
Mauritius should change its image of being a sun, sand, sea attraction and
should focus on promoting its local authenticity to increase community
involvement. Similarly it is the duty of government authorities and hotels to
implement interaction programs to increase local involvement but without
forsaking their needs.

4. iv
Acknowledgement
The author of this paper is eternally grateful to the people who helped him
to make this research paper a reality. He would like to thank his tutors
Madame Titti Torstensson, Mr. Carlos Oberli and Mr. Peter Robin for giving
insightful information and feedbacks. Also special thanks go to Miss Polina
Ermolaeva for her time dedication towards the writer. The author would like
to thank all teachers he came across through his time in HTMi and also in
college and primary school as he believes that every teacher played a part
in what he became today.

5. v
Table of Contents
Abstract.........................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement ......................................................................... iv
Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................1
1.1 Background information............................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Rationale................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Aims and Objectives.................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 2: Literature Review..........................................................5
2.1 Theories and models ................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1 Definitions of sustainable community tourism.................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Triple Bottom Line .............................................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 A Ladder of citizenship participation..................................................................................11
2.1.4 A critical understanding of motivations through push and pull factors ...............................15
2.2 Existing Empirical Research ......................................................................................................17
2.2.1 Sustainable Local Community Involvement in Small Islands ...............................................17
2.2.2 Malta attempt in involving local community ......................................................................19
2.2.3 Maldives challenges with local integration within the tourism industry..............................20
2.3 Primary Research Background – Mauritius................................................................................23
Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................26
3.1 Research approach...................................................................................................................26
3.2 Sampling ..................................................................................................................................27
3.3 Data collection .........................................................................................................................28
3.4 Data analysis ............................................................................................................................29
3.5 Credibility.................................................................................................................................30
3.6 Conformability .........................................................................................................................31
3.7 Dependability...........................................................................................................................32
3.8 Transferability..........................................................................................................................33
3.9 Ethical issues............................................................................................................................34
3.10 Limitations .............................................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Discussion ...................................................................36
4.1 To identify and interpret motivation of tourists to have local community experience. ..............36

6. vi
4.2 To examine local community needs in the industry and barriers that locals are facing to attract
experiences....................................................................................................................................38
4.3 To evaluate possible sustainable strategies for the local community to be more involved in the
industry..........................................................................................................................................40
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations ..............................42
5.1 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................42
5.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................45
References ...................................................................................48
Other sources consulted ...............................................................82
Appendix 1: Interview Questions Design for Tourists...................84
Appendix 2: Interview Questions Design for Locals......................91
Appendix 3: Questions for Tourists (English) ...............................99
Appendix 4: Questions for Locals (Emglish) ...............................101
Appendix 5: Questions for Tourists (French) ..............................103
Appendix 6: Questions for Locals (Mauritian Créole) ..................106

7. vii
List of Figures
Figure 1 - A model of sustainable tourism values and principles: Murphy and Price’s
(2005) Triple Bottom Line Model…………………………………………………………………………15
Figure 2 - Normative Typologies of Community Participation (Tosun, 2006)………20

8. 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background information
The Travel and Tourism industry in Mauritius employs 24.3% of total
population and it is likely to increase to 27.4% in ten years (World Travel
Tourism Council, 2017). Mauritius broke its record of tourists arrivals in
2018 hitting over 1.34 million visitors and also meaning that there have
been more tourists visiting the island in 2018 than its population number
itself (Naidoo, 2019). With the main focus emphasising on the luxury
segment, throughout the years the island of Mauritius has shaped a name
of itself in quality and superiority in the finished commodity of resort based
experiences (Butler and Carlsen, 2010). The Mauritius government under
the body of Hotel Development Scheme suggested that for the development
of the hotel and tourism industry, efforts should be put only in the build-up
of five to four star resorts (Ministry of Tourism, Leisure and External
Communications, 2008).
According to The Telegraph (2018) Mauritius is a multicultural, multi-ethnic
and multilingual country whose essential attractions are sun, sea and sand
(3S) together with outstanding landscape and luxury hotels. Lockhart
(1997) argues that for small island destinations, diversification from their

9. 2
main attractions such as the ‘3S’ is a must in order to distribute the income
of mass tourism over other sectors. In addition Bramwell (2004) claims that
island tourist destinations should diversify from the ‘3S’ as they are no more
considered as a sustainable form of tourism. Mauritius has been doing the
exact opposite as they are trying to attract more tourists by implementing
policies founded on resort-based schemes. For example the Integrated
Resort Scheme where golf courses are encouraged to be built, so that resort
based tourism is able to stay the backbone of the tourism economy (Prayag
et al., 2010). Wing (1995, p. 229-230) says that “the local population is
incapable of competing against the hotel establishments which pay higher
price for land, local produce and other materials” in Mauritius. Much criticism
is faced by luxury hotels as they are almost an inexistent contribution for
the local community, as they are hiring more foreigners than locals and not
improving local infrastructure (Reid, 1992). Money generated from the
tourism industry should be distributed to all its shareholders such as
investors, government and the locals, and the stakeholders should be
equally involved (Ryan et al., 1998). In addition Scheyvens (2001) indicates
that the economic profit distributed to local residents is more relevant than
the economic profit itself.

10. 3
1.2 Rationale
A lot of research has been conducted on sustainable development in
developed nations, (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005) but very few on sustainable
development in island destination tourism (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003;
Scheyvens and Momsen, 2008). Over the past years, many academic papers
have heavily criticised the practice of mass tourism in order to only make
profit and neglecting the local residents and the environment (Weaver,
1991). Many authors advocate the view that countries should diversify their
tourism in order to benefit the local community and get the residents more
involved. Nonetheless, no specific research has been done on how to involve
the local community more using strategies (Kardos, 2012) in a specific
region such as Mauritius. Also the studies of economic development of
tourism in islands destination have been well covered by researchers but
few importance has been given on how to use cultural authenticity of these
islands to their advantage (Bardolet and Sheldon, 2008). This gap motivates
the author to find out possible solutions by examining the involvement of
local communities in Mauritius. This research is to analyse the current
situation in Mauritius by looking from visitors’ perspective, local needs and
challenges in order to increase local community participation. Also this
research can contribute to other islands destinations similar to Mauritius
facing the same issue.

11. 4
1.3 Aims and Objectives
The aim of this research paper is to analyse how Mauritius’s local community
can be more involved in the tourism industry and ultimately benefit more
from the industry in a sustainable manner.
With the major aim above, the objectives of the research study are as
follows:
- To identify and interpret motivation of tourists to have local community
experience.
- To examine local community needs in the industry and barriers that locals
are facing to attract experiences.
- To evaluate possible sustainable strategies for the local community to be
more involved in the industry.

12. 5
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Theories and models
2.1.1 Definitions of sustainable community tourism
There are different types of tourism and tourists (Smith and Eadinton,
1992). With time the definitions and concepts of different forms of tourism
have altered, due to the growing wealth of people around the world,
technological advancement in the transport system and commodification
(Conlin and Baum, 1995). A community is more prone to accept tourism if
the apparent positives outcomes dominate the negative ones (Gursoy et al.,
2010). Tallis et al. (2012) describe that the goals of sustainable community
tourism (SCT) are to encourage the amelioration of environment, culture
and social lifestyle. The key elements of SCT are developing for a long term
objective, having commitment from both the government and private
sector, human and natural resources safeguarding, positive development in
the community and that the profit generated is evenly distributed among
locals (Butler, 1993; McIntyre 1993). Both definitions above illustrate the
same meanings except that the latter involves more key factors such as, the
involvement of government and private sector, and equal distribution of
revenue. In contrast Taylor (1995, p.487) claims that “the concept of

13. 6
community involvement in tourism development has moved nearer to the
centre of sustainable debate.” The main principle of a STC is that it should
be sustainable and the local community should be positively involved (Miller,
2015). In addition Hall and Richards, (2006) comments that in most
sustainable model, local community involvement is a key factor but, local
community itself is hard to define. The formers also question about who and
what is a community, how they are involved in the tourism industry and
point out that ‘community’ is evolving with time due to globalisation,
changing topography and changing social mobility. Sharpley (2003) gives a
completely different definition from the above, he claims that for the local
people, tourism in a sustainable approach should be portrayed as a scaled-
down, bottom-up, local and with a basic level of organisation. To be able to
implement sustainable community tourism especially on an island, it
requires a full evaluation of local environment and space, a precise long
term strategy and commitments from all stakeholders involved (Dodds,
2007). There are numerous explanations and concepts of SCT as noticed in
the above interpretations. Governments, employers, tourists, local people
and even scholars are confused about the definitions, principles and targets
of SCT (Berry and Ladkin, 1997). One of the reasons for this confusion is
because, there are many distinctive practices and designations of SCT which
have been put forward with lots of criticism (Jamal et al., 2013). The

14. 7
progress of sustainability in tourism is compared with a rollercoaster having
so many different interpretations (Weaver, 2012). Nevertheless Boo (1992)
states that SCT‘s targets and objectives should be clearly defined in order
to be able to apply them in practice.
2.1.2 Triple Bottom Line
In an attempt to make tourism a sustainable process, a community
development approach has been increasingly used and the terms
sustainable and community development have been used numerous times
in fusion to describe models and definitions (Joppe, 1996). Okazaki (2008,
p.511) states “community participation in the tourism planning process is
advocated as a way of implementing sustainable tourism.”

