This document discusses fake news, including what it is, the different types, how it spreads, why people believe it, and the dangers it poses. Fake news refers to false or misleading information presented as real news that is often spread deliberately to influence people. It comes in various forms like misinformation, disinformation, clickbait and propaganda. Fake news spreads widely on social media and is sometimes used by paid internet users called "trolls." While people may believe fake news due to repeated exposure or it aligning with their own views, it undermines trust in real news and can influence important issues or even people's health if about medical topics. Identifying fake news requires investigating sources and claims made in articles.

1. Students vs Fake News

2. Overview of the topic
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✘ What is fake news?
✘ Kinds of fake news
✘ Types of fake news
✘ How does fake news work?
✘ Belief in fake news
✘ Fake news examples
✘ What are the dangers of fake news?
✘ How to identify fake news?

3. ✘ Why would people believe in fake
news and share it?
✘ Why is there a need to address
this issue?
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Preliminary Questions

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5. What is fake news?
refers to false or misleading information
which masquerades as legitimate news.

6. A lie gets halfway around the world
before the truth has a chance to get its
pants on.
- Winston Churchill -
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Kinds of fake news
✘ Misinformation- this also means fake or
misleading stories, but in this case, the stories
may not have been deliberately created or
shared with the intention to mislead.
✘ Disinformation- spread deliberately and
maliciously for personal gain or to cause
damage to another party.

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Types of fake news
✘ Clickbait- refers to a headline or the leading
words of a social media post written to attract
attention & encourage visitors to click a target
link to a longer story on a web page.
✘ Propaganda- this refers to false or distorted
stories written to mislead audiences and
promote a political agenda or biased
perspective.

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Types of fake news
✘ Misleading headlines- content does not
represent what the headline and caption
suggest.
✘ Doctored content- content, such as statistics,
graphs, photos and video have been modified
or doctored.
✘ Satire or Parody- some fake news is published
for entertainment value.

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How does fake news work?
✘ Social Media- the fastest way to spread fake
news
✘ Trolls- internet users who are paid in spreading
fake news for political reasons.
✘ Deepfakes- these are fake videos created using
digital software, machine learning, and face-
swapping.

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Belief in fake news
Theory Explanation
Illusory Truth Effect
(Vasu 2018; Fazio 2019)
People tend to believe that the information is true when they
are repeatedly exposed to it; increasing the perception of
accuracy.
Source Effect
(Pornpitakpan 2004)
People tend to believe the information provided by those
whom they perceive as incredible.
Ideology Effect
(Vasu 2018)
People tend to believe in information that is aligned with their
ideological predispositions.
Lack of Reflective Reasoning
(Pennycook & Rand 2019)
People who often fail to distinguish truth from falsehood often
lack careful reasoning and relevant knowledge.
Bullshit Receptivity
(Pennycook & Rand 2019)
People who have no concern for truth are more likely to believe
in fake news.

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Fake News Examples
CoVid-19
• Conspiracy Theories
• Prevention or Treatment
• Vaccine (type of vaccine & side-effects)
• Panic Buying (shortage of everyday needs)
Ghost of Kyiv
• Ukrainian Jet (1.6 million views on Twitter)
• The video is actually from a video game simulator
released in 2008

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Dangers of fake news
✘ When people can’t distinguish between real and
fake news, it creates confusion and
misunderstanding about important social and
political issues. When people have a generalized
sense of "you can't believe anything you read," it
undermines overall trust in legitimate news
sources.

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Dangers of fake news
✘ Fake and misleading stories relating to medical
treatments or major diseases – such as cancer or
Covid-19 – could lead to individuals making
misinformed decisions about their health.

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Dangers of fake news
✘ Universities and colleges expect students to use
quality sources of information for assignments.
Students who use sources with false or misleading
information could receive lower grades.

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How to identify fake news?
Stop
Investigate the source
• Check the source
• Check the author
• Check other sources
Find better coverage
• Maintain a critical
mindset
Trace claims, quotes and
media to the original text
S I F T METHOD

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What is being done to control
fake news?
In the area of regulation, the Revised Penal Code of the
Philippines (Republic Act 10951) stipulated that the
publication by any person of “false news which may
endanger the public order, or cause damage to the
interest or credit of the State” is punishable by law
(Article 154, item 1).

18. Questions? 
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