15. 8
Figure 1: A model of sustainable tourism values and principles: Murphy and
Price’s (2005) Triple Bottom Line Model
The base of the triple bottom line (TBL) theory consists of 3 main and
distinctive outlines which together in combination form a concept of
sustainable tourism (Elkington, 1997). The 3 outlines are community
participation, environmentally friendly and economic goals. The TBL has
been chosen as a part of its concept include community participation, which
is linked to sustainable tourism. The execution of community, financial and

16. 9
environmental goals can be achieved by the 3 factors being equally
implemented in harmony without forsaking one of the factors and not
harming the locals, economy and environment (Murphy and Price, 2005).
Dyllick and Hockerts (2002) approve the previous authors as they argue
that a sustainable approach should represent positive community
participation, resulting in profitability, without affecting negatively the local
values and the environment, in addition the next generation should not be
harmed from this form of tourism. Hart and Milsten (2003) similarly defined
sustainable tourism as being a way of improving the lives of locals together
with the environment of the current generation, without putting a barrier to
the development of the next generation. Moreover the TBL catches the
substance of sustainability by enhancing the local community, the economy
and protecting the earth (Savitz and Weber, 2006). The explanations above
put forward that the 3 factors namely, people, profit and environment should
be present equally to achieve sustainability. On a community point of view,
the TBL favours fair distribution of business and job opportunities among
both locals and big enterprises, and favours the development inside the
community (Elkington, 1997). Locals will not accept any form of
development if the perceived negative impacts on their community overload
the positive ones (Dhiman, 2008). In addition Goel (2010) states that fair
salary, local employee satisfaction and constructive communication between

17. 10
locals and organisations is a form of sustainable local community
involvement.
To measure the effectiveness of the TBL Vandenberg (2002) argues that The
World Business Council for Sustainable Development which is represented
by 160 businesses around the world validated the TBL. Elkington (1999)
states that an organisation which wants to be seen as extraordinary should
apply the TBL as it includes financial aims, social justice and environmental
preservation. On the contrary Barkin (1996) comments on the TBL as being
a philosophical model and it is not easy for industries to achieve all line goals
in harmony. To add on, the working togetherness of all 3 factors of TBL is
quite difficult (Slaper and Hall, 2011), one argument Bansal (2002) raised
is that organisations focus primarily on profit rather than on the community
and the environment, which are secondary. Even Murphy and Price (2005)
authors’ of figure 1, state that the TBL has limitations as it is difficult for a
small business to implement all the lines. Pigram (1990) measures that
sustainability in tourism is a key aspect for sustainable community
development but doubt the viability of transforming TBL ideas into concrete
actions. A plausible explanation for all the uncertainties concerning TBL can
be demonstrated by the fact that there is a lack of research on sustainability

18. 11
and utilization of the term sustainability is inconsistent (Alhaddi, 2015).
Moreover Yan et al. (2009) argue that some literature of sustainability
focuses only on the environmental goals and whereas Bibri (2008) clarifies
that some literature focus more on community.
2.1.3 A Ladder of citizenship participation
A huge miscomprehension exists between the theoretical explanation of CBT
and the approach in practice in real life (Goodwin and Santili, 2009).
Arnstein (1969) designed a power distribution ‘ladder’ with 8 different levels
to demonstrate the degree of citizen participation. The ladder can be
interpreted at the bottom level as manipulation of locals for the advantage
of those in power; mid-level can be understood whereas public is informed
of their rights and where their opinion is somehow taken into consideration
and the higher level can be seen as a partnership between locals and powers
holders to fully controlled by citizens (Okazaki, 2008).

19. 12
Reid (2003) approves Arnstein’s ladder as he argues that the model is
coherent with the different stages of tourism development and that the
model helps to understand the level of local involvement. In addition Rocha
(1997) validates Arnstein’s ladder and he enlarges the ladder by including
theories of empowerment along with the level of participation. Rowlands
(1997 p.37) says that “empowerment is more important than participation
in decision-making, it must also include the process that lead people to
perceive themselves as able and entitled to make decisions.” Arnstein’s
model can be backed up by Pretty (1995) as he portrays community
participation as a 7 dimensions level running from manipulation involvement
to self-assembly. Each degree takes into account the varying degrees of
outer contribution and nearby control and mirrors the connection between
them, where manipulation equals to unfairness towards locals in favour of
foreigners and self-assembly as a ‘god’ type power to the locals (Pretty,
1995). Stiefel and Wolfe (1994), Pretty and Arnstein’s concepts are very
similar (Tosun, 1999). The formers (1994) define community participation
as a classification of local power that as a fundamental significance as it
mirrors a scope of power dispersion among how much they are involved in
decision making.

20. 13
Figure 2: Normative Typologies of Community Participation (Tosun, 2006)
On the other hand Tosun (2006) criticised the ladder as he argues that the
model is more for studies in the development field rather than a specific field
of an economy. In addition Leksakundilok (2006) says that the participation
ladder does not fit the development of tourism. It gives misdirecting
outcome in a developing nation context (Choguill, 1996). In such manner
Tosun (1999) created a more fine-tuned model based on Arstein’s ladder for
local community involvement within tourism and hospitality development.

21. 14
The first level of participation presents a perfect world with a cordial
understanding among authorities (Government, WTO) and local
communities; second level whereas locals can have a say but cannot ensure
that their view will be taken into consideration as elite group (tour operators,
agencies) are dominant; third stage where as locals are not or very little
involvement to avoid social degradation or for the preservation of nature or
culture (Tosun, 1999).
Simillaly Selin and Chavez (1995) used Arnstein’s ladder as a backbone for
their model to demonstrate that the different levels on the ladder are directly
proportional to the level of partnership and collaboration among locals and
other stakeholders. Partnership is essential in guaranteeing benefits and
resolving issues between stakeholders (Gray, 1985).

22. 15
2.1.4 A critical understanding of motivations through push and pull factors
The push and pull theory gives a simplistic and comprehensive
understanding for clarifying the motivations hidden under travellers’
behaviour (Dann, 1977). According to Yoon and Uysal (2005) pull factors
can be seen as external or “cognitive aspects” to visitors who are willing to
go to a particular area for vacation. To be more precise, travellers are pulled
by the area’s properties effective after publicities or advertising or public
awareness, consequently giving an apparent picture of the area (Kassean
and Gassita, 2013). Pull factors are when travellers rather choose country A
over country B for vacation because country A has explicit characteristics
and attractions that country B does not have (Wu and Pearce, 2014).
Similarly Séraphin et al. (2018 p.387) say that “authenticity is considered
as one of the most powerful pull factors for a destination.” These explicit
characteristics or authenticity are for instance, sun, seaside, mesmerising
mountain landscape, relaxing atmosphere and fine sand (Klenosky, 2002).
According to Uysal and Hagan (1993) push and pull factors are two different
entities which are independent of each other. The step in deciding of leaving
home to visit a destination is a push factor whereas to choose what to visit
or see within the destination is a pull factor (Dann, 1981). Push factors can

23. 16
be interpreted in form of emotions and personal feelings of that person who
is going to decide whether to travel or not (Yoon and Uysal, 2005). Likewise
Dann (1977) argues that the lack of socialising and the willingness of getting
out of routine life is a push factor for people to travel. “Ego enhancement”
is another form of push factor as people use travelling as a medium to be
recognised in society for being financially strong (Fodness, 1994). In
addition almost all of push motives are inherent and are intangibles that
give the impulsion to travel (Seebaluck et al., 2015). These psychographic
factors mentioned above can be associated with the willingness of people to
seepage away from reality, for resting and relaxing, try new things, pride,
socialising which is coherent with Maslow’s (1943) model of needs which
start from basic needs to self-actualisation (Mayo and Jarvis, 1981).
In opposition to Uysal and Hagan (1993) view that push and pull factors are
two different independent entities, Klenosky (2002) says that many
academic papers agree that these two factors should be regarded as
functioning together. In this context, Dann (1981) agrees that these two
factors are interrelated as he puts forward that for instance, pull factors for
a resort based destination like sun, seaside or relaxing atmosphere, “both
respond to and reinforce push factors.” Furthermore Cha et al. (1995)
discuss that visitors decide to travel due to their intrapersonal motives which

24. 17
are at the same time pulled by other external motives of the destination
itself and also its available attractions. Similarly Yoon and Uysal (2005)
researched that pull factors have a significant impact on visitors’ satisfactory
level and loyalty which can be considered as push factors. In the same way,
push and pull factors can be amalgamated together in a way to attract
tourists towards a singular destination and not divided into push, deciding
to go on a holiday or pull such as focusing on attractions (Cromptom, 1979).
Finally McGee et al. (1996) evidenced that pull factors have the power to
stimulate and fortify push factors.
2.2 Existing Empirical Research
2.2.1 Sustainable Local Community Involvement in Small Islands
A variety of studies has been conducted on the development of tourism on
islands (Salvat and Pailhe, 2002; Trousdale, 1999; Gil, 2003). Islands with
a high population density and high tourist’s arrivals such as Malta face lots
of issues concerning sustainability (Briguglio and Briguglio, 2002).
Researches on the island of Hawaii and Malta concluded that the locals are
interested in being involved in tourism, but without impacting negatively on
their cultures and lifestyles (Sheldon et al., 2005). Based on a research
conducted in the Canary Islands, there was not a balance between long term

25. 18
planning and community involvement which resulted in unhealthy tourism
(Gil, 2003). It took Hawaii two years to redefine their aims and goals for
sustainable tourism by gathering all stakeholders such as government,
operators, locals and hoteliers in an action plan (Sheldon et al., 2005). In
addition Malta (1990) states that tourism planning in Malta is crucial in order
to understand the effects on locals, environment and economy. Community
based projects have been implemented with success in Tanquile Island
(Peru) in order to favour the participation of locals by setting the indigenous
islanders as the main attractions (Mitchell and Reid, 2001). Nevertheless in
French Polynesia Islands efforts were made to involve more traditions,
culture and folklore of locals with visitors, which failed due to the motivation
of visitors who wanted to stay in the hotels and to enjoy more the scenery
(Salvat and Pailhe, 2002). Seychelles educated and involved the locals in
preserving the wildlife, by using wildlife visitors as a source of income to
fight against poaching (Shah, 2002). On the island of Gili Trawangan
(Indonesia) actions have been taken to empower the local community such
as, natives have total control of ecotourism sites, there is a fair proportion
of women and youngsters in the tourism industry (Dodds and Graci, 2010).
In Irian Jaya Island (Indonesia) every year an auction for local arts and
crafts takes place in hotels in order to help local artists to market and sell

26. 19
their products better, which resulted in very high profitability for the native
wood sculptors (Shah and Gupta, 2000).
Moyle et al. (2010) researched on social interaction between locals and
tourists on various islands concluded that locals are more willing to have a
social exchange with a visitor if they receive a decent economic benefit in
return and lesser locals want an interaction without an economic benefit.
2.2.2 Malta attempt in involving local community
In an attempt to improve participation of residents, Malta decided to involve
locals in decisions taking (Malta National Report, 2002). Additionally Malta
put much effort on promoting crafts, arts, cultural and heritage sites in order
to involve the local community with tourists, nevertheless, visitors have
more interest in Maltese culture than local themselves (Briguglio and
Briguglio, 2002). Consequently The Maltese government amended policies
in favour to benefit the local residents economically (Ministry of Tourism,
2014). Even with all efforts in trying to involve the locals in tourism in Malta,
the locals’ perception is to “satisfy tourists to the detriment of locals who at
the same time feel like losing their cultural values and pride” (Pekkala, 2015,

27. 20
p.77). Moreover The National Commission for Sustainable Development
(2006) suggests that the Maltese community lack proper education on
sustainability and it should be done by the government, media and Non-
Governmental Organisations. The education of locals through campaigns
and sensitisations is primordial for a successful sustainable development.
(The Malta Independent, 2011). Locals, as well as tourists should be
educated in order that the environment, lifestyle, culture and tradition of
Maltese are not negatively affected (Apostolopoulos and Gayle, 2002). In
that sense, initiatives were taken by the University of Malta (2017) by
implementing a project called “meet the locals” where, tourists are taken on
excursions to rural villages to discover a lesser-known tradition, culture and
food specialties, in opposite to typical leisure tourism in Malta.
2.2.3 Maldives challenges with local integration within the tourism industry
Maldives had a policy that tourism and resorts can only be developed on the
main island (Scheyvens, 2011). This was due to limit the environmental and
socio-cultural impact on the island resources and inhabitants respectively
(Niyaz, 2002). It was only up to 2008 that the Maldives Government decided
to open up other islands for tourism development in order to involve more

28. 21
local communities in the industry (Shakeela et al., 2011). Nevertheless this
measure did not bring full success for the locals as, many of them had to
stay away from their home and they were employed in low paid jobs, not as
a manager or supervisor as they did not have proper education or training
to work in the tourism industry (Shakeela et al., 2010). In addition Yahya
et al. (2005) argue that because of the relatively tiny size of the island and
the “resort culture”, visitors’ needs are more important than locals. By the
opening of new hotels in other atolls, jobs are created but most of the vacant
positions were given to foreigners (Zubair, 2011). This resulted in locals
being perplexed and they demanded to be more taken into consideration
(Zubair, 2011). Also the Maldivians opposed themselves to the opening of
new hotels in Fuvahmulah as they got the perception that they will not be
positively involved (Shakeela et al., 2011). In the same way, locals raised
their voices because the locals were affected more negatively than positively
in tourism development which is due to the fact that they were not informed
or consulted before planning is done (Shareef and McAleer, 2008).
In 2006 the Maldives Tourism Development Corporation made a new
amendment whereas locals would be able to buy shares as stakeholders
within the tourism industry. The government encouraged locals to open

29. 22
guesthouses to favour local community involvement where the locals would
be in direct contact with the guests (Ahmed, 2014). Nonetheless inhabitants
were not keen to guesthouse because of drawbacks such as dress code
(traditional Muslim country) on streets, limited support from the
government, lacking cooperation among other guesthouses, breakdown of
traditional family values and foreign personal getting better jobs (Ahmed,
2014). With the emergence of guesthouses, it brings along backpackers who
are travellers who stay in relatively cheap accommodation, want to
experience local culture and move from one place to another (Zubair and
Bouchon, 2014). However there is not enough support from the government
and not enough education and willingness from locals to develop a proper
infrastructure to maximise benefits of backpacker’s tourism for locals
(Zubair and Bouchon, 2014). According to Ministry of Tourism Maldives
(2016), the main motives of tourists to visit Maldives are for rest and
relaxation, honeymoon and for sea activities. The main factors attracting
them are beaches, climate and beauty in general with local interaction
ranking 6th
, with most of them staying in all-inclusive full board resorts and
perceived the island as a quite expensive place (Ministry of tourism
Maldives, 2016).

30. 23
2.3 Primary Research Background – Mauritius
Most of the tourism of Mauritius is resort based where more than three-fifth
of tourists prefer half board all-inclusive holidays and they are big spenders.
This results in economic leakage towards big hoteliers to the detriment of
locals, unfair distribution of revenue and low remunerated jobs in the
industry (Sharpley and Naidoo, 2010). Mauritians have a limited amount of
public beaches to enjoy due to the privatisation of most beaches by resorts
(Sharpley and Naidoo, 2010). Recently police force and the army had to
intervene because of protests from local inhabitants, towards the
government as the Pomponette beach, one of the remaining few public
beaches was ‘sold’ to foreigners to build a resort, where eventually the public
will be denied access to the beach (Thanay, 2017). 335 km is the beach
perimeter of Mauritius and only 46.9 km are publicly accessible, leaving
Mauritians with leftovers, cliffs, and pebbles (Elix, 2018). 88% of the beach
perimeter is privately occupied by the 115 hotels or apartments. Mauritius
Strategy 05 is a framework that promotes better community involvement in
the hospitality and tourism industry (United Nations, 2005). The Hotel
Development Strategy (HDS) of 2008 favours “foreign direct investment to
ensure a diversified mix of capital mobilisation.”(Ministry of Tourism, Leisure
and External Communications, 2008), with no action plan on the social
responsibility of hoteliers towards local residents (Prayag et al., 2010). The

31. 24
HDS does not mention at all social participation of local inhabitants in the
strategy and it is contradictory to the Mauritius Strategy 05 which mentions
that SIDS like Mauritius should encourage participation of local community
in tourism and in decision taking (Prayag et al., 2010). In 2008 the Mauritian
government announced the Maurice île Durable (MID) plan where the island
will implement measures, policies and projects in order to become a leading
and sustainable island destination (Government of Mauritius, 2008).
Nonetheless after two years, le Pr Joe Rosnay who was the special advisor
of the Prime Minister and Dr. Suddhoo, chairman of Mauritius Research
Council criticised the project as being implemented at a very slow rate, the
project did not grab the interest of the population and even the Ministry of
Tourism is not fully committed towards the project (Spéville, 2010).
Ministry of Tourism (2018) released a report concerning a strategic plan for
2018-2021 named “adapting to the global changing environment.” In the
paper the Ministry acknowledged the fact that for many years the industry
was fully controlled by just a small group of powerful stakeholders and that
the industry needs democratisation, because it resulted in conflicts between
locals and hotel advocates (Ministry of Tourism, 2018). Thus now the
government will prioritise local cultures such as street art, music, food and

32. 25
live show of “folkloric dance and music” and will do efforts in assuring that
skilled locals will be getting managerial and supervisory jobs to “foster the
truly Mauritian hospitality” (Ministry of Tourism, 2018). Ramsamy (2019a,
2019b) who is the director of Tourism Business Intelligence advocates that
the plan for 2018-2021 has some very interesting and good measures in
terms of technology-driven concept for development but, nevertheless he
says that “we simply sell the sun, sand and sea, and that for the past 70
years, whilst travellers are in quest for better human interactions, cultural
enrichment and personal experience.”

33. 26
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Research approach
A qualitative approach is keener in attaining the aims and objectives
mentioned above. A minority of investigators tried to reduce the gap in
research by exploring the liaison between sustainable tourism and local’s
support for tourism (Gursoy et al., 2002; Deccio and Baloglu, 2002). The
author wants to find the gap between local’s needs, tourist’s motivations
and perceptions in the industry to find possible solutions to involve more the
community. Qualitative method is a tool to find in-depth information,
revealing actual facts of what is happening in reality, rather than confirming
existing studies or claims (Mason, 2002). It is an instrument which is used
mainly to measure and understand one’s attitudes and perceptions towards
social issues (Bryman and Bell, 2007; Hennink et al., 2010). It is easier to
get very close to one’s individual perspective in a qualitative approach rather
than in a quantitative one (Androitis, 2000). Furthermore qualitative
approach is regarded as being an efficient way to understand and interpret
consumer’s behaviours and motivations (Ditcher, 1964). Silverman (2006)
and Beins (2009) also agree that qualitative method is the right instrument
to differentiate one’s attitude with another, to evaluate social environment
and to find solutions in the future.

34. 27
3.2 Sampling
Non-random purposive sampling will be used to fulfil the aims mentioned
above, as the persons will be chosen on purpose to allow the researcher to
obtain meaningful data from a tinier but well-defined sample (Saunders et
al., 2009). More precisely quota sampling will be used as it “illustrate
characteristics of particular subgroups of interest to facilitate comparisons”
(Ellsberg and Heise, 2005, p.106). Quota sampling means choosing a
particular group of samples based on define features such as age or working
sector (Clark et al., 2010). The goal of quota sampling is to obtain a sample
that matches the targeted population based on particular characteristics
(Doherty, 1994). One advantage of quota compared to probability is that, it
is easier to handle non-response as it can be backed up by selecting another
candidate fitting the same quota (Doherty, 1994). Quota sampling is fair in
a way that only the locals directly affected by the tourism industry will be
selected, artisans living on the coast and people heavily dependable on
tourists will be interviewed. The location where the research is conducted,
population sampling can be taken from that area (Vanderstoep and
Johnston, 2009). Tourists who have been to Mauritius for more than once

35. 28
will be chosen as Saunders et al (2009) say that interviewees who already
familiar with the destination or topic will favour better inputs. The author
will go to different touristic villages to interview local artisans and will send
requests to hotels in diverse parts of the country for the tourists.
3.3 Data collection
If more than 20 interviewees are chosen, while undertaking the interview
new input cannot be taken from the transcript (Green and Thorogood,
2009). Therefore a total of 14 interviews will be carried out, 7 locals and 7
tourists. The researcher opted for a semi-structured, face to face, as it will
enable the participants to have the chance to fully express their perceptions,
views and feelings towards the topic, and allow the author to adjust
questions (Kothari, 2005). Semi-structured interviews will allow the author
to gain perceptions (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Tourists and locals will have
few similar questions to some extent but at some point they will have
different questions such as for the motivations of the tourists. The author
will try to settle with them a certain level of interaction to determine a
recurrent standpoint (Thomas, 2004). After collecting the views of both
shareholders and the motivations of tourists, then comparisons can be made
to determine where and what are the gaps between the locals and tourists.

36. 29
After analysing the gaps, sustainable strategies can be drawn to involve
more the locals in the industry.
3.4 Data analysis
Data analysis for interview is composed of some factors such as: transcript
data, organising the data procession, connection findings and results to
concepts, identifying patterns related to concepts, obtain participants
second view, coding, discussing, concluding and recommending (O'Connor
and Gibson, 2003). “Valid analysis is immensely aided by data displays that
are focused enough to permit viewing of a full data set in one location and
are systematically arranged to answer the research question at hand.”
(Huberman and Miles, 1994, p. 432). Transcription of notes takes a lot of
time, that’s why the author will already try to find patterns after reading. To
increase the possibility of obtaining patterns, participants can answer
questions in a story-telling way, conceivable under a semi-structured
interview (Rubin and Rubin, 1995). Afterwards coding is done by the author
where he has to produce an essay of the notes, then has to analyse the
notes by identifying phrases, views or terms used frequently to relate it to

37. 30
concepts and models used in the literature (O'Connor and Gibson, 2003).
By using memos it will be helpful for the author in keeping track of the
different responses during the progress of data analysis. Coding requires
some knowledge and to ensure validity a second point of view from a more
experienced researcher is useful (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Also obtaining
feedbacks from the participants after data analysing to see whether they
agree with the findings can increase validity (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994).
Expected codes in this research are behaviours, motivations, perceptions
and needs (Gibbs, 2012). Subsequently conclusions and recommendation
can be made by identifying the gaps from the tourists and locals.
3.5 Credibility
The integrity of a qualitative research heavily depends on the honesty of the
study (Merriam, 2009; Lancaster, 2005). One subjectivity issue concerning
qualitative research is that it is extremely difficult to be fully objective while
undertaking the research (Lincoln and Guba, 1985). Bryman and Bell (2007)
agree on the point that full objectivity is unachievable but they put forward
that researchers should reduce their personal bias by focusing on facts and
relevant data. In addition the personal and interpersonal skills of the

38. 31
researcher can heavily influence the subjectivity of a qualitative study
(Phillimore and Goodson, 2004).
3.6 Conformability
The connectivity between this research with other similar ones and the
endorsement of researchers towards findings is known as conformability
(Marshall and Rossman, 2011). The conformability of a paper can be verified
by, similar papers using the same methodology and by comparing the
outputs of thematic inquire of interview material (Wang et al., 2014).
Conformability of a paper rest on the ability of the researcher to show
objectivity (Marshall and Rossman, 2006). Subsequently in this investigation
the author will have to perseveringly observe the interviewees, without
rushing the questions and ensuring the questions asked were thoroughly
comprehended. The author also took note that the complexity of answers
might differ from the groups (Tracy, 2013). The author will share the results
with other researchers to get a second point of view to minimise personal
interpretation.

39. 32
3.7 Dependability
Dependability of a research is how well the findings of the study are
consistent and the likelihood that if the same study is done a second time,
how much it will be successful (Bryman, 2012). Dependability is related to
reliability and to the investigator’s capability to “account for changing
conditions in the phenomenon” (Phillimore and Goodson, 2004 p.160). In
addition Bryman (2012) agrees that in qualitative research there is a
resemblance between reliability and dependability, and he puts forward the
concept of auditing to gain high level of legitimacy. To ensure the reliability
of the findings obtained, the author will seek assistance of professionals to
ensure a benchmark and detailed record during the interviews. In Mauritius
the hospitality and tourism industry is quite mobile, so the stakeholders’
attitudes and viewpoints concerning the involvement of locals within the field
might not alter over a long period of time.

40. 33
3.8 Transferability
Transferability is the approach of being able to apply findings of this study
to other similar studies (Marshall and Rossman 2011). Due to the intricacy
of qualitative research, it is with much difficulty to be able to apply some
types of findings to other studies (Trochim, 2006). The author firmly
believes that the transferability of this study’s findings are possible under
certain criteria. This paper investigates about the motivations of tourists and
the needs of locals concerning community involvement in Mauritius. It might
be possible that other island destinations having the same geographical
characteristics and attractions face the same situation as Mauritius
concerning community involvement. For instance other resort based islands
with same assets such as sun, sea and sand can have an identical situation
as Mauritius. Nevertheless “tourism interaction between locals and visitors
in islands is dynamic and complex” (Moyle et al., 2010 p.103), which means
that other islands even under similar criteria transferability is hard.
Interviews were audio recorded and the author will invite professionals to
reflect on his confirmations and conclusions. In doing so the author hopes
to guarantee that the findings can be transferred to other studies.

41. 34
3.9 Ethical issues
Ethical issues in research concern involvement to some degree, the
obstruction with confidential information and the misinterpretation of data
during the collection of information (Saunders et al., 2009). Ethical values
of participants should be controlled and respected while undertaking a
research concerning the society (Bryman, 2012). In order to respects the
ethics of the participants, they had to sign a ‘participant information sheet’
about privacy, anonymity and disclosure. Graziano and Raulin (2010) put
emphasis on the fact that participants should be clearly informed that the
information collected will be used wholly for academic purposes.
As the interviews will take place in Mauritius and that the author is a
Mauritian, there is little risk of misinterpreting or sentimentally hurting the
locals because of cultural differences. One concern is about the seriousness
of the tourists. This is because the latter are enjoying their holidays and
they might not answer the questions with full determination as their minds
will be probably elsewhere and even if they will volunteer themselves, they
might prefer to end the interview as soon as possible.

42. 35
3.10 Limitations
There is no perfection in designing a research and there are inevitably issues
coming up (Pattom, 2012). Participants might be prudent during the
interview (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The relevancy and weight of the findings
depend on the willingness of the participants to give meaningful and detailed
answers, also about the amount of information they want to disclose
(Phillimore and Goodson, 2004). If the author was a foreigner to the country
then it might be that locals are reluctant to speak. There are some difficulties
in assembling the required parties that will participate in the interviews
(Saunders et al., 2009). In this research, it might be an issue gathering the
tourists. It can be hard to approach the tourists as the author will have to
send e-mails to resorts, might be the resorts are not keen to interview their
guests, or the guests are not volunteering themselves, which might take a
lot of time. The enormous amount of time to manuscript the data form parts
of limitations (Lancaster, 2005). In addition doing interviews can be very
long and tiresome. The author finds no language limitation as himself is a
local and can easily communicate with the locals and is fluent in English and
French for the tourists. Another limitation is that the interview findings might
not be a proper representation of the whole Mauritius but rather a
representation of the villages where the locals were chosen for an interview.

43. 36
Chapter 4: Discussion
4.1 To identify and interpret motivation of tourists to have local
community experience.
Pull factors are when travellers choose a country for vacation because it has
explicit characteristics and attractions (Wu and Pearce, 2014). This
understanding of pull factors can be derived from a study by Ministry of
Tourism Maldives (2016), which may suggest that for Mauritius the primary
reasons which attract tourists are the physical attributes of the island
namely, beaches, climate and beauty with local interaction ranking 6th
.
Given these arguments, it can be assumed that tourists want to visit
Mauritius because of its physical attributes not because they want to have
interaction with locals. Travellers are pulled by the area’s properties
effective after publicities or advertising or public awareness, consequently
giving an apparent picture of the area (Kassean and Gassita, 2013).
Mauritius may have over the years through advertising, awareness and
relatively tiny size of the island gave itself an image of a resort culture,
based on a researched done by Yahya et al. (2005) in Maldives. “Authenticity
is considered as one of the most powerful pull factors for a destination”
(Séraphin et al., 2018 p.387). Mauritius have possibly projected its sun, sea

44. 37
and sand as authentic pull factors to attract tourists and not its local people,
which probably can result in, even if efforts are made to involve more local
interaction with visitors it will fail due to the motivation of visitors who want
to stay in hotels to enjoy the scenery, based on a research in French
Polynesia (Salvat and Pailhe, 2002). It can be connected to push factors
which are emotions and personal feelings of a person deciding whether to
leave the hotel or not for extra activities (Yoon and Uysal, 2005). McGee et
al. (1996) evidenced that pull factors have the power to stimulate and fortify
push factors. So it is recommended for Mauritius to advertise and project its
local people who are multicultural and multi-ethnic as an authentic pull
factor which will create awareness for the visitors, and eventually tourists
will want to interact with locals because of its uniqueness. Eventually there
will be an increase in local participation in the industry.

45. 38
4.2 To examine local community needs in the industry and barriers
that locals are facing to attract experiences.
Sustainable Community Tourism include positive development in the
community and that the profit generated is evenly distributed among locals
(Butler, 1993). Studies on interaction between locals and tourists on various
islands concluded that locals needs are that they are more willing to have a
social exchange with a visitor if they receive a decent economic benefit in
return and lesser locals wants an interaction without an economic benefit,
can be applicable for locals of Mauritius (Moyle et al., 2010). Similarly the
Triple Bottom Line model of sustainability includes 3 factors that are
community participation having economic benefits without harming the
environment. It can also be presumed that Mauritius is perceived by visitors
as an expensive island destination where most of them are staying in all-
inclusive resorts (Ministry of Tourism Maldives, 2016). So it can be
concluded that there is a gap as, locals want to have interaction with tourists
if they are gaining a decent amount of money and in contrast tourists might
not want to go out of the resorts to interact with locals as they do not want
to spend more money because of the high cost of travelling to the island
and staying in luxury resorts. It can be expected from an empirical study
from Shareef and McAleer (2008) that locals are not happy because they

46. 39
are affected more negatively than positively in tourism development which
is due to the fact that they are not informed nor consulted before planning
is done and their needs are not reached. The main principle of a community
based tourism is that it should be sustainable and the local community
should be positively involved (Miller, 2015). It can be concluded that that
the local community is not involved in a sustainable way as there are more
negative impacts than positive ones. This scenario can also be connected to
Arsntein (1969) power distribution ‘ladder’ of citizen participation,
positioned at the bottom level where there are manipulation and non-
participation of locals in terms of decision making where locals feel annoyed
and feel that decisions taken are not in their advantage as they are not
consulted. Locals are interested in being involved in tourism, but without
impacting on their cultures and lifestyles, based on studies from Hawaii and
Malta (Sheldon et al., 2005). Tallis et al. (2012) describe that the goal of
SCT is to encourage the amelioration of environment, culture and social
lifestyle. In this context one barrier is that Mauritians might be reluctant to
have interaction with tourists in fear that their culture and tradition might
be negatively affected. It can be recommended to give more considerations
to locals when authorities are planning for tourism as locals’ needs will be
achieved and should be cautious about not harming local culture or else
sustainable tourism is not present.

47. 40
4.3 To evaluate possible sustainable strategies for the local
community to be more involved in the industry.
The key elements of SCT are to develop a long term objective, having
commitment from both the government and private sectors (McIntyre,
1993). In Mauritius it can be expected that there is not a balance between
long term planning and community involvement which resulted in unhealthy
tourism, based on a study from Canary Islands (Gil, 2003). In addition
partnership is essential in guaranteeing benefits and resolving issues
between stakeholders (Gray, 1985). So what Mauritius can do is to redefine
their aims and goals for sustainable tourism by gathering all stakeholders
such as government, operators, locals and hoteliers in an action plan
(Sheldon et al., 2005). Empirical studies have shown that local community,
organisations and tourists lack knowledge about sustainability (The National
Commission for Sustainable Development, 2006). This can be explained by
the fact that there are many distinctive practices and designations of SCT
which have been put forward with lots of criticism (Jamal et al., 2013). One
recommendation is that locals and tourists should be educated about SCT
which will result in better awareness and knowledge on how to attain SCT.
One possible solution that Mauritius can do based on the findings that
tourists are reluctant to go out of resorts, is to bring locals into the resorts

48. 41
and have local crafts sales for example (Shah and Gupta, 2000). Studies
show that attracting backpackers, who stay in relatively cheap
accommodation, want to experience local culture and move from one place
to another (Zubair and Bouchon, 2014) is a way to counter all-inclusive
resort practices.

49. 42
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion
Dynamic and complex are the terms that can be used to describe the
interaction between community and visitors in Mauritius. Why complex,
because defining a community itself is hard. Who and what is a community,
is it people working in hotels, or people indirectly affected by the tourism
industry or people having nothing to do with the industry but still can be
affected negatively or positively by the tourism development, or all
mentioned above.
There have been a limited amount of studies done on island destination
tourism concerning local community involvement and additionally taking
into consideration the visitors and locals point of view. The research findings
have demonstrated that the numerous definitions of sustainable community
tourism can be brought down to 3 main needs. Firstly for the community to
have an interaction with tourists, it is important for the formers to have a
decent economic benefit in return, secondly to be consulted and given power
to have their say in decision making concerning tourism development and
finally, the community shall not be damaged culturally or socially. The 3
aspects mentioned above can be found in the triple bottom line model of

50. 43
sustainability saying that, TBL concept is a positive community participation,
resulting in profitability, without affecting negatively the local values and the
environment, in addition the next generation should not be harmed from
this form of tourism (Dyllick and Hockerts, 2002). In 1995 Taylor (1995,
p.487) claims that “the concept of community involvement in tourism
development has moved nearer to the centre of sustainable debate.” Even
if this statement was made 24 years ago, it is still appropriate now as it has
been proven in this research. So to sum up, in order to increase local
community involvement in the industry the 3 needs mentioned above should
be present and Mauritius can forge its approach based on the triple bottom
line. By analysing the motivations of tourists to come to Mauritius, it has
been discovered that the top pull factors (attractions and characteristics)
are the scenery, beaches and climate. So tourists visit Mauritius because of
these attractions not because of the locals. If the tourists themselves do not
want to interact with the locals and want to stay in resorts, they cannot be
forced to do so. Additionally locals want economic benefits when there is
interaction and on the other side tourists perceive Mauritius as an expensive
destination and probably do not want to spend more money while meeting
locals. This can be explained that throughout the years the island of
Mauritius has shaped a name of itself in quality and superiority in the
finished commodity of resort based experiences (Butler and Carlsen, 2010).

51. 44
Resorts are the barriers that are limiting community involvement. On a
positive side resorts are bringing mass tourism in Mauritius and money, but
not in terms of community involvement, as since independence in 1968,
Mauritius has been promoting its ‘3S’ and many luxury resorts have been
built. Various authors say that islands should diversify from the ‘3S’ as it is
no more considered as a sustainable form of tourism. The complexity here
is that to increase SCT, the needs of the locals have to be attained, the
tourists need to have the willingness to participated and finally based on the
structure of the island and its strategies through years, SCT is constrained.
To counter that Mauritius can change its image and project the locals as a
unique selling point which will create awareness and tourists might come to
visit the island for the locals and also if tourists do not want to leave the
resorts, bring community experience into the resorts.

52. 45
5.2 Recommendations
This paper covered a wide range of models and theories concerning
community tourism, sustainability and level of community participation but
only limited on motivation factors. It is advisable that more focus should
have been put on motivation factors as the paper reveals that one of the
principal barriers that is not favouring community participation is the
motivation of tourists of staying in resorts and not going out. Also as
mentioned before, it is hard to describe the term ‘community’. The paper
could have dedicated a part of its literature review about critically identifying
what is a community. In doing so it would have helped the author to
understand more the term and could have improved the sampling in the
methodology part, for the locals, as people who are artisans in different
touristic villages have been chosen for interview which might not be a full
representation of the concept ‘community’. In addition even though
Mauritius is a very tiny island, the findings might not be a proper
representation of the whole Mauritius thus it is recommended to narrow
down to a specific location in Mauritius, which will help to obtain more
precise information on that particular location and more fine tune strategies
could be applied. The findings of this paper can be transferable to some
extent to other island facing similar problems, more precisely resort based
islands.

53. 46
Researchers can seek into many other related studies in areas such as
marketing strategies and image, the importance of culture in a “3S” island
destination, diversification of tourism, tourism planning and development,
social exchange theory and residents support of tourism in Mauritius. Pull
factors are directly related to image and marketing strategies, diversification
can be done using the authentic culture of Mauritians and understanding
tourism planning can help to comprehend the resort culture in Mauritius.
This research has interviewed both tourists and locals, other studies can
interview other stakeholders such as government authorities and hotels
groups to understand their views and, to see what is their strategy and what
they doing for the local community. A quantitative method can be useful in
this research to get more information from a greater amount of participants.
What is primordial in order to increase local community involvement, it that
there should be a full evaluation of the current situation on the island. Then
problems shall be identified and eventually solutions and strategies should
emerge to increase involvement. First of all, locals, organisations and
tourists should be educated about SCT. People should understand it’s
significant and should be aware that the concept of the ‘3S’ is no more
sustainable. When the needs of locals and tourists have been identified,
programmes can be developed for interaction where needs of both parties
are attained. Proper interaction programmes enable positive and beneficial

54. 47
exchange for both local and tourists which at the same time respect the
cultural and social lifestyle of islanders. To attain this, there should be a
cordial partnership between governmental authorities, locals and hotels as
each one of them have a part to play in order to make the interaction
program a success. Building hotels in towns rather than along coast and
opening concepts such as guesthouses and Airbnb can increase local
community participation.

55. 48
References
Ahmed, M. (2018) Guesthouses in the Maldives: Towards Community-Based
Tourism. International Journal of Innovation and economic development, 4
(1), 44-50. Available from: https://researchleap.com/guesthouses-
maldives-towards-community-based-tourism/ [Accessed 1 March 2019].
Alhaddi, H. (2015) Triple Bottom Line and Sustainability: A Literature
Review. Business and Management Studies, 1 (2), 6-10.
Andriotis, K. and Vaughan, R.D. (2003) Urban residents’ attitudes toward
tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 172–85.
Androitis, K. (2000) Local Community Perceptions of Tourism as a
Development Tool: The Island of Crete. Thesis, (PhD). Bournemouth
University.

56. 49
Apostolopoulos, Y. and Gayle, D.J. (2002) Island Tourism and Sustainable
Development: Caribbean, Pacific and Mediterranean Experiences. Westport:
Praeger Publishers.
Arnstein, S.R. (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the
American Institute of Planners, 35 (4), 216-224. Available from:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01944366908977225
[Accessed 19 February 2019].
Bansal, P. (2002) The corporate challenges of sustainable development.
Academy of Management Executive, 16 (2), 122-132.
Bardolet, E. and Sheldon, P.J. (2008) Tourism in Archipelagos: Hawai’i and
the Balearics. Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (4), 900–923.
Barkin, D. (1996) Ecotourism: a tool for sustainable development in an era
of international integration? In: Miller, J.A. and Malek-Zadeh, E., eds. The
ecotourism equation: Measuring the impacts. New Haven: Yale University,
263-272.

57. 50
Berry, S. and Ladkin, A. (1997) Sustainable Tourism: A Regional
Perspective. Tourism Management, 18, 433–440.
Bibri, M. (2008) Corporate sustainability/CSR communications and value
creation: A marketing approach. Thesis, (MBA). Blekinge Institute of
Technology.
Boo, E. (1992) The Ecotourism Boom: Planning for Development and
Management. 2nd
ed. Washington DC: World Wildlife Fund.
Bramwell, B. (2004) Coastal Mass Tourism: Diversification and Sustainable
Development in Southern Europe. Sheffield: Channel View Publications.
Briguglio, L. and Briguglio, M. (2002) Sustainable tourism in small islands:
the case of Malta. In: Castri, F. and Balaji, V. eds. Tourism, biodiversity and
information. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 169-184.

58. 51
Brikci, N. (2007) A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology.
London: School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Available from:
https://cloudfront.ualberta.ca/-/media/science/research-and-
teaching/teaching/qualitative-research-methodology.pdf [Accessed 5 April
2018].
Bryman, A. (2012) Social research methods. 4th
ed. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, Inc.
Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007) Business Research Methods. 2nd
ed. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Butler, R.W. and Carlsen, J. (2010) Island Tourism: A Sustainable
Perspective (Ecotourism), Volume 8. United Kingdom: CABI Publishing.
Butler, R.W. (1993) Tourism: An Evolutionary Perspective. In: Nelson, J.G.,
Butler, R. and Wall, G., eds. Tourism and Sustainable Development:
Monitoring, Planning. Ontario: University of Waterloo, 27–43.

59. 52
Cha, S., McCleary, K.W. and Uysal, M. (1995) Travel Motivations of Japanese
Overseas Travelers: A Factor-Cluster Segmentation Approach. Journal of
Travel Research, 34 (2), 33-39.
Choguill, M.B.G. (1996) A ladder of community participation for
underdeveloped countries. Habitat International, 20 (3), 431–444.
Choi, H.S. and Sirakaya, E. (2005) Measuring residents’ attitude toward
sustainable tourism: Development of sustainable tourism attitude scale.
Journal of Travel Research, 43 (4), 380–394.
Conlin, M. and Baum, T. (1995) Island tourism Management Principles and
Practice. Chichester: Wiley and& Sons.
Crompton, J.L. (1979) Motivations for Pleasure Vacation. Annals of Tourism
Research, 6 (4), 408-424.

60. 53
Dann, G.M. (1981) Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of Tourism
Research, 8 (2), 187-219.
Dann, G.M. (1977) Anomie, Ego-Enhancement and Tourism. Annals of
Tourism Research, 4 (4), 184-94.
Deccio, C. and S. Baloglu (2002) Garfield County Resident Perceptions of
the 2002 Winter Olympics: The Spillover Effects. Journal of Travel Research,
41 (1), 45–56.
Decrop, A. (2004) Trustworthiness in qualitative tourism research. In:
Phillimore, J. and Goodson, L., eds. Qualitative Research in Tourism:
Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies. New York: Routledge, 156-
169.
Denzin K.N. and Lincoln Y.S. (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research.
California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

61. 54
Deville, J. (1991) A theory of quota surveys. Survey Methodology, 17 (2),
163–181.
Dhiman, S. (2008) Product, people, and planet: The triple bottom line
sustainability imperative. Journal of Global Business Issues, 2 (2), 51-57.
Dodds, R. (2007) Sustainable tourism and policy implementation: lessons
from the case of Clavia, Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 18 (3), 296-322.
Dodds, R. and Graci, S. (2010) Sustainable Tourism in Island Destinations.
London: Earthscan.
Doherty, M. (1994) Probability versus Non-Probability Sampling in Sample
Surveys. The New Zealand Statistics Review, 4 (2), 21-28. Available from:
https://studylib.net/doc/8913900/probability-versus-non-probability-
sampling--1- [Accessed 28 April 2018].

62. 55
Dwyer, L., Gill, A. and Seetaram, N. (2012) Handbook of Research Method
in Tourism. Quantitative and Qualitative Approach. United Kingdom: Edward
Elgar Publishing Limited. Available from: http://books.google.com
[Accessed 13 April 2018].
Dyllick, T. and Hockerts, K. (2002) Beyond the business case for corporate
sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 11 (2), 130-141.
Elix, J. (2018) Accaparement des plages: «Les Mauriciens n’ont que des
restants, des falaises, des galets!». L’express [Online], 20 May. Available
from: https://www.lexpress.mu/article/331823/accaparement-plages-
mauriciens-nont-que-restants-falaises-galets [Accessed 20 May 2018].
Elkington, J. (1997) Triple bottom line revolution—reporting for the third
millennium. Australia: CPA Publications.
Elkington, J. (1999) Cannibals with forks – Triple bottom line of 21st century
business. United States: John Wiley and Son, Inc.

63. 56
Ellsberg, M. and Heise, L. (2005) Researching Violence Against Women - A
Practical Guide for researchers and activists. Washington DC: World Health
Organisation and PATH. Available from:
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42966/9241546476_eng.
pdf;jsessionid=B5B94350C635D69126C5D5FF1F32C9DB?sequence=1
[Accessed 20 April 2018].
Fodness, D. (1994) Measuring tourist motivation. Annals of Tourism
Research, 21 (3), 555-581.
Gibbs, G.R. (2012) How and what to code. Huddersfield: School of Human
and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield. Available from:
http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/ [Accessed 18 May 2019].
Gil, S. (2003) Tourism Development in the Canary Isalnds. Annals of
Tourism Research, 30 (3), 744-747.

64. 57
Goel, P. (2010) Triple bottom line reporting: An analytical approach for
corporate sustainability. Journal of Finance, Accounting, and Management,
2 (1), 27-42.
Goodwin, H. and Santilli, R. (2009) Community-based tourism: A success?
Dissertation, (MSc). University of Greenwich. Available from:
http://www.andamandiscoveries.com/press/press-harold-goodwin.pdf.
[Accessed 25 Febuary 2019].
Government of Mauritius (2008) MID - Maurice Ile Durable. Port Louis:
Government of Mauritius. Available from:
http://mid.govmu.org/portal/sites/mid/aboutMID.htm [Accessed 18 March
2018].
Gray, B. (1985) Conditions facilitating interorganizational collaboration.
Human Relations, 38 (10), 911–936.
Graziano, A.M. and Raulin, M.L. (2010) Research methods: A process of
inquiry. 7th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

65. 58
Green, J. and Thorogood, N. (2009) Qualitative methods for health research.
2nd
ed. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Gunn, C.A. (1994) Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases. 3rd
ed.
Washington DC: Taylor and Frances.
Gursoy, D., Chi, C.G., and Dyer, P. (2010) Local’s attitudes toward mass
and alternative tourism: The case of Sunshine Coast, Australia. Journal of
Travel Research, 49 (3), 381–394.
Gursoy, D.J., Jurowski, C. and Uysal, M. (2002) Resident Attitudes: A
Structural Modeling Approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 79–105.
Hall, D. and Richards, G. (2006) Tourism and sustainable community
development. London: Routledge. Available from:
https://books.google.ch/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gWpeoeQ4Pn8C&oi=fnd&pg
=PR8&dq=community+tourism&ots=1SdCYgktIy&sig=dwA5OKQJk-
T1Mx14_Ks_FHqtfR8#v=snippet&q=mauritius&f=false [Accessed 11
February 2018].

66. 59
Hart, S. and Milstein, M. (2003) Creating sustainable value. Academy of
Management Executive, 17 (2), 56-67. Available from:
https://www.kuleuven.be/emeritiforum/em/Forumgesprekken/F1617/2302
17/creating-sustainable-value-stuart-l-hart-and-mark.pdf [Accessed 25
February 2018].
Hennink, M., Hutter, I. and Bailey, A. (2010) Qualitative Research Methods.
London: SAGE Publications, Inc. Available from: http://books.google.com
[Accessed 13 April 2018].
Huberman, A.M. and Miles, H.B. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis. California:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
Jamal, T., Camargo, B.A., and Wilson, E. (2013) Critical omissions and new
directions for sustainable tourism: A situated macro–micro approach.
Sustainability, 8 (3), 4594–4613.
Joppe, M. (1996) Sustainable community tourism development revisited.
Tourism Management, 17 (7), 475-479.

67. 60
Kardos, M. (2012) The reflection of good governance in sustainable
development strategies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58,
1166-1173. Available from: https://ac.els-
cdn.com/S1877042812045600/1-s2.0-S1877042812045600-
main.pdf?_tid=162d16e2-f541-49f6-83ad-
85e1e90ee720&acdnat=1523137603_8fe4351555c6ec26d2e4fd1312dfbb1
9 [Accessed 1 April 2018].
Kassean, H. and Gassita, R. (2013) Exploring tourists push and pull
motivations to visit Mauritius as a tourist destination. African Journal of
Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2 (3), 1-13.
Kothari, C.R. (2005) Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques. 2nd
ed.
New Delhi: New Age International.
Lancaster, G. (2005) Research methods in management. Oxford: Elsevier-
Butterworth Heinemann.

68. 61
Leksakundilok, A. (2006) Community participation in ecotourism
development in Thailand. Thesis, (PhD). University of Sydney.
Lincoln, S. and Guba, E. (1985) Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: SAGE
Publications, Inc.
Lincoln, S. and Guba, E. (1989) Fourth generation evaluation. California:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
Lockhart, D.G. (1997) Islands and Tourism: an overview. In: Lockhart, D.G.
and Drakakis- Smith, D. eds. Island tourism: Trends and Prospects. London:
Pinter, 3-20.
Malta (1990) Planning in Malta - What Future? Malta: Government Planning
Services.

69. 62
Malta National Report (2002) Malta National Report: Submitted by the
Government of Malta to the World Summit on Sustainable Development.
Malta: Formatek Ltd. Available from:
https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/63699/Malta_WSSD.
pdf. [Accessed 10 March 2018].
Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B. (2006) Designing Qualitative Research. 4th
ed. London: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B. (2011) Designing Qualitative Research, 5th
ed. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Maslow A. (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50,
370-398.
Mason, J. (2002) Qualitative Researching. Trowbridge: SAGE Publication,
Inc. Available from: http://www.sxf.uevora.pt/wp-
content/uploads/2013/03/Mason_2002.pdf [Accessed 2 April 2018].

70. 63
Mayo, E.J. and Jarvis, L.P. (1981) The psychology of leisure travel: Effective
marketing and selling of travel services. Boston: CBI Publishing Company.
McGee, N.G., Loker-Murphy, L. and Uysal, M. (1996) The Australian
international pleasure travel market: motivations from a gendered
perspective. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 7 (1), 45-47.
McIntyre, G. (1993) Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local
Planners. Madrid: World Tourism Organisation.
Merriam, S.B. (2009) Qualitative Research: A guide to Design and
Implementation. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Available from:
http//books.google.com [Accessed 2 May 2018].
Miller, S. (2015) Evaluating the Effectiveness of Costa Rica's Sustainable
Tourism Policy. Thesis, (MSc). Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State
University of New Jersey. Available from:
https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/46262/PDF/1/play/
[Accessed 13 March 2018].

71. 64
Ministry of Tourism (2014) The contribution of the tourism industry to the
Maltese Economy. Malta: Government of Malta. Available from:
https://tourism.gov.mt/en/Documents/The%20Contribution%20Of%20The
%20Tourism%20Industry%20To%20The% 20Maltese%20Economy%20-
%202014.pdf. [Accessed 10 March 2018].
Ministry of Tourism (2018) Adapting to the changing global environment.
Port-Louis: Ministry of Tourism. Available from: https://www.tourism-
mauritius.mu/trade/sites/default/files/filedepot/Strategicplan/Web_Final_S
TRATEGIC_Plan_2018-2021.pdf [Accessed 10 March 2019].
Ministry of Tourism Maldives (2016) Maldives Visitors Survey. Mahe:
Ministry of Tourism. Available from: https://www.tourism.gov.mv/wp-
content/uploads/2016/11/MVS_Feb_2016-Final_Report.pdf [Accessed 27
April 2019].
Ministry of Tourism, Leisure and External Communications (2008) Hotel
Development Strategy. Port Louis: Government of Mauritius.

72. 65
Mitchell, R. and Reid, D. (2001) Community Integration: Island Tourism in
Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 28 (1), 113-139.
Moyle, B., Croy G. and Weiler, B. (2010) Tourism interaction on islands: the
community and visitor social exchange. International Journal of Culture,
Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4 (2), 96-107. Available from:
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/1750618101104517
2 [Accessed 01 April 2019].
Murphy, P.E. and Price, G.G. (2005) In global tourism. 3rd
ed. Amsterdam:
Elsevier-Butterworth Heinemann.
Naidoo, S. (2019) Tourist arrivals to Mauritius tops 1.3million, surpassing
its population size. South Africa: Traveller24. Available from:
https://www.traveller24.com/Explore/BusinessTravel/tourist-arrivals-to-
mauritius-tops-13million-surpassing-its-population-size-20180319
[Accessed 29 January 2019].

73. 66
National Commission for Sustainable Development (2006) A Sustainable
Development Strategy for the Maltese Islands 2007-2016. Malta:
Government of Malta. Available from:
https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/64812/SD_Strategy
_2006.pdf. [Accessed 16 March 2018].
Niyaz, A. (2002) Tourism in Maldives: A Brief History of Development. Malé:
Novelty Printers and Publishers.
O'Connor, H. and Gibson, N. (2003) A Step-By-Step Guide To Qualitative
Data Analysis. A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 1
(1), 64-90.
Okazaki, E. (2008) A Community-Based Tourism Model: Its Conception and
Use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16 (5), 511.
Pattom, M.Q. (2002) Qualitative research and evaluation methods, 3rd
ed.
California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

74. 67
Pekkala, E. (2015) Developing sustainable tourism on the Mediterranean
Island of Malta. Thesis, (BSc). HAAGA-HELIA University of Applied Science.
Available from: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/88579 [Accessed 10
March 2018].
Phillimore, J. and Goodson, L. (2004) Qualitative research in tourism.
Ontologies, epistemologies and methodologies. United Kingdom: Routledge.
Pigram, J.J. (1990) Sustainable tourism policy considerations. Journal of
Tourism Studies, 45 (2), 7-9.
Prayag, G., Dookhony-Ramphul, K. and Maryeven, M. (2010) Hotel
development and tourism impacts in Mauritius: Hoteliers' perspectives on
sustainable tourism. Development Southern Africa, 27 (5), 697-712.
Pretty, J.N. (1995) Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture. World
Development, 23 (8), 1247–1263.

75. 68
Ramsamy, S. (2019a) Perspectives 2019 - Tourism Sector - Sen Ramsamy:
“Our country no longer has visionaries like Amédée Maingard or Sir Gaëtan
Duval.” Le Defimedia Group [Online], 09 January. Available from:
https://defimedia.info/perspectives-2019-tourism-sector-sen-ramsamy-
our-country-no-longer-has-visionaries-amedee-maingard-or-sir-gaetan-
duval [Accessed 10 March 2019].
Ramsamy, S. (2019b) Sen Ramsamy, directeur de Tourism Business
Intelligence: «Il y a eu moins de touristes que prévu en 2018». Le Defimedia
Group [Online], 08 February. Available from: https://defimedia.info/sen-
ramsamy-directeur-de-tourism-business-intelligence-il-y-eu-moins-de-
touristes-que-prevu-en-2018 [Accessed 10 March 2019].
Reid, A. (1992) Reflections: Waiting for Columbus. The New Yorker, 24
February, 57–75.
Reid, D.G. (2003) Tourism, Globalization and Development: Responsible
Tourism Planning. London: Pluto Press.

76. 69
Ritchie, J., Lewis, J. and Elam, G. (2003) Designing and selecting samples.
In: Ritchie, J and Lewis, J., eds. Qualitative research practice. A Guide for
social students and researchers. California: SAGE Publications, Inc, 77-108.
Rocha, E.M. (1997) A ladder of empowerment. Journal of Planning Education
and Research, 17 (1), 31–44.
Rowlands, J. (1997) Questioning Empowerment: Working with Women in
Honduras. Oxford: Oxfam Publications.
Rubin, J.H. and Rubin, S.J. (1995) Qualitative Interviewing, the Art of
Hearing Data. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Ryan, C., Scotland, A. and Montgomery, D. (1998) Resident attitudes to
tourism development: A comparative study between Rangitikei, New
Zealand and Bakewell, United Kingdom. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality
Research, 4 (2), 115–130.

77. 70
Salvat, B. and Pailhe, C. (2002) Islands and Coral Reefs, Population and
Culture, Economy and Tourism World View and a Case study of French
Polynesia. In: Castri, F. and Balaji, V. eds. Tourism, Biodiversity and
Information. Leiden: Backhyus Publishers, 213-231.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009) Research Methods for
Business Students. 5th
ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Savitz, A.W. and Weber, K. (2006) The Triple Bottom Line: How today’s
best-run companies are achieving economic, social, and environmental
success – and how you can too. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Scheyvens, R. (2001) Globalisation and Poverty. Development Studies
Network Ltd, 55, 18–21.
Scheyvens, R. (2011) The challenge of sustainable tourism development in
the Maldives: Understanding the social and political dimensions of
sustainability: Tourism development in the Maldives. Asia Pacific Viewpoint,
52 (2), 148–164.

78. 71
Scheyvens, R. and Momsen, J. (2008) Tourism in small island states: From
vulnerability to strengths. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16 (5), 491–510.
Seebaluck, N.V., Munhurrun, P.R., Naidoo, P. and Rughoonauth, P. (2015)
An Analysis of the Push and Pull Motives for Choosing Mauritius as ‘the’
Wedding Destination. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 201–
209.
Selin, S. and Chavez, D. (1995) Developing an evolutionary tourism
partnership model. Annals of Tourism Research, 22 (4), 844–856.
Shah, K. and Gupta, V. (2000) Tourism, the Poor and Other Stakeholders:
Experience in Asia. London: Overseas Development Institute. Available
from: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-
opinion-files/3244.pdf [Accessed 15 March 2018].
Shah, N.J. (2002) Bikini and Biodiversity: Tourism and Conservation on
Cousin Island, Seychelles. In: Castri, F. and Balaji, V. eds. Tourism,
Biodiversity and Information. Leiden: Backhyus Publishers, 213-231.

79. 72
Shakeela, A., Breakey, N., and Ruhanen, L. (2010) Dilemma of a Paradise
Destination: Tourism Education and Local Employment as Contributors to
Sustainable Development. Unpublished conference paper at: Council of
Australian University Hospitality and Tourism Education, February 8-11
2010, Hobart, Australia.
Shakeela, A., Ruhanen, L. and Breakey, N. (2011) The Maldives: A
Sustainable Tourism Success Story? e-Review of Tourism Research, 9 (5),
243-264. Available from: http://ertr.tamu.edu/content/issues/volume-9-
issue-1-6-2011/volume-9-issue-5-november-2011- applied-research-note-
5/ [Accessed 1 March 2019].
Shareef, R. and McAleer, M. (2008) Modelling Uncertainty in International
Tourist Arrivals to the Maldives. In: Shareef, R., Hoti, S. and McAleer, M.,
eds. The Economics of Small Island Tourism: International Demand and
Country Risk Analysis. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 225-279.

80. 73
Sharpley, R. (2003) Tourism modernization and development on the island
of Cyprus: challenges and policies responses. Journal of sustainable tourism,
11 (3), 246-265.
Sharpley, R. and Naidoo, P. (2010) Tourism and Poverty Reduction: The
Case of Mauritius. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 7 (2),
145-162.
Sheldon, P., Knox, J. and Lowry, K. (2005) Sustainability in a Mature Mass
Tourism Destination: The Case of Hawaii. Tourism Review International, 9
(1), 47-59. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233672899_Sustainability_in_a
_Mature_Mass_Tourism_Destination_The_Case_of_Hawaii/citations
[Accessed 19 April 2019].
Silverman, D. (2006) Interpretation qualitative data. 3rd
ed. New Delhi:
SAGE Publications, Inc.

81. 74
Slaper, T.F. and Hall, T.J. (2011) The triple bottom line: what is it and how
does it work? Indiana Business Review, 86 (1), 4-8.
Smith, V. and Eadington, W.R. (1992) Tourism Alternatives: Potential and
Problems in the Development of Tourism. Pennsylvania: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
Spéville, A. (2010) Maurice Ile Durable: Deux ans après, le Pr de Rosnay
déplore le manque de volonté politique. L’express [Online], 30 November.
Available from: https://www.lexpress.mu/article/maurice-ile-durable-deux-
ans-apr%C3%A8s-le-pr-de-rosnay-d%C3%A9plore-le-manque-de-
volont%C3%A9-politique [Accessed 11 March 2018].
Stiefel, M. and Wolfe, M. (1994) A Voice for the Excluded Popular
Participation in Development. London: Zed Books.

82. 75
Tallis, H., Polasky, S., Lozano, J.S. and Wolny, S. (2012) Inclusive wealth
accounting for regulating ecosystem services. In: Inclusive Wealth Report
2012, ed. Measuring progress toward sustainability. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 195-214.
Taylor, G. (1995) The Community Approach: Does it Really Work? Tourism
Management, 16 (7), 487-489. Available from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0261517795000783
[Accessed 14 March 2018].
Thanay, K. (2017) La SMF et la SSU débarquent sur la plage de Pomponette.
Le Defimedia Group [Online], 10 December. Available from:
https://defimedia.info/la-smf-et-la-ssu-debarquent-sur-la-plage-de-
pomponette [Accessed 11 March 2018].
The Malta Independent (2011) Part one Malta and sustainable tourism. The
Malta Independent [Online], 21 August. Available from:
http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2011-08-21/news/part-one-
malta-and-sustainable-tourism-297454/ [Accessed 16 March 2018].

83. 76
The Telegraph (2018) Expert Guide to Mauritius. The Telegraph [Online], 8
February. Available from:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africa/mauritius/
[Accessed 8 February 2018].
Thomas, K. (2004) The research process as a journey: From positivist
traditions into realms of qualitative inquiry. In: Philimore, J. and Goodson,
L., eds. Qualitative Research in Tourism: Ontologies, Epistemologies and
Methodologies. Oxford: Routledge, 197–214.
Tosun, C. (1999) Towards a typology of community participation in the
tourism development process. International Journal of Tourism and
Hospitality, 10 (2), 113-134. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net
[Accessed 02 February 2019].
Tosun, C. (2006) Expected nature of community participation in tourism
development. Tourism Management, 27 (3), 493–504.

84. 77
Tracy, S.J. (2013) Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence,
Crafting Analysis, Communications Impact. West Sussux: John Wiley and
Sons, Ltd. Available from: http//books.google.com [Accessed 2 May 2018].
Trochim, W.M. (2006) Research Methods Knowledge Base. 2nd
ed. Ohio:
Atomic Dog Publishing.
Trousdale, W. (1999) Governance in Context: Boracay Island, Philippines.
Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (4), 840- 867.
United Nations (2005) Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of
the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island
Developing States. Geneva: United Nations. Available from:
https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/61/277&Lang=E
[Accessed 14 May 2018].

85. 78
University of Malta (2017) “Meet the locals”: The University of Malta tastes
the tours in rural villages. University of Malta Newspoint [Online], 29 March.
Available from:
https://www.um.edu.mt/newspoint/news/features/2016/03/meetthelocalst
heuniversityofmaltatastesthetoursinruralvillages [Accessed 16 March 2018].
Uysal, M. and Hagan, L. (1993) Motivations of pleasure travel and tourism.
In: Khan, M., Olsen, M. and Var, T., eds. VNR’s Encyclopaedia of Hospitality
and tourism. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 798-810.
Vandenberg, M. (2002) How victorian business, governments, and non-
government organisations are taking the journey towards the triple bottom
Line. Melbourne: Victorian State Government.
Vanderstoep, S.W. and Johnston, D.D. (2009) Research Methods for
everyday life: Blending qualitative and quantitative research. San Francisco:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

86. 79
Wang, S., Zhou, L., Lee, S. and King, C. (2014) Analysis of Residents’ Social
Identity, Tourism Engagement, and Propensity for Tourism Advocacy.
Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 10, 109-129. Available from:
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/ [Accessed 4 May 2018].
Weaver, D. (1991) Alternative to Mass Tourism in Dominica. Annals of
Tourism Research, 18 (3), 414-432.
Weaver, D. (2012) Organic, incremental and induced paths to sustainable
mass tourism convergence. Tourism Management, 33 (5), 1030–1037.
Wing, P. (1995) Development and Marketing of International Tourism in
Small Island States. In: Conlin, M.V. and Baum, T., eds. Island Tourism
Management Principles and Practice. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Inc,
229-330.

87. 80
World Travel Tourism Council (2017) Travel and Tourism Economic Impact
2017 Mauritius. London: World Tourism Council. Available from:
https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-
research/countries-2017/mauritius2017.pdf [Accessed 18 February 2018].
Wu, M.Y. and Pearce, P.L. (2014) Chinese recreational vehicle users in
Australia: A netnographic study of tourist motivation. Tourism Management,
43, 22–35.
Yahya, F., Parameswaran, A., Ahmed, I. and Sebastian, R. (2005) The
Economic Cost of Tourism in Maldives. Institute for Tourism Zagreb, 53 (1),
33-44. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost [Accessed 30
March 2019].
Yan, W., Chen, C., and Chang, W. (2009) An investigation into sustainable
product constructualization using a design knowledge hierarchy and Hopfield
network. Computer and Industrial Engineering, 56 (4), 617-626.

88. 81
Yoon, Y. and Uysal, M. (2005) An examination of the effects of motivation
and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tourism
Management, 26 (1), 45–56.
Zubair, F.N.I. and Bouchon, F. (2014) Maldives as a Backpacker’s
Destination: Supply and Demand Perspectives. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 144, 256–263.
Zubair, F.N.I, Bowen, D. and Elwin, J. (2011) Not Quite Paradise:
Inadequacies of Environmental Impact Assessment in the Maldives. Tourism
Management, 32 (2), 225-234.

89. 82
Other sources consulted
Correia, A. and Pimpao, A. (2008) Decision-making processes of Portuguese
tourist travelling to South America and Africa. International Journal of
Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2 (4), 330-373.
Graziano, A.M. and Raulin, M.L. (2010) Research Methods: A process of
Inquiry. Pearson: Boston.
Malta Foreign Affairs (2017) Malta a “Hotspot” for Chinese Investment and
Tourism. Valletta: Government of Malta. Available from:
https://foreignaffairs.gov.mt/en/Embassies/ME_Beijing/Pages/News/Malta-
a-%E2%80%9CHotspot%E2%80%9D-for-Chinese-Investment-and-
Tourism.aspx [Accessed 16 March 2018].
Pudaruth, K.S. (2018) Cultural Tourism in Mauritius: From Rhetoric to
Reality. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 18 (3). Available from:
https://globaljournals.org/GJHSS_Volume18/1-Cultural-Tourism-in-
Mauritius.pdf [Accessed 15 April 2019].

90. 83
Wallace, M. and Wray, A. (2011). Critical reading and writing for
postgraduates. 2nd
ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

91. 84
Appendix 1: Interview Questions Design for Tourists
In order to respects the ethics of the participants, participants have to sign
a ‘participant information sheet’ about privacy, anonymity and disclosure
(refer to section 3.9). Interviewees are informed that the interview
purpose is for a tourism study as part of a Bachelor’s Degree. Participants
are referred to by pseudonyms and interviews were audio recorded (refer
to section 3.8). The use of the information gain will be used strictly for
study purposes. If you decide to participate in the interview, please answer
the questions as honestly as possible. However, you may leave the
interview at any time.

92. 85
Thank you for volunteering for this interview. I am really glad that you
took some of your time for this interview. I am sure that you are enjoying
yourself in this wonder island. Giving me some of your time will help me a
lot and I am grateful to you.
Questions 1: Tell me a little bit about yourself, where do you come from,
how are you holidays so far, are you enjoying the food and with who did
you travel?
Aim: Decrease the scope of having a tense atmosphere and increase
serenity in the participant by starting in a friendly and informal way.
Why: Participants might be prudent during the interview (Bryman and
Bell, 2007, section 3.10).
Questions 2: Can you tell me how did you feel when you first learn about
Mauritius, when was it, what was your impression, how did you get the
information and what really grab your attention when you encounter the
island?
Literature Review: Travellers are pulled by the area’s properties
effective after publicities or advertising or public awareness, consequently
giving an apparent picture of the area (Kassean and Gassita, 2013).

93. 86
Aim: Quite a lengthy question, the author wants the participants to
express themselves from the start of how they knew about Mauritius in a
storytelling way. To understand through which tools they learn about
Mauritius for the first time. To have an early indication of pull factors and
what image they have of Mauritius.
Why (story-telling): To increase the possibility of obtaining patterns,
participants can answer questions in a story-telling way, conceivable under
a semi-structured interview (Rubin and Rubin, 1995).
Questions 3: What motivated you to go on holidays, why did you decide
to leave your country for vacation? (For example for adventure, financially
capable). Personally what do you want to gain while visiting Mauritius?
Literature Review: The step in deciding of leaving home to visit a
destination is a push factor (Dann, 1981). Form of emotions and personal
feelings of that person who is going to decide whether to travel or not
(Yoon and Uysal, 2005).
Aim: To understand the personal feelings of the participants of why they
want to travel which are the push factors. Examples will be given to
participants if they are diverting from topic or having difficulty to answer.

94. 87
Questions 4: What are the characteristics, features and traits that
motivated you to choose Mauritius, which make Mauritius unique?
From expected answers of characteristics, traits and features: Can you
rank the top features of Mauritius, the most attractive according to you?
Literature Review: Travellers are pulled by the area’s properties,
attractions and assets (Yoon and Uysal, 2005).
Aim: To get information about what are the primary pull factors of the
participants. What assets of Mauritius grab their attention. Also to rank
those features to identify where does the people (local community of
Mauritius rank) if mentioned.
Questions 5: What motivated you to choose Mauritius over other
destinations? What are the features that differentiated Mauritius compared
to other countries?
Literature Review: Pull factors are when travellers rather choose country
A over country B for vacation because country A has explicit characteristics
and attractions that country B does not have (Wu and Pearce, 2014).
Aim: To get more insightful information about pull factors. Participant will
compare Mauritius features to other countries and give their views,